Bromadiolon

(Non-Specific -- Coumarin Derivative Pesticide, Solid, n.o.s.) This material may burn but does not ignite readily. Container may explode in heat of fire. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. If water pollution occurs, notify appropriate authorities.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Bromadiolone Exposure: Bromadiolone is an anticoagulant. Hemorrhage is the most common effect and may be manifested by nose bleeding, gum bleeding, bloody stools and urine, ecchymoses (extravasations of blood into skin), and hemoptysis (coughing up of blood). Bruising is heightened. Abdominal and flank pain are also common.

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Heating of containers will cause a pressure rise, with the risk of bursting and subsequent ignition. Fire-exposed containers should be kept cool by spraying with water.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

Protect from extreme temperatures.

Technical material and formulations should be stored in sealed containers in locked, well-ventilated, dry areas, away from frost, direct sunlight, and sources of heat and ignition. Keep products out of reach of children and unauthorized personnel. Do not store near food or animal feed.

Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Dry spillages should be collected at once, by suction, and disposed of as toxic waste according to local legislation.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

...Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber.

Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhause ventilation at places where dust is formed. NOrmal measures for preventive fire protection.

Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust.

0.091 [mg/m3]

1.0 [mg/m3]

3.4 [mg/m3]

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)

Wear protective mask and gloves when handling the concentrate.

Adequate protective clothing should be worn at all times. In the lab this will consist of a lab coat, rubber or polyethylene gloves and a /NIOSH approved respirator/ or respirator of a type applicable to the specific chemical being handled. /Rodenticides/

The primary antidote to bromadiolone poisoning is immediate administration of vitamin K1 (initially slow intravenous injections of 10-25 mg repeated all 3-6 hours until normalisation of the prothrombin time; then 10 mg orally four times daily as a "maintenance dose"). It is an extremely effective antidote, provided the poisoning is caught before too much damage has been done to the victim's circulatory system. At high doses bromadiolone can affect the body for many months, and the antidote must be administered regularly for a long period of time. (L1257)

The non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen and phenylbutazone potentiated the anticoagulant effects of brodifacoum and bromadiolone in rats.

The following drugs ... may increase ... response to coumarin or indandione derivatives: alcohol (acute intoxication), allopurinol, aminosalicylic acid, amiodarone, anabolic steroids, chloral hydrate, chloramphenicol, cimetidine, clofibrate, co-trimoxazole, danazol, dextrothyroxine sodium, diazoxide, diflunisal, disulfiram, erythromycin, ethacrynic acid, fenoprofen calcium, glucagon, ibuprofen, indomethacin, influenza virus vaccine, isoniazid, meclofenamate, mefenamic acid, methylthiouracil, metronidazole, miconazole, nalidixic acid, neomycin (oral), pentoxifylline, phenylbutazone, propoxyphene, propylthiouracil, quinidine, quinine, salicylates, streptokinase, sulfinpyrazone, sulfonamides, sulindac, tetracyclines, thiazides, thyroid drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, urokinase, vitamin E. /Coumarin and indandione derivatives/

The following drugs ... may ... decrease ... response to coumarin or indandione derivatives: alcohol (chronic alcoholism), barbiturates, carbamazepine, corticosteroids, corticotropin, ethchlorvynol, glutethimide, griseofulvin, mercaptopurine, methaqualone, oral contraceptives containing estrogen, rifampin, spironolactone, vitamin K. /Coumarin and indandione derivatives/

LD50; Species: Quail oral 1600 mg/kg

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard Duck) age 14 days; chemical incorporated into food 440 ppm (95% confidence interval: 229-847 ppm) for 25 days

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail) age 14 days; chemical incorporated into food 464 ppm for 14 days

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern Bobwhite Quail) age 14 days; chemical incorporated into food 37.6 ppm for 25 days (95% confidence interval: 8.9-84.5 ppm)

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for BROMADIOLONE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc range of 1,563 to 41,600 measured in a variety of different soils(2), indicates that bromadiolone is expected to have low to no mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of bromadiolone is estimated to range between 4.5(2) and 6.5(3), indicating that this compound will exist partially in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of bromadiolone from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process,(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 8.9X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.6X10-10 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 12.5 mg/L(2). Bromadiolone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure(SRC). Based on aqueous photolysis studies, bromadiolone is susceptible to rapid direct photolysis in sunlight(2); therefore, photolysis may be an important fate process on surfaces exposed to sunlight(SRC). Using OECD 301B (CO2 evolution method), bromadiolone showed 0% degradation after 28 days, indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental process in soil(2).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc range of 1,563 to 41,600 measured in a variety of different soils(2), indicates that bromadiolone is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 8.9X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.60X10-10 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 12.5 mg/L(2). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF range of 125 to >513(SRC), from measured log Kow values of >5.0 at pH 4-5 and 4.07 at pH 7(2) and a regression-derived equation(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Bromadiolone is stable to hydrolysis at pH 5, 7 and 9(2). Photolysis of bromadiolone in aqueous solution is rapid with a half-life of 12 hours or less(2). In one study, bromadiolone exposed to natural sunlight at 52 deg N latitude degraded by 68% in the first 10 minutes which was followed by a slower degradation rate and complete photolysis after about 2 hours(2). Using OECD 301B (CO2 evolution method), bromadiolone showed 0% degradation after 28 days, indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental process in water(2).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), bromadiolone, which has a vapor pressure of 1.60X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase bromadiolone may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Based on aqueous photolysis studies, bromadiolone is susceptible to rapid direct photolysis in sunlight(2).

Bromadiolone inhibits the enzyme Vitamin K epoxide reductase. This enzyme is needed for the reconstitution of the vitamin K in its cycle from vitamin K-epoxide, and so bromadiolone steadily decreases the level of active vitamin K in the blood. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of important substances including prothrombin, which is involved in blood clotting. This disruption becomes increasingly severe until the blood effectively loses any ability to clot. In addition, bromadiolone increases permeability of blood capillaries. The blood plasma and blood itself begins to leak from the blood vessels, causing internal bleeding leading to shock, loss of consciousness, and eventually death. (L1257)

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Studies on exposure of non-targets to anticoagulant rodenticides have largely focused on predatory birds and mammals; insectivores have rarely been studied. /The authors/ investigated the exposure of 120 European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) from throughout Britain to first- and second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (FGARs and SGARs) using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC) and liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS). The proportion of hedgehogs with liver SGAR concentrations detected by HPLC was 3-13% per compound, 23% overall. LCMS identified much higher prevalence for difenacoum and bromadiolone, mainly because of greater ability to detect low-level contamination. The overall proportion of hedgehogs with LCMS-detected residues was 57.5% (SGARs alone) and 66.7% (FGARs and SGARs combined); 27 (22.5%) hedgehogs contained >1 rodenticide. Exposure of insectivores and predators to anticoagulant rodenticides appears to be similar. The greater sensitivity of LCMS suggests that hitherto exposure of non-targets is likely to have been under-estimated using HPLC techniques.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Second generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) are commonly used for rodent pest control in Norway resulting in the potential exposure of non-target raptor species. In this study the occurrence of flocoumafen, difethialone, difenacoum, bromadiolone and brodifacoum was determined in the livers of five species of raptors found dead in Norway between 2009 and 2011. The SGARs brodifacoum, bromadiolone, difenacoum and flocoumafen were detected in golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and eagle owl (Bubo bubo) livers at a total SGAR concentration of between 11 and 255 ng/g in approximately 70% of the golden eagles and 50% of the eagle owls examined in this study. In the absence of specific golden eagle and eagle owl toxicity thresholds for SGARs, a level of >100 ng/g was used as a potential lethal range, accepting that poisoning may occur below this level. Thirty percent (7/24) of the golden eagle and eagle owl livers contained total SGAR residue levels above this threshold. Further estimation of the potential mortality impact on the sampled raptor populations was not possible.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs) are widely used to control rodent pests but exposure and poisonings occur in non-target species, such as birds of prey. Liver residues are often analyzed to detect exposure in birds found dead but their use to assess toxicity of SGARs is problematic. /The authors/ analyzed published data on hepatic rodenticide residues and associated symptoms of anticoagulant poisoning from 270 birds of prey using logistic regression to estimate the probability of toxicosis associated with different liver SGAR residues. /The authors/ also evaluated exposure to SGARs on a national level in Canada by analysing 196 livers from great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) and red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) found dead at locations across the country. Analysis of a broader sample of raptor species from Quebec also helped define the taxonomic breadth of contamination. Calculated probability curves suggest significant species differences in sensitivity to SGARs and significant likelihood of toxicosis below previously suggested concentrations of concern (<0.1mg/kg). Analysis of birds from Quebec showed that a broad range of raptor species are exposed to SGARs, indicating that generalized terrestrial food chains could be contaminated in the vicinity of the sampled areas. Of the two species for which we had samples from across Canada, great horned owls are exposed to SGARs to a greater extent than red-tailed hawks and the liver residue levels were also higher. Using our probability estimates of effect, we estimate that a minimum of 11% of the sampled great horned owl population is at risk of being directly killed by SGARs. This is the first time the potential mortality impact of SGARs on a raptor population has been estimated. /Second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides/

Bromadiolone (0.04-0.38 mg/kg wet weight) was detected in livers of three stoats (Mustela erminea L.) and one weasel (Mustela nivalis L.) trapped or shot between August 1996 and March 1997 from eight estates in England(1). Median concentrations (ug/g) of bromadiolone in liver of various animals in France sampled between 1991-1994 were reported as: 1.5 red fox (n=22); 0.4 buzzard (n=15); 1.4 hare (n=2); 1.35 rabbit (n=2); 0.6 wild boar (n=3); 1.55 roe deer (n=3); 0.8 stone-marten (n=2); 1.3 lynx (n=1); 0.9 badger (n=1); 0.4 kite (n=5); 6.1 harrier (n=1); 2.3 mallard (n=1); 2.5 swan (n=1); 0.2 heron (n=1)(2). Bromadiolone was detected, at concentrations of 0.08-0.29 ug/g, in liver tissue from bird species (common buzzard, barn owl) collected from Loire Atlantique France in 2003(3). Bromadiolone was detected at concentrations of 0.40 and 0.85 mg/kg fresh weight in two tissue samples of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) collected from the upper Loire River (France) region between 2004-2008(4). In liver samples collected from 164 barn owls (Tyto alba), barred owls (Strix varia), and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), from 1988 to 2003 in the province of British Columbia and the Yukon Territory, Canada, bromadiolone was detected at a concentration range of 0.002-1.012 mg/kg in 84 of the 164 owls(5). Red kites (Milvus milvus) and common buzzards (Buteo buteo) collected in France in 2011 were either confirmed or highly suspected of bromadiolone poisoning(6). In liver samples from red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) from New Jersey, bromadiolone was detected in 20% of red-tailed hawks and 27% of great horned owls(7).

A complete history and physical examination: The purpose is to detect preexisting conditions that might place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Persons with a history of blood disorders with bleeding tendencies would be expected to be at increased risk from exposure. Examination of the blood should be stressed. /Warfarin/

A PT (Prothrombin Time) 24 to 48 hr after exposure in asymptomatic children with accidental ingestions of large or unknown amounts should be obtained. In adults with deliberate ingestions and children with clinical evidence of bleeding, an initial PT and PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time) should be obtained and then repeated at 24 and 48 hr. /Superwarfarin/

A serum vitamin K 2,3-epoxide level may provide a more sensitive biomarker of industrial coumarin (brodifiacoum, difenacoum, and warfarin) exposure or acccumulation than the PT (Prothrombin Time). ... In patients chronically exposed to coumarin anticoagulants, serum vitamin K 2,3-epoxide levels are significantly elevated, whereas the clotting factor activities and antigen levels remain in the normal range. This apparant dissociation between the coumarin anticoagulant effects on vitamin K metabolism and clotting factor activity may persist for years after termination of the occupational exposure.

Based on the reviews of the generic data for the active ingredient ... bromadiolone ... the Agency has sufficient information on the health effects of /this chemical/ ... and on /the/ ... potential for causing adverse effects in fish, wildlife, and the environment. The Agency has determined that /this chemical/ ... labeled and used as specified in this Reregistration Eligibility Decision document, will not pose unreasonable risks or adverse effects to humans or the environment. Therefore, the Agency concludes that products containing ... bromadiolone ... are eligible for reregistration. ... The Agency has determined that all uses of ... bromadiolone ... are eligible for reregistration.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer saftey standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List C, and with List C containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List D. Bromadiolone is found on List B. Case No: 2760; Pesticide type: Rodenticide; Case Status: All or most products containing the pesticide have completed product reregistraton, the final step in the reregistration process.; Active ingredient (AI): 3-(3-(4'-Bromo-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl)-3-hydroxy-1-phenylpropyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 02/21/91; AI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document for the case/AI.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Bromadiolone is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered form and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

Used as second generation anticoagulant rodenticide; Developed for commensal rodents (even those with resistance to first generation anticoagulants) and voles; [HSBD]

Applied in and around buildings, in transport vehicles, and in sewers; [Reference #1]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For bromadiolone (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 112001) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

... Control of mammal pest, particularly commensal rats and mice but also a variety of field rodents (note: commensal rodents are Norway rat, roof rat, and house mouse).

... A rodent control agent for rats and mice in and around buildings, inside transport vehicles and sewers.

... Formulated as meal bait, paraffinized pellets, rat and mouse bait ready-to-use place packs, and paraffin blocks, (all formulations contain 0.005 percent a.i.).

Technical bromadiolone consists of a mixture of two diastereoisomers. ... Technical grade bromadiolone is 97% pure. ...

Bait (ready for use), bait concentrate, tracking powder.

Mixtures: Bromadiolone + sulfaquinoxaline.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for BROMADIOLONE (50 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies bromadiolone (technical grade) as Class IA: extremely hazardous; Main Use: rodenticide.

Developed by Lipha of Lyon, France and distributed in North America by Chempar Chemical Co.

Bromadiolone is a second-generation anticoagulant of the hydroxy-4-coumarin that was patented in 1967 for the control of commensal rats and mice, including those resistant to warfarin and first-generation anticoagulants, voles, and water voles.

Chemical warfare agents may be manufactured from a wide range of commercially manufactured household industrial products such as bleach, antifreeze, fertilizers containing anhydrous ammonia, pesticides, or anticoagulant rodenticides particularly superwarfarins, to name a few. ... Superwarfarins may be used to harm or terrorize people through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. /Superwarfarins/