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Kaliumnitrit
Potassium nitrite, Extra Pure · Kaliumnitrit · NPotassiuM nitri · POTASSIUM NITRITE · PotassiumNitriteFcc · Potassium nitrite,AR · potassiumnitrite(1:1) · POTASSIUM NITRITE XTL
Identifikatoren & physikalische Daten
| CAS No. | 7758-09-0 |
|---|---|
| Summenformel | KNO2 |
| Durchschnittliche Molmasse | 85,104 g/mol |
| Monoisotopische Masse | 84,95660992 g/mol |
| SMILES | O=N[O-].[K+] |
| InChIKey | BXNHTSHTPBPRFX-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
| PubChem CID | 516910 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL3186418 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:232610 |
| EC No. | 231-832-4 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID5042320 |
| Lokaler Name | Kaliumnitrit |
Chemische & physikalische Eigenschaften
| Polarare Oberfläche (TPSA) | 52,5 |
|---|---|
| H-Brücken-Donoren | 0 |
| H-Brücken-Akzeptoren | 3 |
| Frei drehbare Bindungen | 0 |
| Schwere Atome | 4 |
| Formalladung | 0 |
| Komplexität | 13,5 |
| Stoffklassen | Nitrogen Compounds -> Nitrates and Nitrites |
| pH | 6,0-9,0 (5 % solution)Aq soln is alkaline7-10 (50g/l, H2O, 20℃) |
| Lebensmittelzusatzstoffe | Use unspecified -> FDA Substance added to food |
| Dichte | 1.9151.9 g/cm³1.915 @25 °C1,92 g/cm3 |
| Color/Form | White or slightly yellow granules or rodsWhite crystals |
| Löslichkeit | 281 G/100 CC OF WATER @ 0 °C413 G/100 CC OF WATER @ 100 °C312 g/100g of water at 25 °CSOL IN HOT ALCOHOLVERY SOL IN LIQUID AMMONIA306 parts by wt per 100 parts by wt of water at 20 °CFor more Solubility (Complete) data for POTASSIUM NITRITE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.Solubility in water, g/100ml at 0 °C: 281 (very good)water: soluble0.35 partSoluble in water, hot alcohol, liquid NH{3}Soluble in water, alcohol and ammonia. |
| Siedepunkt | 537 °C (explodes)explodes at 537℃ [HAW93] |
| Decomposition | Decomposition of compound starts at 350 °C.Upon decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /potassium oxide/. |
| Schmelzpunkt | 441 °C with decomp starting at 350 °C440 °C350 °C (dec.)(lit.) |
| Physical Description | Potassium nitrite appears as a yellowish white crystalline solid. Noncombustible but accelerates the burning of all combustible material. If large quantities are involved in fire or if the combustible material is finely divided, an explosion may result. May explode under prolonged exposure to heat. Toxic oxides of nitrogen are produced in fires. Used to make other chemicals and in chemical analysis.LiquidWhite or slightly yellow, deliquescent granulesWhite to slightly yellow granules[CHEMINFO MSDS]WHITE-TO-YELLOW DELIQUESCENT SOLID IN VARIOUS FORMS. |
| Other Experimental Properties | The hydrate exists below -8.9 °CDeliquescent |
| Dampfdichte | 2.9 (vs air) |
| Lagerbedingungen | Store at +5°C to +30°C. |
| Aggregatzustand | Solid |
| Farbe | White to slightly yellow |
| Wichte | 1.915 |
| Geruch | Odorless |
| Spezifische Wärmekapazität | Cp(crystal): 1.26 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 14,7649 |
| Stabilität | Stability Stable, but strong oxidizer - contact with combustible material may lead to fire. Incompatible with strong reducing agents, strong acids, combustible materials, cyanides, ammonium salts. |
| InChI | 1S/K.HNO2/c2-1-3/h(H,2,3)/q+1/p-1 |
| InChIKey | BXNHTSHTPBPRFX-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
| SMILES | [K+].[O-]N=O |
| CAS Datenbank | 7758-09-0(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| EPA chemische Informationen | Potassium nitrite (7758-09-0) |
Sicherheit & Vorschriften
| GHS-Einstufung | DangerH272: May intensify fireoxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquidsOxidizing solids]P210, P220, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P321, P330, P370+P378, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)H272 (100%): May intensify fireP210, P220, P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P370+P378, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement) |
|---|---|
| Regulatorische Informationen | Chemical: Nitrous acid, potassium saltRegulation (EC) No 257/2010Nitrous acid, potassium salt (1:1) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Nitrous acid, potassium salt (1:1) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)S - indicates a substance that is identified in a final Significant New Use Rule.Status: Active Update: 28-01-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/23602Nitrous acid, potassium salt: HSNO Approval: HSR001339 Approved with controls |
| DOT-Kennzeichnung | Oxidizer |
| Brandgefahren | Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:CAUTION: Ammonium nitrate products may explode if involved in fire or contaminated with hydrocarbons (fuels), organic matter, other contaminants or when hot molten and contained. Treat as an explosive (GUIDE 112).Not combustible but enhances combustion of other substances. Many reactions may cause fire or explosion. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. |
| Brandpotenzial | Not combustible but enhances combustion of other substances ... /Potassium nitrite/ is a strong oxidant and reacts with combustible and reducing materials causing fire and explosion hazard.ModerateOxidizing material. |
| Gesundheitsgefahren | Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:· Inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. |
| Gefahrenübersicht | Strong irritant of the skin and eyesAs an oxidizer, it enhances burning of combustible materials[CHEMINFO MSDS] Has caused cases of methemoglobinemia when well water was contaminated by fertilizer[HSDB] See NITRATES and NITRITES.The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of potassium nitrite stem from its toxicologic properties and reactivity. Toxic by all routes (ie, inhalation, ingestion, or dermal contact), exposure to this white-to-yellowish, crystalline substance may occur from its use as a color fixative and preservative in meats, in analytical chemistry, and in organic synthesis. Effects from exposure may include burns to the skin and eyes, headache, nausea, or methemoglobinemia. In activities and situations where over-exposure may occur, wear personal protective clothing and a self-contained breathing apparatus. If exposure should occur, immediately flush affected skin and eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes at the site. Potassium nitrite is an oxidizer and may ignite combustible materials (wood, paper, oil, etc.). With fuels, the reaction may be violent. Also, prolonged exposure to heat or fire may result in an explosion, with the production of poisonous gases. For fires involving potassium nitrite, extinguish with dry chemical, CO2, Halon, water spray, or fog. If water is used, apply from as far a distance as possible. If fire becomes uncontrollable, consider evacuation of one-half mile radius. Potassium nitrite should be kept in airtight containers and stored away from combustibles and sources of ignition. Potassium nitrite may be shipped via air, rail, road, and water, in containers bearing the label, "Oxidizer." For small spills of potassium nitrite, place material into a clean, dry, covered container. For large spills of potassium nitrite solutions, first dike far ahead of the spill to prevent it from entering water sources and sewers, then take up with sand, earth, or other noncombustible absorbent material. |
| DOT-Nummer und Handbuch | 1488 140 |
| FDA-Anforderungen | Sodium nitrite and potassium nitrite are subject to prior sanctions issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture for use as color fixatives and preservative agents, with or without sodium or potassium nitrate, in the curing of red meat and poultry products. |
| Reaktive Gruppe | Nitrate and Nitrite Compounds, Inorganic |
| EG-Einstufung | Symbol: O, T, NR: 8-25-50S: (1/2)-45-61 |
| UN-Einstufung | UN Hazard Class: 5.1UN Pack Group: II |
| Special Reports | WHOWHO Food Additives Series 35 (844): Nitrite provides a summary of the background materials used by JECFA to determine an ADI for nitrite. |
| Brandbekämpfung | Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. |
| Erste-Hilfe-Maßnahmen | Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again.First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.Rinse mouth. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Refer for medical attention . |
| Freisetungsmaßnahmen | · CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. |
| Erste Hilfe | Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:General First Aid: |
| Sichere Lagerung | Fireproof. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from combustible substances, reducing agents and acids. Dry. Well closed. |
| Firefighting Hazards | Evaporation at 20 °C is negligiblea harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly. |
| Expositionsschutz und Persönliche Schutzausrüstung | · Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). |
| Brandbekämpfungsverfahren | Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable - consider evacuation of one-half (1/2) mile radiusIf material on fire or involved in fire: Flood with water. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.... All extinguishing agents allowed. |
| Lagerbedingungen | Keep well closed.Store in airtight containers.Fireproof. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from combustible and reducing substances, acids. Dry. Well closed. |
| Reinigungsverfahren | Sweep spilled substance into containers. Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. (Extra personal protection: P3 filter respirator for toxic particles). |
| Freisetung ohne Brand | Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]: |
| Entsorgungsverfahren | SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic, and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations. |
| Treatment | Methemoglobinemia can be treated with supplemental oxygen and methylene blue 1% solution administered intravenously slowly over five minutes followed by IV flush with normal saline. Methylene blue restores the iron in hemoglobin to its normal (reduced) oxygen-carrying state. (L1613) |
| Wechselwirkungen | Methylene blue has a protective effect against nitrite-induced MetHb formation ... Dietary factors may have a protective effect against MetHb formation. Examples are ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and methionine which reduced the level of nitrite-induced MetHb when added to the diet of guinea-pigs. Conversely, guinea-pigs deficient in ascorbic acid had higher nitrite-induced MetHb levels than control animals ... /Nitrite/The effect of nitrite ingestion on the intestinal deconjugation and absorption of folic acid (PGA) and brewers yeast folate was investigated using a rat bioassay and liver folate uptake as the response parameter. Male weanling Sprague Dawley rats were depleted on a low folate AIN-76A formulated basal diet for 21 days. During a 14 day repletion period, folic acid (PGA) and brewers yeast were added to provide 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg of folate per kg of diet. Potassium nitrite was administered as part of the diet at 0.5%. All diets were made isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Based on a parallel line assay, the relative bioavailability of folate in the brewers yeast diet (109) was significantly higher than in the standard diet (PGA = 100). When combined with nitrite, the relative bioavailability of the PGA diet was not significantly different (101), while that of the brewers yeast diet was significantly lower than the standard diet. Concomitant ingestion of nitrite significantly reduced the bioavailability of brewers yeast folate but not that of PGA in rats. This appeared to be a direct effect of oxidation by nitrite on the more susceptible substituted folates in brewers yeast.... In vivo formation of nitrosopiperidine /was demonstrated/ in the stomach of rats from nitrate and piperidine. At comparable doses, a lesser degree of nitrosation occurred with nitrite and piperidine. /Nitrate and nitrite/No increase was found in urinary nitrosamine levels of human subjects after consumption of meals with fish or beef (source of amines), bacon (source of pre-formed nitrosamines), in combination with spinach and vegetable juice (source of nitrate/nitrite). /Nitrate or nitrite/For more Interactions (Complete) data for POTASSIUM NITRITE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Gesundheitliche Auswirkungen | Nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Nitrites may cause pregnancy complications and developmental effects. They may also be carcinogenic. (L1137) |
| Unerwünschte Wirkungen | Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the bloodthe compound is classified as secondary toxic effect |
| Expositionspfade | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.Oral (L1137)inhalation (L1137) |
| Toxizitätsübersicht | Nitrite causes the autocatalytic oxidation of oxyhemoglobin to hydrogen peroxide and methemoglobin. This elevation of methemoglobin levels is a condition known as methemoglobinemia, and is characterized by tissue hypoxia, as methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen. (A2450, L1613) |
| Ökotoxizitätsauszüge | /AQUATIC SPECIES/ Salmo gairdneri /exposed/ to 0.1 mg NO2-/L for ... /7 wk/ in freshwater caused no lethality, growth reduction, gill histological changes or hematological dyscrasions ... Although 0.05 mg NO2-/L causes significant increase in methemoglobin levels, the change was slight and not of biological significance. /Nitrite//AQUATIC SPECIES/ Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) appears to be the most sensitive fish species to nitrite toxicity, with a 96 hr LC50 ranging from 0.56 to 1.78 mg NO2-/L for low chloride water and 11.5 to 17.4 mg NO2-/L for high chloride water, at pH between 7.5 and 8.6 in hard water. /Nitrite/ |
| Signs and Symptoms | Cough. Sore throat. Headache. Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Nausea. Dizziness. Confusion. Laboured breathing. Convulsions. Unconsciousness.Redness.Redness. Pain.Vomiting. Increased heart rate. Fall in blood pressure. Further see Inhalation.Nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Symptoms include cyanosis, cardiac dysrhythmias and circulatory failure, and progressive central nervous system (CNS) effects. CNS effects can range from mild dizziness and lethargy to coma and convulsions. (L1137) |
| ICSC Environmental Data | This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to water quality and soil contamination. |
| Medical Surveillance | Clinical Evaluation: History. Evaluation of a patient with suspected nitrate/nitrite exposure includes a complete medical history and physical examination. Clues to potential exposure are often obtained by reviewing the following items with the patient or family: location of home (urban, suburban, or rural)drinking water source and supply (if well water: depth, location, type of well construction, and frequency of microbiologic and nitrate testing)surrounding activities (agricultural or industrial) and proximity to drinking-water sourcetype of sewer system (municipal or septic) and proximity to drinking water sourcerecent floodingoccupations, avocations, and hobbies of family membersnutritional status (for infants: type of formula, feeding regimen, and source of dilution water)family history, including recent use of medications by infant and motherand history of recent gastroenteritis with vomiting or diarrhea. /Nitrates and Nitrites/Physical examination should include special attention to the color of the skin and mucous membranes. If there is a history of gastroenteritis (especially in infants), evaluate the patient for the possible presence of dehydration (poor skin turgor, sunken fontanelle, dry mucous membranes). All cyanotic patients should be assessed for possible cardiac and lung disease (cardiac murmurs, gallops, arrhythmiasrales, rhonchi, wheezes, dullness or hyperresonance in the chest). A central chocolate-brown or slate-gray cyanosis that does not respond to administration of 100% oxygen is indicative of methemoglobinemia. Cyanosis due to cardiorespiratory compromise most often improves with administration of 100% oxygen. In young infants, look for labored breathing, respiratory exhaustion, hypotension, below-average weight gain, and failure to meet developmental markers. Gastroenteritis can increase the rates of production and absorption of nitrites in young infants and aggravate methemoglobinemia. /Nitrates and Nitrites/Signs and Symptoms Signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia can be directly correlated with the percentage of total hemoglobin in the oxidized form... The lips and mucous membranes of patients with nitrate/nitrite toxicity usually have more of a brownish than a bluish cast. Dyspnea, especially on exertion, is common. Varying degrees of central nervous system depression might be present. The cardiac and pulmonary examinations are usually normal, but systolic flow murmurs might be detected. Cardiac arrhythmias and hypotension can occur in patients with severe poisoning, although death from methemoglobinemia alone is uncommon, except in infants. /Nitrates and Nitrites/Laboratory Evaluation Most commonly, a drop of the patient's blood is placed on a piece of filter paper next to a drop of blood from person who does not have methemoglobinemiawhen dry, the blood with methemoglobin will turn a deep chocolate-brown or slate-gray color. A tube of methemoglobin containing blood will not turn red when shaken in air or when oxygen is bubbled through it, whereas blood that is dark because of normal deoxyhemoglobin will turn red. Screening Tests: Examination of blood color. Determination of the calculated versus measured arterial saturation gap. Hemoglobin and hematocrit. Serum-free hemoglobin (for hemolysis detection). Serum haptoglobin (for hemolysis detection). Heinz bodies on peripheral blood smear. Urinalysis. Specialized Tests: Determination of methemoglobin level. Tests for causes of congenital methemoglobinemia. Hemoglobin electrophoresis. Activity of NADH-dependent methemoglobin reductase. Tests for Causes of Failure of Methylene Blue Therapy (see Treatment and Management section): Activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD). Activity of NADPH-dependent methemoglobin reductase. Sulfhemoglobin blood level (not readily available for clinical use). /Nitrates and Nitrites/For more Medical Surveillance (Complete) data for POTASSIUM NITRITE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Human Toxicity Excerpts | /HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Symptoms of nitrite poisoning and MetHb formation after ingestion ranged from 0.4 to > 200 mg/kg bw, expressed as nitrite ion ... MetHb formation in different cases varied from 7.7 up to 79% ... /It was deduced that/ cyanosis occurred at MetHb concentration above 10%, and other symptoms at > 20% ... /Nitrite/[WHOWHO Food Additives Series 35 (844): Nitrite. Available from, as of October 30, 2006: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v35je13.htm]/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology: 1. A prompt fall in blood pressure. 2. A roaring sound in the ears, a headache which is persistent and throbbing, with associated vertigo, a generalized tingling sensation, palpitations, and visual disturbances. 3. The skin is flushed and perspiring, later cold and cyanotic. 4. Nausea and vomiting. The ingestion of nitrites may also cause colic and diarrhea. 5. Syncope, esp when attempting to stand upright. 6. Methemoglobinemia, with attendant cyanosis and anoxia. 7. Hyperpnealater dyspnea and slow breathing. 8. The pulse may be slow, dicrotic, and intermittent. 9. Incr intraocular tension and intracranial pressure. 10. Collapse and coma, followed by clonic convulsions. 11. Death due to circulatory collapse. /Nitrite/[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-317]/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... /Potassium nitrite/ is irritating to the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the cardiovascular system and blood, resulting in fall of blood pressure, formation of methemoglobin. Exposure may result in death. The effects may be delayed ...[IPCS, CECInternational Chemical Safety Card on Potassium nitrite. (April 2000). Available from, as of October 24, 2006: http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1069.htm]For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for POTASSIUM NITRITE (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Carcinogen Classification | Ingested nitrate or nitrite under conditions that result in endogenous nitrosation is probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). (L135) |
| Landesrichtlinien für Trinkwasser | (ME) MAINE 1000 ug/L /Nitrite/ |
| Federal Drinking Water Standards | EPA 1000 ug/L /Nitrite/ |
| Bundesrichtlinien für Trinkwasser | EPA 1000 ug/L /Nitrite/ |
| Wassergefährdungsklasse (WGK) | 2 |
| TSCA-Inventar-Status | TSCA listed |
| UN-Transportnummer | UN 1488 |
| Zollcode | 2834 10 00 |
| RTECS-Nr. | TT3750000 |
| R-Sätze (R) | 8-25-50 |
| Toxizität | LD50 orally in rabbits: 108 mg anion/kg, Dollahite, Rowe, Southwest. Vet. 27, 246 (1974) |
| Gefahrensymbole | O,T,N |
| Sicherheitshinweise (S) | 45-61 |
| Gefahrenklasse | 5.1Acute Tox. 3 OralAquatic Acute 1Ox. Sol. 2 |
| Verpackungsgruppe | II |
| Lagerklasse | 5.1B - Oxidizing hazardous materials |
| Gefahrstoffdaten | 7758-09-0(Hazardous Substances Data) |
Anwendungen & Verwendung
Verwenden
Potassium Nitrite is a color fixative in meats which exists as white or yellowish granules or cylindrical sticks. it is very soluble in water. see nitrite.
Herstellung & Synthese
synthetische
Potassium nitrite may be prepared by fusion of nitrate with lead:KNO3+ Pb →KNO2+ PbOThe product is extracted with water and allowed to crystallize. Filtration separates nitrite from insoluble lead oxide.Potassium nitrite also may be obtained by high temperature thermal decomposition of nitrate:2KNO3→2KNO2+ O2↑.