| GHS-Einstufung | This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 84.3% (226 of 268) of all reports.WarningH315 (14.9%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 268 reports by companies from 15 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies. |
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| Regulatorische Informationen | Chemical: L-TyrosineRegulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (amended)L-Tyrosine is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of L-Tyrosine are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 31-08-2021 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/24422L-Tyrosine: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard |
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| Weitere Sicherheitsinformationen | IMAP assessments - L-Tyrosine: Environment tier I assessment |
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| Gefahrenübersicht | Safe when used as a flavoring agent in food[JECFA] A skin and strong eye irritant[Sigma-Aldrich MSDS] |
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| FDA-Anforderungen | Tyrosine used as a nutrient and/or dietary supplement in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice. |
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| Hazard Classes and Categories | Skin Irrit. 2 (14.9%) |
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| Shipment Methods and Regulations | No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./ |
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| Umweltverhalten | TERRESTRIAL FATE: With pK values of 2.20, 9.11 and 10.07 for the acid, base and phenol groups, respectively(1), tyrosine will exist in soil as series of ions in varying proportions that are pH dependent(2). Ions are not expected to volatilize and the soil adsorption of organic molecules with both negative and positive charges is difficult to predict(2,SRC). Soil grab sample data, using radiolabeled tyrosine(3), and several aqueous aerobic biological screening studies, which utilized settled waste water, sewage, or activated sludge for inocula, have demonstrated that tyrosine is readily biodegradable(4-6). The tyrosine molecule contains the amine functional group which may be susceptible to hydrolysis(2), but does not contain a chromophore that absorbs UV light in the environmentally significant range (>290 nm)(4). Therefore, it is not susceptible to direct photolysis in sunlit soil surfaces(SRC).AQUATIC FATE: With pK values of 2.20, 9.11 and 10.07 for the acid, base and phenol groups, respectively(1), tyrosine will exist in natural waters as a series of ions in varying proportions that are pH dependent(2). Ions are not expected to volatilize from water and the adsorption of organic molecules with both negative and positive charges is unpredictable(2,SRC). The potential for tyrosine to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms is also low. Soil grab sample data, using radiolabeled tyrosine(3), and several aqueous aerobic biological screening studies, which utilized settled waste water, sewage, or activated sludge for inocula, have demonstrated that tyrosine is readily biodegradable(4-6).AQUATIC FATE: The tyrosine molecule does not contain a chromophore that absorbs UV light in the environmentally significant range (>290 nm)(1) and should not be susceptible to direct photolysis in sunlit surface waters. Measured rate constants averaged 1.3X10+10 L/mole-sec(2) for the photochemical reaction of tyrosine with hydroxyl radicals in water at room temperatures and pH 4-7, which corresponds to a calculated half-life of 62 days assuming the hydroxyl radical concentration in full intensity sunlit natural water is 1.0X10-17 mole/L(3).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of tyrosine with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals in air has been estimated to be 8.20X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(2,SRC). Based upon a average yearly atmospheric hydroxyl radical concentration of 5.0X10+5 molecules/cu cm in a typical atmosphere(2), the corresponding half-life for tyrosine would be about 5 hrs(SRC). However if released to the atmosphere, it will exist mainly in the particulate phase. Tyrosine is not expected to undergo direct photolysis in ambient air because its molecule does not contain a chromophore that absorbs UV light in the environmentally significant range (>29 nm)(1). Physical removal from air by dry and wet deposition (rainfall, dissolution in clouds) may be important removal mechanisms(SRC). |
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| Lebensmitteluntersuchungswerte | Tyrosine is used in foods as a growth factor or dietary supplement(1). |
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| Expositionspfade | L-tyrosine is absorbed from the small intestine by a sodium-dependent active transport process. |
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| Toxizitätsübersicht | Safe in the present practices of use and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and use information are available in documents discoverable at https://cir-reports.cir-safety.orgTyrosine is produced in cells by hydroxylating the essential amino acid phenylalanine. This relationship is much like that between cysteine and methionine. Half of the phenylalanine required goes into the production of tyrosineif the diet is rich in tyrosine itself, the requirements for phenylalanine are reduced by about 50%. The mechanism of L-tyrosine's antidepressant activity can be accounted for by the precursor role of L-tyrosine in the synthesis of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine. Elevated brain norepinephrine and dopamine levels are thought to be associated with antidepressant effects. |
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| Soil Adsorption/Mobility | Tyrosine is a nonessential amino acid. With pK values of 2.20, 9.11 and 10.07 for the acid, base and phenol groups, respectively, tyrosine will exist in environmental media as series of ions in varying proportions that are pH dependent(1). The adsorption of organic molecules in soil with both negative and positive charges is difficult to predict(2,SRC). |
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| Natural Pollution Sources | NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF TYROSINE (G/100 G PROTEIN): GELATINS 0.7CASEIN 6.3GAMMA GLOBULIN 6.8HEMOGLOBIN: HORSE HEMOGLOBIN 3.0INSULIN 13.0CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TOXIN 13.5 (G/16 G TOTAL NITROGEN): MILK: MIXED PROTEINS 6.0SERUM ALBUMIN 5.5. /FROM TABLE/Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid involved in microbial, plant and animal metabolism(1). |
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| Human Toxicity Excerpts | In human beings there are four or more systemic diseases involving excessive tyrosine (tyrosinosis or tyrosinemia), but apparently only one of these diseases affects the eyes. The Richner-Hanhart syndrome, first described in 1938 consists of bilateral pseudo-dendritic keratitis, hyperkeratotic lesions of the palms and soles, and usually some mental retardation. From the first month of life the patient may have photophobia and painful eyes with branching corneal lesions resembling dentritic figures, limited to the epithelium in some cases, but involving anterior stroma in others. The figures stain less with fluorescein than do real herpes simplex ulcers, and they are unresponsive to antiviral and antimicrobial treatments. Circumscribed round areas of keratosis develop on the palms and soles, and these are tender, and may make walking uncomfortable.In human beings an abnormally high concentration of tyrosine in the blood, caused by an inborn defect in metabolism of dietary tyrosine, can be associated with development of a special type of keratitis at an early age. ... Most important, the keratitis in human beings can be dramatically relieved by changing to a diet with a specially low tyrosine content. |
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| Artificial Pollution Sources | Tyrosine may be released to the environment via effluents at sites where it is produced and used in biochemical research or as a growth factor or dietary supplement in nutrition(1). |
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| Environmental Biodegradation | Tyrosine is a non-essential amino-acid found in both proteins and the free form in most living organisms(1). Soil grab sample data, using radiolabeled tyrosine and an acidic and basic Mollic Haploxeralf soils (Steinbeck loam and Greenfield sandy loam), demonstrated that tyrosine should biodegrade rapidly in the environment(2). Tests were incubated for 12 weeks at a temperature of 22 °C. In Greenfield sandy loam, mineralization rates (CO2 evolved) in 1, 8 and 12 weeks were 83, 90 and 92%, respectively. In Steinbeck loam, mineralization rates (CO2 evolved) in 1, 8 and 12 weeks were 80, 89 and 91%, respectively. Microbial uptake was also measured with overall utilization of the substrate. About 6.1% was incorporated into the microbial population of the Greenfield sandy loam. In Steinbeck loam. 2.9% was reported as microbial biomass. A number of aerobic biological screening studies, which utilized settled waste water, sewage, or activated sludge for inocula, have also demonstrated that tyrosine is readily biodegradable(2-5). A 5 day BOD was 64.7%(3). In 24 hrs, the BOD ranged from 22.6 to 30.7%(4-5). |
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| Carcinogen Classification | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
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| Environmental Bioconcentration | Tyrosine is a non-essential amino-acid found in both proteins and the free form in most living organisms(1). It is involved in microbial, plant and animal metabolism and metabolic processes tend to regulate amino acid concentrations within the cell(1). Therefore, it is not likely to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms(SRC). |
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| Volatilization from Water/Soil | With pK values of 2.20, 9.11 and 10.07 for the acid, base and phenol groups, respectively, tyrosine will exist in environmental media as series of ions in varying proportions that are pH dependent(1). Ions will not volatilize from water(2). |
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| Wassergefährdungsklasse (WGK) | 3 |
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