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Kaliumperchlorat
KClO4 · Perchloracap · Kaliumperchlorat · Irenat · Irenal · ON-1489 · Periodin · Astrumal
Identifikatoren & physikalische Daten
| CAS No. | 7778-74-7 |
|---|---|
| Summenformel | KClO4 |
| Durchschnittliche Molmasse | 138,55 g/mol |
| Monoisotopische Masse | 137,91221784 g/mol |
| SMILES | [K+].[O-][Cl+3]([O-])([O-])[O-] |
| InChIKey | YLMGFJXSLBMXHK-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
| PubChem CID | 516900 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1200696 |
| EC No. | 231-912-9 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID3047003 |
| Lokaler Name | Kaliumperchlorat |
Chemische & physikalische Eigenschaften
| Polarare Oberfläche (TPSA) | 74,3 |
|---|---|
| H-Brücken-Donoren | 0 |
| H-Brücken-Akzeptoren | 4 |
| Frei drehbare Bindungen | 0 |
| Schwere Atome | 6 |
| Formalladung | 0 |
| Komplexität | 118 |
| Stoffklassen | Other Classes -> PerchloratesReactive agents - 1st degree |
| Geschmack | HAS SLIGHTLY SALTY TASTE |
| Dichte | 2.53 g/cu cm2.5 g/cm³2.52 @25 °C |
| Color/Form | COLORLESS CRYSTALS OR WHITE, CRYSTALLINE POWDERColorless orthorhombic crystals |
| Löslichkeit | SOL IN 65 PARTS COLD WATER, 15 PARTS BOILING WATERPRACTICALLY INSOL IN ALCOHOLIn water, 15 g/l at 25 °C.INSOL IN ETHERSolubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 1.8H2O: 0.1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless17 g/L (20 ºC) |
| Human Drugs | FDA approved drugs -> Active ingredient |
| Decomposition | When heated to decompositon it emits very toxic fumes of K20 and /hydrogen chloride/.PRESENCE OF 25% OF ORGANOMETALLIC SALT CONSIDERABLY INCR THE RATE OF THERMAL DECOMP OF CHLORATE, INVOLVING HYDROGEN CYANIDE ARISING FROM THE THIOCYANATO GROUPS.400 °C |
| Schmelzpunkt | Decomposes at 400 °C525 °C400 °C (dec.)(lit.) |
| Food Contact Substances | FCS -> FDA Cumulative Estimated Daily Intake (CEDI) |
| Brechungsindex | INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.4717, 1.4724, 1.476 |
| Physical Description | Potassium perchlorate appears as a white crystalline solid. Forms explosive mixtures with certain combustible materials. Difficult to burn, but will accelerate burning of combustible materials. Prolonged exposure to fire or heat may result in an explosion. Used in explosives, pyrotechnics, photography.Large CrystalsCBIDry PowderColorless crystals or white crystalline solid that absorbs moisture from the air[CHEMINFO]COLOURLESS CRYSTALS OR WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER. |
| Stability/Shelf Life | POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE CAPSULES HAVE EXPIRATION DATE OF 6 MO FOLLOWING DATE OF MANUFACTURE |
| Siedepunkt | 400°C |
| Dampfdichte | 4.8 (vs air) |
| Dampfdruck | 0Pa at 25℃ |
| Lagerbedingungen | Store at +5°C to +30°C. |
| Aggregatzustand | Powder |
| Wichte | 2.52 |
| Farbe | Clear colorless to slightly yellow |
| pH | 5.0 (10g/l, H2O, 25℃) |
| Geruch | Odorless |
| Spezifische Wärmekapazität | Cp(crystal): 0.81 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 14,7653 |
| Stabilität | Stable. Strong oxidiser - contact with combustible materials may lead to fire or explosion. Incompatible with reducing agents, organic materials. Forms explosive mixtures with alcohols. |
| InChI | 1S/ClHO4.K/c2-1(3,4)5/h(H,2,3,4,5)/q+1/p-1 |
| InChIKey | YLMGFJXSLBMXHK-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
| SMILES | [K+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O |
| LogP (Verteilungskoeffizient) | -7.18 at 25℃ |
| CAS Datenbank | 7778-74-7(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NIST chemische Informationen | Potassium perchlorate(7778-74-7) |
| EPA chemische Informationen | Perchloric acid, potassium salt (1:1) (7778-74-7) |
Sicherheit & Vorschriften
| GHS-Einstufung | DangerH271: May cause fire or explosionstrong Oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquidsOxidizing solids]P210, P220, P264, P270, P280, P283, P301+P317, P306+P360, P330, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)H271 (100%): May cause fire or explosionP210, P220, P260, P264, P270, P280, P283, P301+P317, P306+P360, P319, P330, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P420, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement) |
|---|---|
| Regulatorische Informationen | Chemical: Perchloric acid, potassium saltPerchloric acid, potassium salt (1:1) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Perchloric acid, potassium salt (1:1) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 30-03-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/23770Perchloric acid, potassium salt: HSNO Approval: HSR000984 Approved with controlsThe New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.) |
| Weitere Sicherheitsinformationen | IMAP assessments - Perchlorates: Human health tier II assessment |
| DOT-Kennzeichnung | Oxidizer |
| Brandgefahren | Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:CAUTION: Ammonium nitrate products may explode if involved in fire or contaminated with hydrocarbons (fuels), organic matter, other contaminants or when hot molten and contained. Treat as an explosive (GUIDE 112).Not combustible but enhances combustion of other substances. Many reactions may cause fire or explosion. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. |
| Brandpotenzial | PRESENCE OF ALUMINUM FLUORIDE INCR THE EASE OF IGNITION OF ALUMINUM-PERCHLORATE MIXTURES, OWING TO COMPLEX FLUORIDE FORMATION....AVOID CHANCE SOURCES OF IGNITION FROM ANY CAUSE INCLUDING STATIC ELECTRICITY OR FRICTION...SPARK WHICH HAS INSUFFICIENT ENERGY TO IGNITE FLAMMABLE SUBSTANCE IN NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES MAY.../IGNITE MIXT OF COMBUSTIBLE...& OXIDIZING SUBSTANCE/. /OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES/ |
| Gesundheitsgefahren | Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:· Inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. |
| Gefahrenübersicht | Concentrated solutions are probably not irritating to the skinMay induce methemoglobinemia after ingestionA strong oxidizer that is explosive when mixed with combustible materials releasing toxic gases including chlorine and hydrogen chloride[CHEMINFO] Decomposes on heating to produce chlorine and chloroxides[ICSC] See PERCHLORATES. |
| DOT-Nummer und Handbuch | 1489 140 |
| Reaktive Gruppe | Oxidizing Agents, Strong |
| EG-Einstufung | Symbol: O, XnR: 9-22S: (2)-13-22-27 |
| UN-Einstufung | UN Hazard Class: 5.1UN Pack Group: II |
| Reactivity Alerts | Explosive |
| Brandbekämpfung | Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position. |
| Erste-Hilfe-Maßnahmen | Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention . |
| Freisetungsmaßnahmen | · CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. |
| Erste Hilfe | Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:General First Aid: |
| Sichere Lagerung | Separated from combustible substances and reducing agents. See Chemical Dangers. |
| Expositionsschutz und Persönliche Schutzausrüstung | · Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). |
| Brandbekämpfungsverfahren | Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. |
| Lagerbedingungen | OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES SHOULD...NOT BE STORED ALONGSIDE COMBUSTIBLE SUBSTANCES SUCH AS ORGANIC MATERIALS & METAL POWDERS &...SHOULD NOT BE KEPT NEAR REDUCING AGENTS.../THEY SHOULD BE SEGREGATED/ FROM ALL OTHER MATERIALS IN SUITABLE CONTAINERS IN FIRE-RESISTING STORE WHERE THEY CANNOT ACCIDENTALLY COME IN CONTACT WITH WATER. /OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES/COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE CAPSULES SHOULD BE PROTECTED FROM LIGHT, HUMIDITY, & HEAT & HAVE AN EXPIRATION DATE OF 6 MONTHS FOLLOWING DATE OF MANUFACTURE.IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT ANY FORMULATION CONTAINING POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE BE KEPT AT ROOM TEMP SINCE PRECIPITATION OF THE ACTIVE INGREDIENT MAY OCCUR IF REFRIGERATED. |
| Freisetung ohne Brand | Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]: |
| Entsorgungsverfahren | SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. |
| Verschüttetes entsorgen | Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. Wash away remainder with plenty of water. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents. |
| Preventive Measures | SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.VENTILATION CONTROL: WHERE THERE IS DANGER OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES BEING RELEASED INTO ATMOSPHERE, HAZARD AREA SHOULD BE FITTED WITH EXHAUST VENTILATION. /OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES/...MOST RADICAL SAFETY & HEALTH MEASURE IS TO RATIONALIZE PROCESSES IN WHICH OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES ARE (EMPLOYED. REPLACEMENT OF BATCH BY CONTINUOUS PROCESSES, MECHANIZATION, AUTOMATION & REMOTE CONTROL, SUBSTITUTION OF SAFER MATERIALS & PROCESSES, ENCLOSURE OF CONVEYING SYSTEMS & PROCESS PLANTTHIS MINIMIZES DEGREE OF RISK... /OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES/IN GENERAL, MOST RADICAL SAFETY & HEALTH MEASURE IS TO RATIONALIZE PROCESSES IN WHICH OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES ARE EMPLOYED (...ENCLOSURE OF CONVEYING SYSTEMS & PROCESS PLANT)For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Treatment | In case of oral exposure, immediately dilute with 4 to 8 ounces (120 to 240 mol) of water or milk. Consider after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Protect airway by placement in Trendelenburg and left lateral decubitus position or by endotracheal intubation. Control any seizures first. Maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring. Early use of PEEP and mechanical ventilation may be needed. Following inhalation, Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. In case of acute lung injury, maintain ventilation and oxygenation and evaluate with frequent arterial blood gas or pulse oximetry monitoring. Following eye exposure, irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. Following dermal exposure, remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists. Treat dermal irritation or burns with standard topical therapy. Patients developing dermal hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with systemic or topical corticosteroids or antihistamines. (T36) |
| Wechselwirkungen | /POTASSIUM/ PERCHLORATE MAY INTERFERE WITH IODIDE UPTAKE BY THYROID FOR 3 DAYS OR MORE.IM ADMIN OF POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE 11.5 MG/G TO QUAIL PRETREATED WITH (131)I 1-6 HR PREVIOUSLY GAVE A DISCHARGE OF THE LABELED OVARIAN IODIDE. |
| Gesundheitliche Auswirkungen | Adverse effects on a wide variety of organ systems can result from disruption in the availability of T3 to target tissues. Organ systems affected by disturbances in T3 levels include the skin, cardiovascular system, pulmonary system, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, liver, blood, neuromuscular system, central nervous system, skeleton, male and female reproductive systems, and numerous endocrine organs, including the pituitary and adrenal glands. Such an array of secondary potential targets underscores the need to maintain an adequate level of circulating thyroid hormones. Perchlorate, an environmental contaminant, is known to disturb the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis by blocking iodide accumulation in the thyroid. Iodide deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism and goiter (L894, A267). |
| Unerwünschte Wirkungen | Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the bloodthe compound is classified as secondary toxic effect |
| Expositionspfade | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.Inhalation (L894)oral (L894)dermal (L894)eye contact (L894). |
| Toxizitätsübersicht | The primary and most sensitive target of the perchlorate anion (perchlorate) is the thyroid gland. Perchlorate inhibits the transport of iodide (I-) from the blood into the thyroid follicle cells. The inhibition is thought to be accomplished by perchlorate competitively blocking iodide binding to a carrier, or sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), which catalyzes the simultaneous transfer of Na+ and I-across the basolateral membrane of thyroid follicle cells. Perchlorate inhibition of the NIS can limit the availability of iodide needed for the production of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which in turn, may affect the circulating levels of T4 and T3. All known effects of perchlorate on the thyroid hormone system derive directly or secondarily from the inhibition of the NIS. T3 is essential for normal development of the nervous system and for the regulation of metabolism of cells in nearly all tissues of the body. Disruption in the availability of T3 in target tissues can result in adverse effects on a wide variety of organs and systems (L894). |
| Signs and Symptoms | Cough. Sore throat.Redness.Redness. Pain.Irritating to skin, eyes, and respiratory system, depending on the route of exposure. Esophageal or gastrointestinal tract irritation could occur following exposures (L894). |
| Human Toxicity Excerpts | THERE HAVE BEEN NO SIDE EFFECTS REPORTED AFTER SINGLE-DOSE ADMIN OF POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE AS ADJUNCT TO SODIUM PERTECHNETATE TC 99M.IN HIGHER DOSES AS ANTITHYROID AGENT, POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE HAS BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH GASTRIC IRRITATION, NAUSEA, VOMITING, FEVER, SKIN RASHES, LYMPHADENOPATHY, NEPHROTIC SYNDROME & RARELY, LEUKOPENIA, AGRANULOCYTOSIS, PANCYTOPENIA & FATAL APLASTIC ANEMIA.SKIN, EYE & RESPIRATORY IRRITANT. |
| Carcinogen Classification | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
| Antidote and Emergency Treatment | For basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Chlorates and related compounds/For advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious. Start an IV with D5W TKO. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorates and related compounds/ |
| Toxicity Data | LD50: 3621 mg/kg (Oral, Mouse) (L894) |
| RAIS Toxicity Values | 0.0007IRIS Current |
| State Drinking Water Standards | (CA) CALIFORNIA 6 ug/L /Perchlorate ion/(MA) MASSACHUSETTS 2 ug/L /Perchlorate ion/ |
| DHS Chemicals of Interest (COI) | Potassium perchlorateA Commercial Grade400Explosive/Improvised Explosive Device Precursor material that, if stolen or diverted, can be converted into weapons using simple chemistry, equipment, or techniques. |
| Landesrichtlinien für Trinkwasser | (CA) CALIFORNIA 6 ug/L /Perchlorate ion/(ME) MAINE 1 ug/L /Perchlorate ion/ |
| Federal Drinking Water Standards | EPA 4 ug/L /Perchlorate ion/ |
| Wassergefährdungsklasse (WGK) | 1 |
| TSCA-Inventar-Status | TSCA listed |
| UN-Transportnummer | UN 1489 |
| Zollcode | 2829 90 10 |
| RTECS-Nr. | SC9700000 |
| R-Sätze (R) | 9-22 |
| Gefahrensymbole | O,Xn |
| Sicherheitshinweise (S) | 13-22-27 |
| Gefahrenklasse | 5.1Acute Tox. 4 OralOx. Sol. 1 |
| Verpackungsgruppe | II |
| Lagerklasse | 5.1A - Strongly oxidizing hazardous materials |
| Gefahrstoffdaten | 7778-74-7(Hazardous Substances Data) |
Anwendungen & Verwendung
Verwenden
Potassium perchlorate is used in ammunition percussion caps, explosive primers, fireworks and propellants. It acts as a solid rocket propellant. It is also used as an oxidizer in colored pyrotechnic compositions and flash powder. It is used as an antithyroid and involved in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. The mixture of anthracene and sulfur with potassium perchlorate is used for generating black smoke signaling.
Herstellung & Synthese
synthetische
The potassium perchlorate can be separated from the potassium chloride because it is less soluble in water; however, the preferred production route involves anodic oxidation of cold chloride solutions using a high voltage and high current density. The alkali perchlorates can also be prepared by neutralizing perchloric acid with alkali carbonates, or by metathesis between ammonium perchlorate and alkali sulphates.