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Bismut
Bismuth powder · Bismuthingot · BISMUTH METAL · BISMUTH STANDARD SOLUTION · Wismut · Bi-209 · BISMUTH · BI000160
Identifikatoren & physikalische Daten
| CAS No. | 7440-69-9 |
|---|---|
| Summenformel | Bi |
| Durchschnittliche Molmasse | 208,9804 g/mol |
| Monoisotopische Masse | 208,9804 g/mol |
| SMILES | [Bi] |
| InChIKey | JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 5359367 |
| EC No. | 231-177-4 |
| Lokaler Name | Bismut |
Chemische & physikalische Eigenschaften
| Polarare Oberfläche (TPSA) | 0 |
|---|---|
| H-Brücken-Donoren | 0 |
| H-Brücken-Akzeptoren | 0 |
| Frei drehbare Bindungen | 0 |
| Schwere Atome | 1 |
| Formalladung | 0 |
| Komplexität | 0 |
| Dichte | 9.78 @ 20 °C/4 °C9.8 @25 °C9.8 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.) |
| Color/Form | Gray white soft metalHEXAGONAL SILVER-WHITE CRYSTALSGRAYISH WHITE WITH REDDISH TINGE AND BRIGHT METALLIC LUSTERPINKISH-SILVER, HARD, BRITTLE METAL |
| Löslichkeit | For more Solubility (Complete) data for BISMUTH, ELEMENTAL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.INSOL IN COLD OR HOT WATERSOL IN NITRIC ACID, AQUA REGIA, HOT SULFURIC ACIDSOL IN CONCENTRATED HYDROCHLORIC ACIDsoluble in acid solutionsinsoluble |
| Siedepunkt | 1564 DEG +/-5 °C, 760 MM HG1564 °C @760 [mm Hg]1560 °C (lit.) |
| Schmelzpunkt | 271 °C271.3 °C271 °C (lit.) |
| Dampfdruck | 78 mm Hg at 1266 °C7.8 mm at 1053 °C0.78 mm Hg at 893 °C78 [mm Hg] @1266 °C<0.1 mm Hg ( 20 °C) |
| Heat of Vaporization | 178,632 J/mol |
| Physical Description | Dry PowderOther SolidLarge CrystalsGray-white, soft and brittle metal[Merck Index, 1257] |
| Stability/Shelf Life | SUPERFICIALLY OXIDIZED BY AIR, FREQUENTLY BECOMING IRIDESCENTWHEN HEATED IN AIR IT FORMS BISMUTH TRIOXIDE |
| Other Experimental Properties | POOR CONDUCTOR OF ELECTRICITYHAS GREATEST HALL EFFECT OF ANY METAL, THAT IS, ITS RESISTANCE INCREASES WHEN PLACED IN A MAGNETIC FIELDTHERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (0.018 CAL/SEC/CC @ 250 °C) IS LOWEST OF ALL METALS EXCEPT MERCURYEXPANDS 3.32% ON SOLIDIFICATIONATOMIC NUMBER: 83For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for BISMUTH, ELEMENTAL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Lagerbedingungen | no restrictions. |
| Aggregatzustand | shot |
| Wichte | 9.80 |
| Farbe | Silver-white or red |
| Flame Color | Azure blue |
| Spezifische Wärmekapazität | Cp(crystal): 0.12 J/(g·K)Cp(gas): 0.1 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 13,1256 |
| Stabilität | Stable. Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents, nitrosyl fluoride, fused ammonium nitrate, interhalogen compounds, chlorine. Finely-divided powder is highly flammable. |
| InChI | 1S/Bi |
| InChIKey | JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | [Bi] |
| Hardness, Brinell | 7 |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 31.7 GPa |
| Poissons Ratio | 0.33 |
| Shear Modulus | 11.9 GPa, Calculated |
| CAS Datenbank | 7440-69-9(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NIST chemische Informationen | Bismuth(7440-69-9) |
| EPA chemische Informationen | Bismuth (7440-69-9) |
Sicherheit & Vorschriften
| GHS-Einstufung | Not ClassifiedReported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 324 of 382 companiesAggregated GHS information provided per 382 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 324 of 382 reports by companies.There are 4 notifications provided by 58 of 382 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.DangerH370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]P260, P264, P270, P308+P316, P319, P321, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement) |
|---|---|
| Regulatorische Informationen | Chemical: BismuthBismuth is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Bismuth are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 24-01-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14679Status: Active Update: 03-02-2016 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/16865Bismuth: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard |
| Weitere Sicherheitsinformationen | IMAP assessments - Bismuth: Human health tier I assessment |
| Brandpotenzial | POWDERED BISMUTH BURNS SPONTANEOUSLY IN GASEOUS CHLORINE. WITH LIQUID CHLORINE, BISMUTH IGNITES @ 80 °C.FLAMMABLE IN POWDER FORM |
| Gefahrenübersicht | Bismuth is a hepatotoxic agent. [Zimmerman, p. 4] Ingestion of high doses of bismuth may cause stomatitis, hyperpigmentation of oral mucosa, kidney dysfunction, myoclonus, and encephalopathy. [Ford, p. 740] Elemental bismuth is nontoxic. Bismuth salts are toxic after ingestion. In cases of acute poisoning after ingestion, patients suffer abdominal pain and acute renal failure. In cases of chronic poisoning after repeated ingestion of medications containing bismuth, encephalopathy has been reported. Lipid soluble, organic compounds such as bismuth subsalicylate and bismuth subgallate are toxic to the CNSWater soluble, organic compounds such as bismuth triglycollamate are toxic to the kidneysInsoluble, inorganic compounds such as bismuth subnitrate and bismuth subcarbonate have minimal toxicity. [Goldfrank , p. 1233-4] |
| Special Reports | A REVIEW MAINLY OF THE AUTHOR'S OWN WORK, WITH 9 REFERENCES.[BUCKLE ER, TSAKIROPOULOS PTHE PARTICLES OF HEAVY METAL SMOKES: BISMUTH, LEAD, CADMIUM, & ZINCANAL PROC (LONDON) 18(2) 73 (1981)] |
| Hazard Classes and Categories | Not ClassifiedSpecific target organ toxicity - Single exposure - Category 1 (nervous system, kidney, articulation of the bone)Specific target organ toxicity - Repeated exposure - Category 1 (nervous system, articulation of the bone, kidney) |
| Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities | WHEN BISMUTH IS HEATED WITH PERCHLORIC ACID @ 100 °C OR BELOW, THE METAL DISSOLVES SLOWLY, BUT @ 110 °C BROWN COATING FORMS, WHICH ON FURTHER HEATING EXPLODES VIOLENTLY. THE PREPARATION OF A SALT FROM THESE TWO CHEMICALS IS DANGEROUS.FUSED AMMONIUM NITRATE WITH POWDERED BISMUTH IS OFTEN A VIOLENT & SOMETIMES AN EXPLOSIVE REACTION.Reaction with (Bi(OH)3 plus Al(OH)3), coprecipitated and H2 reduced produces a spontaneously flammable product.CAN REACT WITH ACID OR ACID FUMES TO EMIT TOXIC FUMESFor more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for BISMUTH, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Lagerbedingungen | IN GENERAL, MATERIALS...TOXIC AS STORED OR WHICH CAN DECOMP INTO TOXIC COMPONENTS...SHOULD BE STORED IN COOL...VENTILATED PLACE, OUT OF...SUN, AWAY FROM...FIRE HAZARD...BE PERIODICALLY INSPECTED & MONITORED. INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS SHOULD BE ISOLATED... |
| Reinigungsverfahren | MUDS & SLUDGES CONTAINING HEAVY METALS TREATED WITH ACID TO DISSOLVE HEAVY METAL IONS. SOLN TREATED WITH MONOSILICIC ACID THEN MADE WEAKLY BASIC, PRECIPITATING METAL SILICATES. |
| Entsorgungsverfahren | Dissolve in minimum concentrated hydrochloric acid. Dilute with water until white precipitates form. Add just enough 6 M HCl to redissolve. Saturate with H2S. Filter, wash, dry, and ship to supplier. |
| Protective Action Criteria (PAC) | 120 [mg/m3]1300 [mg/m3]7900 [mg/m3] |
| Hepatotoxicity | In large, controlled trials of bismuth-based quadruple therapy in patients with H. pylori infection, adverse event rates were similar in patients receiving therapy that included bismuth as those on triple H. pylori regimens without bismuth. Monotherapy with bismuth for digestive complaints and diarrhea has not been linked to significant adverse events or elevations in serum ALT or bilirubin, but few studies have assessed liver tests routinely during the brief use of bismuth for episodes of diarrhea or to prevent travelers diarrhea. Further, in the many case reports of bismuth neurotoxicity, there was no mention of hepatotoxicity, and where this information was provided, liver tests were reported to be normal.Despite the lack of evidence of liver injury in recent studies of bismuth therapy, several reports of both liver and kidney injury have been reported in the past which were attributed to bismuth. Most of these reports dealt with therapy of syphilis using injections of arsenicals and bismuth. Many of the cases were exposed to other possible hepatotoxins (arsenic), but all were reported from the 1920s and 1940s and may have been acute hepatitis B or C contracted because of inadequate sterilization of needles and syringes used in the injection therapy.Likelihood score: E (unlikely cause of clinically apparent liver injury).Drug Class: Trace Elements and MetalsOther Related Drugs in the Class: Iron, Lead |
| Umweltverhalten | AQUATIC FATE: Water free from air does not affect metallic bismuth and the element preserves its metallic lusterin aerated water bismuth becomes covered with a layer of oxide Bi2O3(1).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: At environmental temperatures, bismuth metal is unaffected by air, even if the latter is moist, as long as no condensation of water occurs on its surface, in which case first white bismuthous hydroxide, Bi(OH)3, is formed and then yellow trioxide, Bi2O3, is formed if the air is free from carbon dioxide or a white basic carbonate is formed if the air contains carbon dioxide(1). |
| Unerwünschte Wirkungen | Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxinOccupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting. |
| Natural Pollution Sources | OCCURRENCE IN EARTH'S CRUST: APPROX 0.2 PPM.OLDEST KNOWN DEPOSITS OF BISMUTH ARE IN GERMAN ERZEBERGE, BUT BISMUTH ORES ARE FOUND MOST WIDELY IN SOUTH AMERICA, CHINA, KOREA, JAPAN, SOUTH AFRICA & AUSTRALIA. BISMUTH OCCURS IN FREE STATE...AND AS BISMUTH GLANCE (BI253), TETRADYMITE...BISMUTH OCHRE... |
| Human Toxicity Excerpts | ...THERE MAY BE MENTAL CHANGES, NERVOUSNESS, BLOOD CHANGES, LYMPHOCYTOSIS & BONE MARROW DEPRESSION FOLLOWING PROLONGED INHALATION OF BISMUTH DUST.Bismuth pigmentation has been found in the colon, vagina, and the skin. |
| Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts | IV INJECTION OF ELEMENTAL BISMUTH (0.50 MG/KG) CAUSED A SLIGHT DECREASE IN BLOOD PRESSURE & HEART RATE. HIGHER DOSES (1.8 MG/KG) RESULTED IN HEART BLOCK, & ALL FUNDAMENTAL FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART WERE AFFECTED, INCLUDING EXCITABILITY, CONDUCTIVITY & CONTRACTILITY. |
| Environmental Abiotic Degradation | Water free from air does not affect it and the element preserves its metallic lusterin aerated water it becomes covered with a layer of oxide, Bi2O3. At room temperature, bismuth is unaffected by air, even if the latter is moist, as long as no condensation of water occurs on its surface, in which case first white bismuthous hydroxide, Bi(OH)3, is formed and then yellow trioxide, Bi2O3, is formed if the air is free from carbon dioxide or a white basic carbonate is formed if the air contains carbon dioxide(1). |
| Wassergefährdungsklasse (WGK) | 1 |
| TSCA-Inventar-Status | TSCA listed |
| UN-Transportnummer | UN 3264 8/PG 3 |
| Zollcode | 81060010 |
| RTECS-Nr. | EB2600000 |
| R-Sätze (R) | 34-11-36/37/38-8 |
| Gefahrensymbole | F,C,Xi,O |
| Sicherheitshinweise (S) | 16-45-36/37/39-26 |
| Gefahrenklasse | 8 |
| Verpackungsgruppe | III |
| Lagerklasse | 11 - Combustible Solids |
| Gefahrstoffdaten | 7440-69-9(Hazardous Substances Data) |
Anwendungen & Verwendung
Occurrence
Bismuth is the 70th most abundant element, and it is widely spread over the Earth’s crust, butin very small amounts. There are no major concentrated sources. It occurs both in the free elementalstate and in several ores. The major ore, bismuthinite (B2S3), is found in South America.The United States gets most of its bismuth as a by-product from smelting ores of lead,silver, copper, and gold. It is also recovered from the refining of tin and tungsten ores.
Verwenden
Bismuth is used to make the drugs such as Pepto-Bismol for upset stomachs and diarrheaand in medicine to treat intestinal infections. Bismuth is used in the cosmetics industry toprovide the “shine” for lipsticks, eye shadow, and other products.It is added to steel and other metals as an alloy to make the metals easier to roll, press, pullinto wires, and turn on a lathe. It is also used in the semiconductor industry and to makepermanent magnets.Bismuth is similar to antimony in that it expands from the molten liquid state to the solidstate. This property makes it an excellent material to pour into molds and can produce finedetails in whatever is being molded, such as metallic printing type and similar fine castings.