Sodium phosphoaluminate

In a case study of patients on long-term dialysis, systemic aluminum absorption with concurrent oral citrate (as an alkalinizing agent) and aluminum-containing phosphate binder (eg, aluminum hydroxide or carbonate) was significantly increased. Based on the proposed mechanism and pharmacologic similarity, an interaction may be expected to occur between citric acid and other aluminum salts (eg, aluminum phosphate, aluminum glycinate, attapulgite, dihydroxyaluminum, kaolin, magaldrate). It has been shown that following concurrent administration of citric acid (from lemon juice) and aluminum hydroxide there is an increase in serum levels of a nonionized aluminum-citrate complex, which is postulated to easily pass the gastrointestinal barrier. Simultaneous administration of citric acid and aluminum hydroxide should be avoided since significant systemic absorption of aluminum may occur. This may be of additional concern in patients on long-term dialysis or with impaired renal function. /Aluminum salts/

... Examined 25 dialysis patients that experienced accidental exposure to aluminum and parathyroid hormone (PTH). At the same time as parathyroid hormone decreased, serum calcium increased. Based on this observation it has been suggested that aluminum is incorporated, instead of calcium, into the bone and that this leads to the osteomalacia characteristic of aluminum-induced bone disease. Instead of being incorporated into osteoid bone tissue, calcium returns to the circulation which in turn inhibits the parathyroid hormone release from the parathyroid. In support of this hypothesis, ... found a strong correlation between bone aluminum content and the amount of bone occupied by unmineralized osteoid in humans. Experimental support for the hypothesis of calcium-aluminum interactions has also been provided in studies on chicks. /Aluminum/

AQUATIC FATE: The adsorption of aluminum by fine particulates was studied in Whitray Beck, a hill stream in England. ... Uptake of aluminum by the particles increased with total Aluminum , with pH, and with particle concentration, although the fraction of Aluminum bound at a given pH and particle concentration decreased with total Aluminum ... . /Total aluminum/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Air-dried, <2 mm fractions of 3 soil samples from The Netherlands and 1 from New Hampshire, were taken from the surface and sub-surface horizons of two podzols (Haplorthods) and of a recent driftsand (Udipsamment). Duplicate samples of each emulsion soil horizon were leached ... with aqueous hydrogen chloride (pH 3.0). ... Charge balances of the leachates indicate that dissolved Aluminum is present mainly as aquo-Aluminum +3. Only in leachates of podzol Bhs horizons is a significant fraction (20-30%) of dissolved Aluminum organically complexed. Dissolved Aluminum concn are significantly correlated with the organic (Na4P2O7-extractable) Aluminum content of the soil sample. Mobility of Aluminum in the Hubbard Brook soils is significantly lower than in the Dutch soils, because of higher soil-solution pH values. /Aluminum cmpd/

Albic (E) and spodic (Bs) soil horizons were sampled from old growth eastern white pine/mixed northern hardwoods. Adirondacks, and an ochric (A) soil horizon was sampled from the Appalachian plateau of NY State. 21 Three-horizon forest floor (FF) and 21 forest floor/mineral soil (field moist equivalent of 12.0 oven-dry albic, spodic, or ochric mineral soil) columns were leached in triplicate with either 10 uM nitric acid (pH 5), 5 uM sulfuric acid (pH 5), 100 uM nitric acid (pH 4), 50 uM sulfuric acid (pH 4), 1000 uM nitric acid (pH 3), 500 uM sulfuric acid (pH 3), or distilled, deionized water (pH 5.7) control treatment). Nitric acid leached more aluminum than did sulfuric acid from forest floor/spodic soil columns. Increasing the nitric acid concn from pH 3-5 increased total aluminum concn in leachates from 0.70 to 0.85 mM, while increasing sulfuric acid had no effect. Addition of pH 3 sulfuric acid to forest floor/spodic columns raised leachate pH relative to pH 3 nitric acid and controls, and resulted in the lowest aluminum concn of all treatments in the first 3 of 4 sequential leachings. /Aluminum/

Albic (E) and spodic (Bs) soil horizons were sampled from old growth eastern white pine/mixed northern hardwoods sites in the Adirondacks, and an ochric (A) soil horizon was sampled from the Appalachian Plateau of NY State. 9 Three-horizon forest floor (FF), 9 mineral soil (field moist equivalent of 12.0 oven-dry albic, spodic, or ochric mineral soil) and 9 forest floor/mineral soil columns were leached with 60 ml of (a) 10 mM ammonium nitrate (control), (b) 1.0 mM nitric acid in 10 mM ammonium nitrate (pH 3), and (c) 1.0 mM ammonium nitrate (pH 3) at the rate of 10 ml/h. The above procedure was repeated on each mineral soil without a forest floor, except leaching soln were 0.5 mM calcium nitrate or calcium sulfate, each in 10 mM ammonium nitrate. Adding 2 and 0.5 cmol sub c (H+)/kg to forest floor and mineral soils, respectively, simulated snowmelt additions. Total aluminum concn in leachates from forest floor/albic or forest floor/ochric columns were greater than the sum of concn in leachates from the forest floor and mineral horizon when leached separately. This positive synergistic behavior of the forest floor-mineral horizon sequences was also observed in the forest floor-spodic horizon sequence when leached with control soln, but the synergism was negative for both labile and non-labile aluminum when leached with the acids. Sulfuric acid leached less aluminum from the spodic horizon than did nitric acid, regardless of the presence of a forest floor, but nitric acid, sulfuric acid , and control soln leached similar concn of aluminum from the albic and ochric horizons. The forest floor effects on the mineral soil leachates were attributed to effects of calcium, sulfate, nitrate, and dissolved organic C leached from the forest floor to the mineral horizon since forest floor removed nearly all added H+. /Aluminum/

Patients who had died with dialysis encephalopathy syndrome had brain gray matter aluminum levels that were 3 times higher (approximately 12 mg/kg dry weight) than those seen in patients who had been comparably dialyzed but did not have dialysis encephalopathy syndrome (approximately 4 mg/kg dry weight). Both of these groups were markedly higher than the 1 mg/kg dry weight level seen in controls. These data clearly indicate elevated brain levels of aluminum in dialyzed patients and emphasize the fact that only the highest levels of brain aluminum are associated with dialysis encephalopathy syndrome. /Aluminum/

X-ray spectrometric evidence of aluminum accumulation in neurofibrillary tangle-bearing neurons of human brains was reported. Quite in contrast to the extensive literature on aluminum in dialysis encephalopathy syndrome, there appears to be only a small amount of additional corroborating evidence for elevated brain levels of aluminum in Alzheimer's disease patients. ... Much of the argument for a role of aluminum in Alzheimer's disease has been built on the fact that in experimental animals, such as cat and rabbit, intracerebral injections of small amounts of aluminum result in neural degeneration which is characterized by the development of neurofibrillary tangles. ... Aluminum-induced tangles in experimental animals are composed of single 10 nm filaments while those from Alzheimer's disease are paired, helically wound filaments. ... In spite of the apparent similarities in the two types of tangles, there are sufficient differences to warrant caution in interpreting that the tangles in humans are caused by aluminum as they are in experimental animals. /Aluminum/

Genetic predisposition to Alzheimer's disease and other similar neuroencephalopathies has become more widely appreciated. For example, PHF-containing neurons have been found to be common in patients on the island of Guam who have been diagnosed with a particular type of encephalopathy, referred to as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with Parkinsonism dementia complex (ALS-PD complex of Guam). Elevation of aluminum levels of drinking water in Guam have been associated with the high incidence of this complex, but it appears that only the indigenous population of Guam is affected suggesting a genetic predisposition. /Aluminum/

THERE IS SOME EVIDENCE THAT @ INTAKE LEVELS CONSIDERABLY HIGHER THAN NORMAL THERE IS TENDENCY FOR BODY TO BECOME DEPLETED OF /PHOSPHORUS/, OWING TO BINDING OF DIETARY PHOSPHATE BY ALUMINUM IN DIGESTIVE TRACT. /ALUMINUM/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SODIUM PHOSPHOALUMINATE (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

In one study, concentrations of aluminum ranging from 500 to 1,000 ug/g body weight were added to the diets of pregnant rats from day 6 to day 19 of gestation, when the fetuses were removed by Caesarean section. Aluminum in the diet did not affect embryo or fetal mortality rate, litter size, fetal body weight, or length. However, in a similarly designed experiment in which the pregnant mothers received subcutaneous injections of PTH (68 U/kg) on days 6, 9, 12, 15, or 18 of gestation, there was an increase only in te resorption rate in those animals receiving aluminum at 1,000 ug/g body weight. /Aluminum/

... Animal studies show that aluminum particles, in particular stamped aluminum powder, may cause fibrosis of the lung whereas particles of aluminum compounds appear to be less reactive. /Aluminum powder/

Severe aluminum intoxication following parenteral or oral administration of aluminum hydroxide, chloride, or sulfate to rats is characterized by lethargy, anorexia, or death. Other authors have found that intratracheal instillation of aluminum salts or metallic aluminum powder has produced pulmonary fibroses. Injected intraperitoneally, aluminum compounds produce fibrotic peritonitis. /Aluminum cmpd/

... Aluminum salts are much more toxic intravenously than by mouth to animals. The mechanism of this presumable systemic effect of aluminum is not known. /Aluminum salts/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SODIUM PHOSPHOALUMINATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The solute and particulate aluminum (Al) chemistry of a relatively unpolluted snowfall associated with a maritime airmass was measured by neutron activation analysis (NAA) and inductively-coupled plasma analysis (soluble fraction) and neutron activation analysis (particulate material), to characterize background conditions for the Scottish Highlands. Aluminum concentrations were compared to those found in a polluted black snowfall with a trajectory that originated over eastern Europe and to those levels found in seasonal snowpack. The variability of the concentration of solute and the chemical composition of particulate material is reported on an intra-and inter-site basis. The solute aluminum content of Scottish snowfall in the inter-site survey was 19.2 ug/l, and in the intra-site survey 52.2 ug/l. The aluminum composition of particulate matter found within Scottish snow was 20,600 ppm in the inter-site survey, and 21,100 ppm in the intra-site survey. For the black snow, the solute aluminum content was 84 + or - 3 ug/l, and the aluminum composition of particulate matter was 52,300 ppm. The mean concentration of aluminum in seasonal snowpack was 27,200 ppm. /Aluminum solute & particulate/

TREATMENT: TO RELIEVE THE GI DISTRESS /CAUSED BY SWALLOWING ALUMINUM SALTS/... THE DEGREE OF DEHYDRATION & ELECTROLYTE LOSS CAUSED BY VOMITING & DIARRHEA MUST BE DETERMINED, & CORRECTED BY IV INFUSIONS OF APPROPRIATE SOLUTIONS. /ALUMINUM SALTS/

DIAGNOSIS: WHEN HISTORY IS UNATTAINABLE, DIAGNOSIS DEPENDS ON THE DEMONSTRATION OF LARGE AMT OF ALUMINUM IN VOMITUS, STOMACH CONTENTS OR FECES. /ALUMINUM CMPD/

Deferoxamine has been used to treat dialysis encephalopathy and osteomalacia with symptomatic relief reported. The use of deferoxamine for aluminum-toxic dialysis patients has been suggested for serum levels of aluminum between 100 and 200 ug/ml. Deferoxamine also has been used to diagnose aluminum-related osteodystrophy. After a deferoxamine infusion of 40 mg/kg over 2 hours, an increment in plasma aluminum concentration of 200 ug/l identified 35 of 37 patients with biopsy-proven aluminum-related osteodystrophy (sensitivity, 94%; specificity, 50%). Calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid does not appear as effective as deferoxamine in chelating aluminum. Especially in dialysis patients, aluminum-containing medications should be reduced. /Aluminum/