Cumafuryl (ISO)

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

The primary antidote to fumarin poisoning is immediate administration of vitamin K1 (initially slow intravenous injections of 10-25 mg repeated all 3-6 hours until normalisation of the prothrombin time; then 10 mg orally four times daily as a "maintenance dose"). It is an extremely effective antidote, provided the poisoning is caught before too much damage has been done to the victim's circulatory system. At high doses fumarin can affect the body for many months, and the antidote must be administered regularly for a long period of time. (L1257)

The following drugs ... may increase ... response to coumarin or indandione derivatives: alcohol (acute intoxication), allopurinol, aminosalicylic acid, amiodarone, anabolic steroids, chloral hydrate, chloramphenicol, cimetidine, clofibrate, co-trimoxazole, danazol, dextrothyroxine sodium, diazoxide, diflunisal, disulfiram, erythromycin, ethacrynic acid, fenoprofen calcium, glucagon, ibuprofen, indomethacin, influenza virus vaccine, isoniazid, meclofenamate, mefenamic acid, methylthiouracil, metronidazole, miconazole, nalidixic acid, neomycin (oral), pentoxifylline, phenylbutazone, propoxyphene, propylthiouracil, quinidine, quinine, salicylates, streptokinase, sulfinpyrazone, sulfonamides, sulindac, tetracyclines, thiazides, thyroid drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, urokinase, vitamin E. /Coumarin & indandione derivatives/

The following drugs ... may ... decrease ... response to coumarin or indandione derivatives: alcohol (chronic alcoholism), barbiturates, carbamazepine, corticosteroids, corticotropin, ethchlorvynol, glutethimide, griseofulvin, mercaptopurine, methaqualone, oral contraceptives containing estrogen, rifampin, spironolactone, vitamin K. /Coumarin & indandione derivatives/

Fumarin inhibits the enzyme Vitamin K epoxide reductase. This enzyme is needed for the reconstitution of the vitamin K in its cycle from vitamin K-epoxide, and so fumarin steadily decreases the level of active vitamin K in the blood. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of important substances including prothrombin, which is involved in blood clotting. This disruption becomes increasingly severe until the blood effectively loses any ability to clot. In addition, fumarin increases permeability of blood capillaries. The blood plasma and blood itself begins to leak from the blood vessels, causing internal bleeding leading to shock, loss of consciousness, and eventually death. (L1257)

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Potential secondary hazards of the anticoagulant rodenticide coumafuryl to birds of prey were examined. Whole rats or mice were killed with each anticoagulant and fed to owls (Bubo virginianus, Aegolius acadicus, Tyto alba). No abnormalities were observed in owls fed rats killed with ... /Coumafuryl/.

/ACCIDENTAL POISONINGS/ Coumafuryl poisoning was observed in young chicks (<1 wk old) with a mortality rate of 100%. Hemorrhage and unclotted blood was noted in the abdominal and thoracic cavities. At necropsy, crops, gizzards contained feed. Analysis of the content detected approximately 340 mg/kg of coumafuryl.

/ACCIDENTAL POISONINGS/ /In domestic animals,/ signs of poisoning occur after a latent period of 12 hr to several days and may include: bruising easily with occasional nose or gum bleeds; blood in stools or urine; excessive bleeding from minor cuts or abrasions; laboured breathing; pale mouth and cold gums; anorexia and general weakness. A reliable indication of an anticoagulant effect is the determination of prothrombin time. /Anticoagulant rodenticides/

/ACCIDENTAL POISONINGS/ Coumafuryl toxicity was diagnosed in chickens <1 week of age. Mortality rate was 100%. Necropsy showed crops and gizzards to be full of feed. There was diffuse hemorrhage and unclotted blood in the abdomen and thorax. Histological examination showed congestion and hemorrhage. The source of the coumafuryl was found to be the wood-straw mats in the chick boxes.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Typical features of poisoning result from increased bleeding tendency and include: minor poisoning: coagulation disturbance detected only by laboratory analyses; moderate poisoning: coagulation disturbance resulting in hematomata, hematuria, blood in feces or excessive bleeding from minor cuts or abrasions, gum bleeding; severe poisoning: retroperitoneal hemorrhage, severe GI bleeding, cerebrovascular accidents, massive hemorrhage (internal bleeding) resulting in shock. If anaemia or liver disease is present then the above features may be more severe and persistent and the poisoning may be more difficult to control. The onset of the signs of poisoning may not be evident until a few days after ingestion. /Anticoagulant rodenticides/

Human exposure to second-generation and indandione anticoagulants produces symptoms consistent with anticoagulation effects (e.g., hematomas, hematemesis, hematuria, easy bruisability). Treatment of cases of exposure, particularly of substantial and repeated exposure, may require vitamin K1 therapy and monitoring of prothrombin times for periods of many months.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Fumarin is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA '88. Case No: 0004; Pesticide type: rodenticide; Registration Standard Date: 09/01/1980 PB81-123812; Case Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered. Therefore, we are characterizing the case as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient (AI): coumafuryl; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered products ... "cancelled."