Farnesol

Cosmetics ingredient -> Base; Conditioning/Emollient; Flavor; Fragrance; Moisturizing/Humectant; Other (Specify)

Deodorant; Solvent; Soothing

Delicate flowery odor

Mild, oily

WEAK CITRUS-LIME ODOR

0.8846 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Less dense than water; will float

0.8871 at 20 °C/4 °C

Sp gr: 0.884-0.891

0.884-0.889

0.8871 @ 20°C

Colorless liquid

Slightly yellow liquid

Soluble in three volumes of 70% alcohol

SOL IN ALCOHOL: 1:3 IN 70% ALCOHOL

Solubility in alcohol: 1 mL in 1 mL 95% ethanol

Insoluble in water

Insoluble in water; soluble in oils

soluble (in ethanol)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 1980) of reports.

Warning

H315 (99.3%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1980 reports by companies from 20 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Warning

Chemical: 2,6,10-Dodecatrien-1-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-

Hazard Traits - Fragrance Allergen

Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (amended)

PMN - indicates a commenced PMN (Pre-Manufacture Notices) substance.

Status: Active Update: 24-05-2018 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/23466

Farnesol: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

A mild irritant on rabbit skin; [RTECS] Danger of skin sensitization; [MAK] Included in list of established contact allergens in humans; [EC: Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety: Fragrance allergens in cosmetic products (2011)] Safe when used as a flavoring agent in food; [JECFA] May cause irritation; [MSDSonline]

Farnesol is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and 2) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part.

New Active Ingredients ... includes pesticide active ingredients initially registered after November 1, 1984, that currently have active product registrations. By law, these newer pesticides are not subject to the reregistration program. They must, however, meet the new safety standard of the FQPA, and will be reviewed on a 15-year cycle under the registration review program. ... Active Ingredient Number: 128910; Type of Pesticide: biological - insecticide; Use Site: non-food use; Year: 1987.

Flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination of alcohols with alkali metals, nitrides, and strong reducing agents. They react with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water. Oxidizing agents convert them to aldehydes or ketones. Alcohols exhibit both weak acid and weak base behavior. They may initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides.

Skin Irrit. 2 (99.3%)

Skin Sens. 1 (93.1%)

Skin sensitisation - category 1

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with alcohol followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

18 [mg/m3]

200 [mg/m3]

1200 [mg/m3]

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter.

Hamster pancreatic cancer was initiated at time 0 with N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine. Animals were fed control, 2% (w/w) perillyl alcohol, or 1% (w/w) farnesol diets from weeks 5-42. Pancreatic carcinoma incidence was decreased by perillyl alcohol and farnesol. Hyperplastic pancreatic ductal neoplasms from perillyl alcohol and farnesol-treated animals had higher Bak protein expression (p < 0.05), and somewhat higher apoptotic rates, diminished expression of the antiapoptotic protein BCL-xL, and lower rates of DNA synthesis than the controls.

... the antigenotoxic and antioxidant efficacy of farnesol against cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced renal oxidative stress and genotoxicity in Swiss albino mice /was assessed/. Single, intraperitoneal doses of CdCl2(5 mg/kg body weight) for 24 hr resulted in a significant (p < 0.001) increase in chromosomal aberration and micronuclei formation. The oral administration of farnesol at two doses (1% and 2%/kg bw) for seven consecutive days showed significant (p < 0.05) suppression of the genotoxic effects of CdCl2 in the modulator groups. ...

... In this study, the protective effects of farnesol (FL), against Fe-NTA (9 mg iron/kg body weight ip)-induced oxidative damage and early tumor promotion markers are evaluated. The pretreatment of iron-intoxicated rats with 1% and 2%/kg body weight oral dose of FL for 7 consecutive days significantly reversed the iron-induced increase in H2O2 content (p < 0.001), malondialdehyde formation, xanthine oxidase activity (p < 0.001), ornithine decarboxylase activity (p < 0.001) and 3(H)thymidine incorporation in renal DNA (p < 0.005) with simultaneous significant depletion in serum toxicity markers blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (p < 0.001). Significant dose-dependent restoration was recorded in renal glutathione content, its dependent enzymes and other phase II metabolizing enzymes viz., catalase, glutathione-S-transferase and quinone reductase (p < 0.001) with prophylactic treatment of FL. Present results support that FL markedly lowers the oxidative damage and appearance of tumor markers ...

FARNESOL PROLONGED BARBITURATE SLEEPING TIME WITHOUT ITSELF BEING HYPNOTIC.

LD50 Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, age 21 wk) oral >2150 mg/kg /98% AI formulated product/

LD50 Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail, age 23 wk) oral >2150 mg/kg /98% AI formulated product/

LC50 Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, age 5 days) dietary >5000 ppm/8 days /98% AI formulated product/

LC50 Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail, age 14 days) dietary >5000 ppm/8 days /98% AI formulated product/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for FARNESOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1,300(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that farnesol is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of farnesol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.5X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Farnesol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 3.9X10-5 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Data regarding biodegradation using mixed cultures were not available(SRC, 2007).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1,300(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that farnesol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.5X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 9.5 hrs and 7.4 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 5,500(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 5.8(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high(SRC). Data regarding biodegradation using mixed cultures were not available(SRC, 2007).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), farnesol, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 3.9X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase farnesol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.4 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.7X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase farnesol may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Farnesol does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Farnesol is a volatile from apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) at concentrations of 15 and 3 ug/kg fresh fruit tissue but was not identified as a plum (Prunus salisina Lindl.) volatile; it was detected in these plant hybrids at a concentration of 2 ug/kg(1). Farnesol has been identified as a raw beef volatile(2).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Farnesol is toxic to the larvae at concn above 1 times 10-5 (vol/vol). The number of cyprids /barnacles/ and adults produced and the rate of metamorphosis are affected by the concn of farnesol in seawater, within the range 5X10-7 to 1X10-6 (vol/vol). Abnormal cyprids result from exposure to farnesol. They do not metamorphose into attached adults. The degree of abnormality is related to the strength of farnesol and length of exposure. The effect of farnesol is related to the physiological age of the larvae.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ Two-spotted spider mite females treated topically with 200 ppm farnesol in 40% ethanol laid more eggs than females treated with ethanol only, suggesting possibility of farnesol having gonadotropic effects on two-spotted spider mite.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of farnesol can be estimated to be 1,300(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that farnesol is expected to have low mobility in soil.

PRESENCE OF THIS TERPENE ALCOHOL IN NATURE HAS BEEN REPORTED IN MORE THAN 30 ESSENTIAL OILS. LEVELS ARE GENERALLY LOW (0.5-1.0%) WITH EXCEPTION OF CABREUVA, WHICH CONTAINS UP TO 2.5% FARNESOL, & DISTILLATE FROM FLOWERS OF OXYSTIGMA BUCCHOLTZII HARMS...UP TO 18%... AMONG ESSENTIAL OILS CONTAINING FARNESOL ARE...CEYLON CITRONELLA, CANANGA, AMBRETTE SEEDS, YLANG-YLANG, ACACIA FARNESIANA...PALMAROSA...

Farnesol is found in oils of citronella, neroli, cyclamen, lemon grass, tuberose, rose, musk, balsam peru, and tolu(1). It is found in many flowers and other essential oils such as cassia and cananga(2).

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Perillyl alcohol, farnesol and geraniol have chemotherapeutic activity toward pancreatic and other cancers...After 48 hrs of treatment with farnesol geraniol or perillyl alcohol, human BxPC3 pancreatic cancer cells exhibited a 3 to 10-fold increase in apoptosis and higher Bak expression than the controls...

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Farnesol: Flavoring agent; Latest evaluation: 2003 ADI: Acceptable. No safety concern at current levels of intake when used as a flavoring agent.

Farnesol is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and 2) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part.

New Active Ingredients ... includes pesticide active ingredients initially registered after November 1, 1984, that currently have active product registrations. By law, these newer pesticides are not subject to the reregistration program. They must, however, meet the new safety standard of the FQPA, and will be reviewed on a 15-year cycle under the registration review program. ... Active Ingredient Number: 128910; Type of Pesticide: biological - insecticide; Use Site: non-food use; Year: 1987.

... the effect of 20 uM farnesol on the distribution of protein kinase C (PKC) between cytosolic and membrane fractions of HeLa S3K cells and fibroblasts line CF-3 was examined. In HeLa cells farnesol caused translocation of PKC from membrane fraction to cytosol after 1h of incubation and also prevented PMA-stimulated induction of PKC translocation from cytosol to membranes. Up to 6 h of incubation, there was no effect of farnesol on PKC localization in CF-3 fibroblasts. The results point to possible involvement of PKC in the toxic effect of farnesol ...

... in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, farnesol induced the expression of thyroid hormone receptor (THR) beta1 mRNA and protein at concentrations that inhibited cell growth. Changes in the expression of THR responsive genes, however, suggested that farnesol inhibits THR-mediated signaling. Protein extracts from cells treated with farnesol displayed decreased binding to oligodeoxynucleotides containing a consensus sequence for the THR response element, despite the higher THRbeta1 content, providing a mechanism to explain the decreased transcriptional activity of cellular THRs.

Farnesol-mediated apoptosis was prevented by transformation with a plasmid coding for the phosphatidic acid (PA) phosphatase LPP3, but not by an inactive LPP3 point mutant. Farnesol did not directly inhibit LPP3 PA phosphatase enzyme activity in an in vitro mixed micelle assay. ...

Farnesol is metabolized to farnesyl glucuronide, hydroxyfarnesol and hydroxyfarnesyl glucuronide by human tissue microsomes. ... Farnesol metabolism was examined by a sensitive LC (liquid chromatography)-MS/MS method. Results indicate that farnesol is a good substrate for glucuronidation in human liver, kidney and intestine microsomes (values in nmol/min per mg). Initial analysis using expressed human UGTs indicated that UGTs 1A1 and 2B7 were primarily responsible for glucuronidation in vitro, with significantly lower activity for all the other UGTs tested (UGTs 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A9 and 2B4). Kinetic analysis and inhibition experiments indicate that, in liver microsomes, UGT1A1 is primarily responsible for farnesol glucuronidation; however, in intestine microsomes, UGT2B7 is probably the major isoform involved, with a very-low-micromolar K(m). ...

Constituent of oils of citronella, neroli, cyclamen, lemon grass, tuberose, rose, musk, balsam Peru, and tolu; [Merck Index] An insect hormone; Used in perfumes and as a flavoring agent; [Hawley]

For farnesol (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 128910) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery.

In perfumery to emphasize odor of sweet floral perfumes, such as lilac and cyclamen

Perfumery, flavoring, insect hormone

INSECT ATTRACTANT; FRAGRANCE IN PERFUMES; FLAVORING AGENT IN FOODS & BEVERAGES

(1977) No Data

(1979) No Data

(1977) No Data

(1979) No Data

(1977) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN US

(1979) NOT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN US

Farnesol

Farnesol; 2,6,10-Dodecatrien-1-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl_x0002_; Farnesyl alcohol; Trimethyl dodecatrienol; 3,7,11-Trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol; trans-trans-Farnesol; cis-trans-Farnesol; 2Z,6Z-Farnesol; cis-cis-Farnesol; 2-trans,6-cis-Farnesol

IFRA_STD_036.pdf

49

IFRA 51st Amendment - Guidance for the use of IFRA Standards

Restriction: This material should be used only in the limited quantity as stated in the Standard_Specification: This material should be used only if it meets the criteria stated in the Standard

EXTRACTION FROM AMBRETTE SEED OIL OR OIL OF CABREUVA

ONE METHOD USES CABREUVA AS STARTING MATERIAL (SWISS PATENT 261,120--GIVAUDAN & CO), WHILE SECOND METHOD STARTS FROM AMBRETTE SEEDS (GERMAN PATENT 149,603--HAARMANN & REIMER).

Found in nature in many flowers and essential oils such as cassia, neroli, cananga, rose, and balsams ...

BIOMITE Active Ingredient 0.1670% Farnesol, 0.4170% Nerolidol, 0.4170% 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol, 0.4170% Geraniol

STIRRUP - M Active Ingredient 0.9720% Farnesol, 0.7880% Nerolidol

Cosmetics product ingredient: 2,6,10-Dodecatrien-1-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl- (FARNESOL)

Information on 62 consumer products that contain Farnesol in the following categories is provided:

Fragrance Ingredients

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Cosmetics -> Deodorant; Solvent; Soothing

2,6,10-Dodecatrien-1-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-, (2E,6E)-: ACTIVE

2,6,10-Dodecatrien-1-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-: ACTIVE

REPORTED USES: Non-alcoholic beverages 0.76 ppm; ice cream, ices, etc 0.40 ppm; candy 1.4 ppm; baked goods 1.7 ppm; gelatins & puddings 0.10 ppm.

TRANS-TRANS-FARNESOL IS ONLY STEREOISOMER PRESENT IN MANY ESSENTIAL OILS BUT OCCURS MIXED WITH CIS-TRANS FARNESOL IN PETITGRAIN OIL & SEVERAL OTHER OILS /TRANS-TRANS-FARNESOL/

/It is/ found in oils of citronella, neroli, cyclamen, lemon grass, tuberose, rose, musk, balsam peru, & tolu.

PRESENCE OF THIS TERPENE ALCOHOL IN NATURE HAS BEEN REPORTED IN MORE THAN 30 ESSENTIAL OILS. LEVELS ARE GENERALLY LOW (0.5-1.0%) WITH EXCEPTION OF CABREUVA, WHICH CONTAINS UP TO 2.5% FARNESOL, & DISTILLATE FROM FLOWERS OF OXYSTIGMA BUCCHOLTZII HARMS...UP TO 18%... AMONG ESSENTIAL OILS CONTAINING FARNESOL ARE...CEYLON CITRONELLA, CANANGA, AMBRETTE SEEDS, YLANG-YLANG, ACACIA FARNESIANA...PALMAROSA...

0.21 [Products applied to the lips]

0.062 [Products applied to the axillae]

1.2 [Products applied to the face/body using fingertips]

1.2 [Products related to fine fragrances]

0.28999999999999998 [Products applied to the body using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on (Body lotion)]

0.28999999999999998 [Products applied to the face using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on (Face moisturizer)]