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D-Mannitol
Hexitol · d-mannito · Cordycepic acid · Resectisol · mannopyranose · Osmitrol · Mannitol CRS · MANNITOL GRANULAR
Identifikatoren & physikalische Daten
| CAS No. | 69-65-8 |
|---|---|
| Summenformel | C6H14O6 |
| Durchschnittliche Molmasse | 182,17 g/mol |
| SMILES | OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO |
| InChIKey | FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 6251 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL689 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:16899 |
| EC No. | 200-711-8 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID1023235 |
| Lokaler Name | D-Mannitol |
Chemische & physikalische Eigenschaften
| XLogP | -3,1 |
|---|---|
| Polarare Oberfläche (TPSA) | 121 |
| H-Brücken-Donoren | 6 |
| H-Brücken-Akzeptoren | 6 |
| Frei drehbare Bindungen | 5 |
| Schwere Atome | 12 |
| Formalladung | 0 |
| Komplexität | 105 |
| Stoffklassen | Biological Agents -> Monosaccharides and Derivatives |
| Arzneimittel | Pharmaceuticals -> Diuretics |
| Kosmetika | Cosmetic ingredients (Mannitol) -> CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review)MaskingBindingMoisturisingHumectantSkin conditioning |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | Crystal structure |
| Duftstoffe | Fragrance Ingredient (D-Mannitol) -> IFRA transparency List |
| LogP (Verteilungskoeffizient) | log Kow = -3.10 |
| Geruch | Odorless |
| Geschmack | Sweetish taste |
| Lebensmittelzusatzstoffe | ANTICAKING AGENT OR FREE-FLOW AGENT, FLAVOR ENHANCER, FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT, FORMULATION AID, LUBRICANT OR RELEASE AGENT, NON-NUTRITIVE SWEETENER, SOLVENT OR VEHICLE -> FDA Substance added to food |
| Dichte | 1.489 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than waterwill sink1.52 @ 20 °C |
| Color/Form | Orthorhombic needles from alcWHITE, CRYSTALLINE POWDER OR FREE FLOWING GRANULES |
| Löslichkeit | greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)1 g in about 5.5 ml watermore sol in hot waterinsol in ethersol in pyridine, anilinesol in aq soln of alkalies1 g dissolves in 18 ml glycerol (density 1.24)1 g dissolves in about 83 ml alcIn water, 2.16X10+5 mg/l @ 25 °C216 mg/mL at 25 °CH2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorlesssoluble |
| Schmelzpunkt | 167-170 °C(lit.) |
| Siedepunkt | 295°C |
| Brechungsindex | 1.3330 (estimate) |
| Flammpunkt | 290-295°C/3.5mm |
| Lagerbedingungen | 2-8°C |
| Aggregatzustand | Crystalline Powder |
| pKa (Säurekonstante) | 13.5(at 18℃) |
| Farbe | White |
| pH | 5.0-6.5 (25℃, 1M in H2O) |
| Geruch | at 100.00 %. odorless |
| Geruchsart | odorless |
| Biologische Quelle | plant |
| Merck | 14,5745 |
| BRN | 1721898 |
| Henry-Konstante | 3.1×109 mol/(m3Pa) at 25℃, Qin et al. (2021) |
| Stabilität | Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. |
| Kosmetik-Inhaltsstoffe Funktionen | MOISTURISINGFRAGRANCESKIN CONDITIONINGBINDINGHUMECTANT |
| InChI | 1S/C6H14O6/c7-1-3(9)5(11)6(12)4(10)2-8/h3-12H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5-,6-/m1/s1 |
| InChIKey | FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N |
| SMILES | OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO |
| LogP (Verteilungskoeffizient) | -3.262 (est) |
| CAS Datenbank | 69-65-8(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NIST chemische Informationen | D-Mannitol(69-65-8) |
| EPA chemische Informationen | D-Mannitol (69-65-8) |
Sicherheit & Vorschriften
| GHS-Einstufung | This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for > 99.9% (1450 of 1451) of all reports.Not ClassifiedAggregated GHS information provided per 1451 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 100% (31 of 31) of all reports.Aggregated GHS information provided per 31 reports by companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. |
|---|---|
| Regulatorische Informationen | Chemical: D-MannitolChemical: MannitolD-Mannitol is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of D-Mannitol are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)D-Mannitol: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standardMannitol: Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right. |
| Weitere Sicherheitsinformationen | IMAP assessments - Mannitol: Human health tier I assessmentIMAP assessments - D-Mannitol: Environment tier I assessment |
| Brandgefahren | This chemical is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992) |
| Gesundheitsgefahren | SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound include nausea, vomiting, headache, chills, chest pain and pulmonary edema. It may cause irritation of the skin, eyes and respiratory tract. Other symptoms may include lethargy, confusion, heart failure and death. Exposure has caused an electrolyte and fluid imbalance, hypersensitivity reactions, diarrhea, thirst, fever, tachycardia, hyponatremia, urinary retention, dehydration, blurred vision, convulsions, urticaria, hypotension and hypertension. It has also caused hyperglycemia and glycosuria. Coughing may result from inhalation. Ingestion may cause gastric irritation. Skin contact may cause discoloration of sensitive skin. Eye contact may cause redness and pain. Intravenous use has led to blood pressure elevation and bladder tubule changes. |
| Gefahrenübersicht | No evidence of teratogenicity in experimental animals[REPROTOX] No evidence of carcinogenicity in mice or rats[NTP] May cause irritation[Sigma-Aldrich MSDS] |
| FDA-Anforderungen | Mannitol used as a nutrient and/or dietary supplement in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice. |
| Reaktive Gruppe | Alcohols and Polyols |
| Reactivity Profile | A sugar alcohol. More closely related to carbohydrates than to other polyhydric alcohols [Noller]. Flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination with alkali metals, nitrides, strong reducing agents and strong oxidizing agents. |
| Air and Water Reactions | Water soluble. |
| Hazard Classes and Categories | Not Classified |
| Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities | It has been stated that mannitol is incompatible in strongly acidic and alkaline solutions. |
| Brandbekämpfung | Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. A water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992) |
| Erste Hilfe | EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. |
| Lagerbedingungen | Mannitol solutions should be stored at room temperature and protected from freezing. |
| Freisetung ohne Brand | SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. |
| Entsorgungsverfahren | SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. |
| Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) | RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992) |
| Wechselwirkungen | Hydroxyurea (HU) is a potent mammalian teratogen. Within 2-4 hours after maternal injection, HU causes 1) a rapid episode of embryonic cell death and 2) profound inhibition of embryonic DNA synthesis. A variety of antioxidants delays the onset of embryonic cell death and reduces the incidence of birth defects. Antioxidants do not block the inhibition of DNA synthesis, indicating that early embryonic cell death is not caused by inhibited DNA synthesis. We have suggested that some HU molecules may react within the embryo to produce H2O2 and subsequent free radicals, including the very reactive hydroxyl free radical. The free radicals could cause the early cell deathantioxidants are believed to terminate the aberrant free radical reactions resulting in lessened developmental toxicity. To investigate whether hydroxyl free radicals cause the early episode of cell death, pregnant New Zealand white rabbits were injected subcutaneously on gestational day 12 with a teratogenic dose of HU (650 mg/kg) in the presence or absence of 550 mg/kg of D-mannitol (Man), a specific scavenger of hydroxyl free radicals. Osmotic control rabbits received HU plus 550 mg/kg of xylose (Xyl, a nonactive aldose). At term, the teratologic effects of HU were ameliorated by Man as evidenced by decreased incidences of the expected limb malformations. Xyl exerted no demonstrable effect on HU teratogenesis. Histological examination of limb buds at 3-8 hours after maternal injection, showed that Man delayed the onset of HU-induced cell death by as much as 4 hours. Xyl had no effect. That Man acts within the embryo was shown by performing intracoelomic injections on alternate implantation sites with Man, Xyl, or saline followed by subcutaneous injection of the pregnant doe with HU. Embryos were harvested 3-8 hours later. Limb buds from saline- and Xyl-injected embryos exhibited the typical pattern of widespread HU-induced cell death at 3-4 hours, whereas Man-injected embryos did not exhibit cell death until 5-8 hours. These results are consistent with those reported for antioxidant-mediated amelioration of HU-induced developmental toxicity and with the hypothesis that hydroxyl free radicals are the proximate reactive species in HU-induced early embryonic cell death.... Pentobarbital attenuated the blood-brain barrier disruption induced by hyperosmolar mannitol. This may be attributed, at least in part, to the blood pressure effect of pentobarbital. Implications: When the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was disrupted by a hyperosmolar solution, pentobarbital attenuated the degree of leakage of the blood-brain barrier. Systemic hypotension caused by pentobarbital played a significant role in decreasing the leakage. Our study suggests that when the blood-brain barrier is disrupted, pentobarbital may be effective in protecting the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, systemic blood pressure plays an important role in determining the degree of disruption. |
| Umweltverhalten | TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 5(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 2.16X10+5 mg/l(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that D-mannitol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of D-mannitol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.3X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). D-Mannitol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 4.9X10-9 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). D-Mannitol is a simple sugar alcohol and should be readily biodegraded in the environment(SRC).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 5(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 2.16X10+5 mg/l(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that D-mannitol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.3X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 1(3,SRC), from its water solubility(2) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). D-Mannitol is a simple sugar alcohol and should be readily biodegraded in the environment(SRC).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), D-mannitol, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 4.3X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase D-mannitol may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). |
| Unerwünschte Wirkungen | Adverse drug reactions associated with the use of mannitol include: |
| Toxizitätsübersicht | Safe in the present practices of use and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and use information are available in documents discoverable at https://cir-reports.cir-safety.orgSigns and Symptoms of Overdose |
| Plant Concentrations | D-mannitol is widespread in nature(SRC). It is found to a significant extent in the exudates of trees and shrubs such as the plane tree, manna ash and olive tree(1). D-Mannitol occurs in pumpkin, hedge parsley, onions, celery, strawberries, the genus Euonymus, the genus Hebe, cocoa bean, grasses, lilac, Digitalis purpurea, mistletoe and lichens(1). |
| Ongoing Test Status | The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=69-65-8] |
| Soil Adsorption/Mobility | The Koc of D-mannitol is estimated as approximately 5(SRC), using a water solubility of 2.16X10+5 mg/l(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that D-mannitol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). |
| Natural Pollution Sources | D-Mannitol is widespread in nature(SRC). It is found to a significant extent in the exudates of trees and shrubs such as the plane tree, manna ash and olive tree(1). D-Mannitol occurs in pumpkin, hedge parsley, onions, celery, strawberries, the genus Euonymus, the genus Hebe, cocoa bean, grasses, lilac, Digitalis purpurea, mistletoe and lichens(1). |
| Human Toxicity Excerpts | ...DEHYDRATION, & MASSIVE DIURESIS ARE COMMON UNTOWARD EFFECTS OF MANNITOL. ... OCCASIONALLY CAUSED AGITATION, DISORIENTATION, & CONVULSIONS. LARGE DOSES MAY CAUSE ACUTE INCR IN INTRAVASCULAR VOL, RESULTING IN CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE OR INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE.HEADACHE, NAUSEA, VOMITING, CHILLS, DIZZINESS, POLYDIPSIA, LETHARGY, CONFUSION, & SENSATION OF CONSTRICTION OR PAIN IN CHEST HAVE BEEN OBSERVED FOLLOWING INFUSION OF MANNITOL. FATALITIES HAVE OCCURRED AFTER LARGE DOSES.TOO RAPID ADMIN OF LARGE AMT WILL DRAW INTRACELLULAR WATER INTO EXTRACELLULAR SPACE, CAUSING CELLULAR DEHYDRATION & OVEREXPANSION OF INTRAVASCULAR SPACE WITH CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE & PULMONARY EDEMA. HYPONATREMIA IS A COMMON PROBLEM. ...MAY INCR CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW & THUS THE RISK OF POSTOPERATIVE BLEEDING IN NEUROSURGICAL PATIENTS.A VARIETY OF SIGNS & SYMPTOMS SUGGESTIVE OF HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS HAS OCCURRED IN OCCASIONAL PATIENTS.For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for D-MANNITOL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Artificial Pollution Sources | D-Mannitol's production and use as a flavorant and non-nutritive sweetener(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). |
| Environmental Biodegradation | D-Mannitol is a simple sugar alcohol and should be readily biodegraded in the environment. (SRC) |
| Carcinogen Classification | D-mannitolTR-236: Carcinogenesis Bioassay of D-Mannitol (CASRN 69-65-8) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Study) (1982 )12/16/81No Evidence |
| F | 3 |
| Wassergefährdungsklasse (WGK) | 2 |
| TSCA-Inventar-Status | TSCA listed |
| Zollcode | 29054300 |
| RTECS-Nr. | OP2060000 |
| R-Sätze (R) | 36/37/38 |
| Toxizität | LD50 orally in Rabbit: 13500 mg/kg |
| Gefahrensymbole | Xi |
| Sicherheitshinweise (S) | 24/25-36-26 |
| Lagerklasse | 11 - Combustible Solids |
| Gefahrstoffdaten | 69-65-8(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| Selbstentzündungstemperatur | 410 °C |
Anwendungen & Verwendung
Beschreibung
Mannitol is a white, crystalline solid consisting of D-mannitol and a small quantity of sorbitol. It is odorless and has a sweet taste. It is soluble in water, very slightly soluble in alcohol, and practically insoluble in most other common organic solvents. It is prepared commercially by catalytic reduction of glucose. Mannitol occurs in small amounts in a variety of foods such as olives, beets, and celery, and in the exudate of certain trees.