| GHS-Einstufung | This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 53.5% (236 of 441) of all reports.WarningH315 (46%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 441 reports by companies from 18 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies. |
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| Regulatorische Informationen | Chemical: Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chlorideDirective (EC) No 46/2002Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)2004/129/ECStatus: Active Update: 20-09-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/5360Choline chloride: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard |
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| Weitere Sicherheitsinformationen | IMAP assessments - Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride: Environment tier I assessment |
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| Brandgefahren | This chemical is relatively nonflammable. (NTP, 1992)Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. |
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| FDA-Anforderungen | Choline chloride used as a nutrient in food for human consumption is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice.Choline chloride used as a nutrient and/or dietary supplement in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice. |
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| Reaktive Gruppe | Alcohols and Polyols |
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| Special Reports | National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998). Available from: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/DRI//DRI_Thiamin/390-422_150.pdf as of February 28, 2008. |
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| Reactivity Profile | Choline chloride is a quaternary ammonium salt. Quaternary ammonium salts often serve as catalysts in reactions. They are incompatible with many strong oxidizers and reducing agents, such as metal hydrides, alkali/active metals, and organometallics. |
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| Chemical Dangers | On combustion, forms toxic and corrosive fumes including hydrogen chloride. Reacts with strong oxidants. |
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| Air and Water Reactions | Deliquescent. Very soluble in water. (NTP, 1992) |
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| Hazard Classes and Categories | Skin Irrit. 2 (46%) |
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| Brandbekämpfung | To fight fires involving this chemical, you should be equipped with an air line or self-contained breathing apparatus. Extinguish with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam or halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)Use water spray, powder. |
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| Erste-Hilfe-Maßnahmen | Fresh air, rest.Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). |
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| Erste Hilfe | EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. |
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| Sichere Lagerung | Separated from strong oxidants. |
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| Freisetung ohne Brand | SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. |
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| Entsorgungsverfahren | SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. |
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| Verschüttetes entsorgen | Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. |
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| Eye Prevention | Wear safety spectacles. |
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| Fire Prevention | NO open flames. |
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| Inhalation Risk | A nuisance-causing concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed. |
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| Skin Prevention | Protective gloves. |
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| Ingestion Prevention | Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. |
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| Körperbelastung | ... The fetal choline content can be estimated as approximately 5 mmol/kg (520 mg/kg) fetal weight. Human placental tissue has been estimated to average 1.26 + or - 0.24 mmol/kg ... in a small sample (n = 7) ... /Choline/ |
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| Wechselwirkungen | Repeated admin of choline chloride to female rats incr liver necrosis caused by carbon tetrachloride.Lithium admin potentiates effect of exogenous choline on brain acetylcholine levels.Toxic interaction between choline and morphine ... .Methotrexate may diminish pools of all choline metabolites. Choline supplementation reverses fatty liver caused by methotrexate admin in rats. /Choline/For more Interactions (Complete) data for CHOLINE CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
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| Milk Concentrations | Mature human milk contains more phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholine than choline, phosphatidylcholine, of sphingomyelin. Human milk contains 1.5 to 2 mM choline moiety per liter. /Choline/ |
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| Toxizitätsübersicht | The CIR Expert Panel concluded the following ingredients are safe in the present practices of use and concentration described in the safety assessment when formulated to be non-irritating...Choline Chloride..Safe for use in cosmetics, with qualifications |
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| Medical Surveillance | The primary criterion used to est the Adequate Intake (AI) for choline is the prevention of liver damage as assessed by measuring serum levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase or ALT. ALT was formerly called and is still referred to as SGPT (serum glutamate pyrutate transaminase). /Choline/ |
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| Human Toxicity Excerpts | /HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Single oral doses of 10 g produce no obvious pharmacodynamic response /Choline//HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Humans with and without cirrhosis have been treated with large doses of choline chloride (6 g/day for 4 weeks) with no resultant liver toxicity .../SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ At 7.5 g of choline daily, nausea, diarrhea and a small decr in blood pressure were reported in some patients. The upper limit (UL) for adults is 3.5 g daily. Individuals that may be at incr risk of side effects with choline intakes at the UL include those with trimethylaminuria, liver disease, renal disease, depression and Parkinson's disease. /Choline//SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ...Fishy body odor, vomiting, salivation, sweating, and gastrointestinal effects ... were reported in patients with tardive dyskinesia and cerebellar ataxia treated with choline chloride at 150 and 220 mg/kg of body weight/day for 2 to 6 weeks (10 and 16 g/day, respectively) ...For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHOLINE CHLORIDE (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
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| Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts | /LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Given orally 2.8 g/kg to rats increased caudate nucleus choline acetyltransferase activity 27% after 8 hr & 28% after 24 hr./LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Acute toxicity of choline, esp by mouth, is relatively low (about 5 g/kg for rats)... /Choline//LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In rats, large single doses caused 4-fold elevations in acetylcholine content of adrenal & this result was followed by incr in tyrosine hydroxylase./LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ The synthesis of brain phosphatidylcholine may utilize three circulating precursors: cholinea pyrimidine (eg, uridine, converted via UTP to brain CTP)and a polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (eg, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA))phosphatidylethanolamine may utilize two of these, a pyrimidine and a PUFA. ... /It was/ observe that consuming these precursors can substantially increase membrane phosphatide and synaptic protein levels in gerbil brains. (Pyrimidine metabolism in gerbils, but not rats, resembles that in humans.) Animals received, daily for 4 weeks, a diet containing choline chloride and UMP (a uridine source) and/or DHA by gavage. Brain phosphatidylcholine rose by 13-22% with uridine and choline alone, or DHA alone, or by 45% with the combination, phosphatidylethanolamine and the other phosphatides increasing by 39-74%. Smaller elevations occurred after 1-3 weeks. The combination also increased the vesicular protein Synapsin-1 by 41%, the postsynaptic protein PSD-95 by 38% and the neurite neurofibrillar proteins NF-70 and NF-M by up to 102% and 48%, respectively. However, it had no effect on the cytoskeletal protein beta-tubulin. Hence, the quantity of synaptic membrane probably increased. The precursors act by enhancing the substrate saturation of enzymes that initiate their incorporation into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine and by UTP-mediated activation of P2Y receptors. Alzheimer's disease brains contain fewer and smaller synapses and reduced levels of synaptic proteins, membrane phosphatides, choline and DHA. The three phosphatide precursors might thus be useful in treating this disease.For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHOLINE CHLORIDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
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| Populations at Special Risk | Individuals with trimethylaminuria (fish odor syndrome), renal disease, liver disease, depression, and Parkinson's disease may have increased susceptibility to the adverse effects of choline. /Choline/ |
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| Probable Routes of Human Exposure | NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 31,203 workers (8,214 of these are female) are potentially exposed to choline chloride in the US(1). Occupational exposure to choline chloride may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where choline chloride is produced or used(SRC). |
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| Antidote and Emergency Treatment | /SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B//SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B//SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/ |
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| Human Toxicity Values | Oral LD50 for man is estimated to be of the order of 200-400 g. /Choline/ |
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| Non-Human Toxicity Values | LD50 Rat ip 0.400 g/kgLD50 Rat oral 6.64 g/kgLD50 Rat oral 3400 mg/kgLD50 Mouse oral 3900 mg/kgLD50 Mouse ip 320 mg/kg |
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| F | 3-9 |
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| Wassergefährdungsklasse (WGK) | 1 |
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| TSCA-Inventar-Status | TSCA listed |
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| Zollcode | 29212900 |
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| RTECS-Nr. | KH2975000 |
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| R-Sätze (R) | 36/37/38 |
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| Toxizität | LD50 in rats (g/kg): 0.400 i.p.6.64 orally (Hartung, Cornish) |
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| Gefahrensymbole | Xi |
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| Sicherheitshinweise (S) | 26-36 |
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| Lagerklasse | 11 - Combustible Solids |
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| Gefahrstoffdaten | 67-48-1(Hazardous Substances Data) |
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| Selbstentzündungstemperatur | 355°C |
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