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Guaifenesin
GLYCERYL GUAIACOLATE · GUAIPHENESIN · gge · GUAIFENESINA · RAC GUAIFENESIN · 3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propane-1,2-diol · XL-90 · Neuroton
Identifikatoren & physikalische Daten
| CAS No. | 93-14-1 |
|---|---|
| Summenformel | C10H14O4 |
| Durchschnittliche Molmasse | 198,22 g/mol |
| Monoisotopische Masse | 198,08920893 g/mol |
| SMILES | COc1ccccc1OCC(O)CO |
| InChIKey | HSRJKNPTNIJEKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 3516 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL980 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:5551 |
| EC No. | 202-222-5 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID5023114 |
| Lokaler Name | Guaifenesin |
Chemische & physikalische Eigenschaften
| XLogP | 1,4 |
|---|---|
| Polarare Oberfläche (TPSA) | 58,9 |
| H-Brücken-Donoren | 2 |
| H-Brücken-Akzeptoren | 4 |
| Frei drehbare Bindungen | 5 |
| Schwere Atome | 14 |
| Formalladung | 0 |
| Komplexität | 151 |
| Arzneimittel | Pharmaceuticals -> Used in SwitzerlandPharmaceuticals -> Metabolite of Ranolazine |
| LogP (Verteilungskoeffizient) | log Kow = 1.390.24 |
| Geruch | SLIGHT CHARACTERISTIC ODOR |
| Geschmack | Slightly bitter aromatic taste |
| Color/Form | Minute rhombic prisms from etherWHITE TO SLIGHTLY GRAY, CRYSTALLINE POWDER |
| Löslichkeit | Freely sol in ethanolsol in chloroform, glycerol, propylene glycol, n,n-dimethylformamidemoderately sol in benzenepractically insol in petroleum etherIn water, 5.00X10+4 mg/L at 25 °C ... much more in hot water50g/l (experimental)5 g/100 mL (25 ºC) |
| Human Drugs | Breast FeedingLactationMilk, HumanExpectorantsFDA approved drugs -> Active ingredient |
| Animal Drugs | FDA approved animal drugs -> Active ingredientPharmaceuticals -> Animal Drugs -> Approved in Taiwan |
| Siedepunkt | 215 °C at 19 mm Hg215 °C (19 mmHg) |
| Schmelzpunkt | 78.5-7978.5-79 °C78.5 °C77-81 °C |
| Physical Description | Solid |
| Stability/Shelf Life | Stable in light and heat. |
| Dichte | 1.1825 (rough estimate) |
| Brechungsindex | 1.5550 (estimate) |
| Flammpunkt | 215°C/19mm |
| Lagerbedingungen | 2-8°C |
| pKa (Säurekonstante) | 13.53±0.20(Predicted) |
| Aggregatzustand | Solid |
| Farbe | White to Off-White |
| Merck | 14,4555 |
| BRN | 2049375 |
| Henry-Konstante | 2.2×105 mol/(m3Pa) at 25℃, HSDB (2015) |
| InChI | 1S/C10H14O4/c1-13-9-4-2-3-5-10(9)14-7-8(12)6-11/h2-5,8,11-12H,6-7H2,1H3 |
| InChIKey | HSRJKNPTNIJEKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | COc1ccccc1OCC(O)CO |
| LogP (Verteilungskoeffizient) | 1.390 |
| CAS Datenbank | 93-14-1(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NIST chemische Informationen | 3-(O-methoxyphenoxy)-1,2-propanediol(93-14-1) |
| EPA chemische Informationen | Guaifenesin (93-14-1) |
Sicherheit & Vorschriften
| GHS-Einstufung | This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 6% (44 of 731) of reports.WarningH302 (94%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]P264, P270, P301+P317, P330, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 731 reports by companies from 11 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. |
|---|---|
| Regulatorische Informationen | Guaifenesin: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard |
| Weitere Sicherheitsinformationen | IMAP assessments - 1,2-Propanediol, 3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-: Environment tier I assessment |
| FDA-Anforderungen | The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations List identifies currently marketed over-the-counter drug products, incl guaifenesin, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.Cold, cough, allergy, bronchodilator, and antiasthmatic drug products for over-the-counter human use. Expectorant active ingredient. The active ingredient of the product is guaifenesin when used within the dosage limits established in §341.78(d).Implantation or injectable dosage form new animal drugs. Guaifenesin sterile powder. ... It is indicated for intravenous use as a muscle relaxant in horses. ... Not to be used in horses intended for food. ... Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.Implantation or injectable dosage form new animal drugs. Guaifenesin injection. ... The drug is used intravenously in horses as a skeletal muscle relaxant. ... Not to be used in horses intended for food. ... Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. |
| Hazard Classes and Categories | Acute Tox. 4 (94%) |
| Lagerbedingungen | Guaifenesin powder tends to become lumpy on storage. Guaifenesin preparations should be stored in tight containers.Store at controlled room temperature, between 15 °C and 30 °C (59 °F and 86 °F). |
| Entsorgungsverfahren | SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. |
| Wechselwirkungen | Enzyme induction due to barbiturates has recently been shown to significantly reduce biological t/2 of...glyceryl guaiacolate ether... |
| Umweltverhalten | TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 140(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.39(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that guaifenesin is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of guaifenesin from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.4X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Guaifenesin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.52X10-6 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2007).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 140(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.39(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that guaifenesin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.4X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 7.0(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2007).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), guaifenesin, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.5X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase guaifenesin is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC)the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 9.4 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase guaifenesin may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Guaifenesin does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). |
| Expositionspfade | Rapidly absorbed from the GI tract |
| Toxizitätsübersicht | Guaifenesin may act as an irritant to gastric vagal receptors, and recruit efferent parasympathetic reflexes that cause glandular exocytosis of a less viscous mucus mixture. Cough may be provoked. This combination may flush tenacious, congealed mucopurulent material from obstructed small airways and lead to a temporary improvement in dyspnea or the work of breathing. |
| Effluent Concentrations | Guaifenesin was detected at a concentration range of 21-52 ng/L in the waters of the Las Vegas Bay of Lake Mead, Nevada, sampled from 1997 through 1998. This study detected several pharmacteuticals and personal care products which were entering the Bay through the discharge of the Las Vegas Wash(1). |
| Soil Adsorption/Mobility | The Koc of guaifenesin is estimated as 140(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.39(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that guaifenesin is expected to have high mobility in soil. |
| Human Toxicity Excerpts | /HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... 197 mother-child pairs exposed to guaifenesin during the first trimester /were monitored/. An increased occurrence of inguinal hernias was found in the neonates. However, congenital defects were not strongly associated with guaifenesin use during pregnancy in 2 large groups of mother-child pairs./SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Nausea and drowsiness may occur rarely. ...May produce false positive test for urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)./CASE REPORTS/ Guaifenesin is a commonly used expectorant whose use may lead to the occasional formation of guaifenesin urinary stones. /Investigators/ herein describe a patient who was taking 2400 mg Guaifenesin per day as part of his treatment for asthma. He had a past history of a guaifenesin stone removed ureteroscopically. His current presentation was with a 9 mm by 6 mm stone in the upper left ureter, seen on CT scan, and treated initially with a ureteral stent and hydration. After 3 weeks, the stone had disappeared, as confirmed by repeat CT scan./CASE REPORTS/ ...This paper reviews the reported cases of ephedrine- and guaifenesin-induced nephrolithiasis, as well as the diagnostic techniques and treatments that have been successfully used for these stones. A systematic review of the literature pertaining to nephrolithiasis and the compounds ephedrine and guaifenesin was conducted. Ephedrine and guaifenesin use results in over 35% of urinary stones that are related to pharmaceutical metabolites, and collectively are present in 0.1% of all urinary stones. These calculi are radiolucent, requiring the use of computerized tomography (CT scan) for diagnosis. Alkalinization therapy offers an alternative to surgical intervention and may have a role in prevention of recurrence. ...For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for GUAIFENESIN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Artificial Pollution Sources | Guaifenesin's production and use as a veterinary and human expectorant(1) for the treatment of respiratory tract infections(2) and as a centrally acting muscle relaxant in animals(3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). |
| Carcinogen Classification | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
| Drug Induced Liver Injury | Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank 2.0)GuaifenesinvNo-DILI-concernNo matchDOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2016.02.015 |
| Environmental Bioconcentration | An estimated BCF of 7.0 was calculated for guaifenesin(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.39(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). |
| Volatilization from Water/Soil | The Henry's Law constant for guaifenesin is estimated as 4.4X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that guaifenesin is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Guaifenesin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.5X10-6 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3). |
| Wassergefährdungsklasse (WGK) | 1 |
| TSCA-Inventar-Status | TSCA listed |
| Zollcode | 29093090 |
| RTECS-Nr. | TY8400000 |
| R-Sätze (R) | 22-36/37/38 |
| Toxizität | LD50 oral in rabbit: 2553mg/kg |
| Gefahrensymbole | Xn |
| hazard_note | Harmful |
| Sicherheitshinweise (S) | 26-36 |
| Lagerklasse | 11 - Combustible Solids |
| Gefahrstoffdaten | 93-14-1(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| Gefahrenklasse | Acute Tox. 4 Oral |
Anwendungen & Verwendung
Beschreibung
Guaifenesin is an oral expectorant drug. The expectorant action of guaifenesin is mediated by stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract. It is a common ingredient in prescription and over-the-counter medications used to treat cough due to colds and minor upper respiratory infections. Additionally, Guaifenesin is also a centrally-acting muscle relaxant and is used routinely in combination with analgesics and sedatives in large-animal veterinary surgery.
Verwenden
Guaifenesin is a muscle relaxant with expectorant properties often used as an expectorant to facilitate the removal of phlegm from the airways in acute respiratory tract infections. Guaifenesin comes in tablet and capsule form, as syrup, as dissolving granules, and recently as an extended-release (longacting) tablet. The tablets, capsules, dissolving granules, and syrup are usually taken with or without food every 4 h as needed. The extended-release tablet is usually taken with or without food every 12 h.