HuagongsheHuagongshe Chemie-Druckbericht · Nur für Forschungszwecke
Chlorethylen
VCM · Vinyl chloride monomer · Chloroethene · C2H3Cl · CHLOROETHYLENE · chloroethyne · VINYL CHLORIDE, 1X1ML, MEOH, 200UG/ML · Monochloroethene
Identifikatoren & physikalische Daten
| CAS No. | 75-01-4 |
|---|---|
| Summenformel | C2H3Cl |
| Durchschnittliche Molmasse | 62,5 g/mol |
| Monoisotopische Masse | 61,99232778 g/mol |
| SMILES | C=CCl |
| InChIKey | BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 6338 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL2311071 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:28509 |
| EC No. | 200-831-0 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID8021434 |
| Lokaler Name | Chlorethylen |
Chemische & physikalische Eigenschaften
| XLogP | 1,5 |
|---|---|
| Polarare Oberfläche (TPSA) | 0 |
| H-Brücken-Donoren | 0 |
| H-Brücken-Akzeptoren | 0 |
| Frei drehbare Bindungen | 0 |
| Schwere Atome | 3 |
| Formalladung | 0 |
| Komplexität | 10,3 |
| Stoffklassen | Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)Urban Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) - EPA specified greatest potential health threat in urban areasCarcinogensVolatile Organic Compound (VOC) |
| Polymers | Plastics & Rubber -> Vinyl Halides |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | Coriolis coupling |
| Pestizide | Pesticide -> EPA IRIS |
| LogP (Verteilungskoeffizient) | log Kow = 1.461.6 |
| Geruch | Ethereal odorMild, sweet odorPleasant odor at high concentrations |
| Dichte | 0.969 at 8.6 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than waterwill float0.9106 g/cu cm at 20 °CDensity (vapour at 15 °C): 8 g/lRelative density (water = 1): 0.9 (liquid)0.9106 @ 20°C0.911 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.) |
| Viscosity | 0.01072 cP at 101.325 kPa, 20 °C (gas)0.280 cP at -20 °C (liquid) |
| Color/Form | Colorless gas or liquid (below 77 degrees F) [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas] |
| Löslichkeit | Slightly soluble (NTP, 1992)In water, 8.8X10+3 mg/L at 25 °CIn water, 2700 mg/LSoluble in ethanolvery soluble in ethyl etherSoluble in carbon tetrachloride and benzeneSoluble in hydrocarbons, oil, chlorinated solvents, and most common organic solvents.acetone/carbon disulfide, MEK, THF: soluble<1.1g/L(25 ºC) |
| Corrosivity | Vinyl chloride is not corrosive when dry but in presence of moisture it corrodes iron and steel. |
| Flammpunkt | -110 °F (NTP, 1992)-78 °CGas (-108.4 °F (-78 °C)) - open cup.-78 °C (-112 °F) - closed cup-78 °C c.c.-78 °F |
| Schmelzpunkt | -153.8 °C(lit.) |
| Siedepunkt | -13.4 °C(lit.) |
| Dampfdruck | 3,428 at 30 °C (quoted, Standen, 1964) |
| Brechungsindex | n20/D 1.3700(lit.) |
| Lagerbedingungen | 2-8°C |
| Aggregatzustand | powder |
| Spezifische Wärmekapazität | Cp(crystal): 0.95 J/(g·K)Cp(gas): 0.86 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| Merck | 13,10055 |
| Henry-Konstante | 1.50, 1.68, 2.17, 2.65, and 2.8 at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C, respectively (EPICS, Ashworth et al.,1988) |
| Dielektrizitätskonstante | 3.3(Ambient) |
| Stabilität | Stable, but may be light sensitive. May undergo autopolymerization. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, chemically active metals, copper. Highly flammable. Severe explosion risk at concentrations of around 3%. It is reported that "large fires of this material are practically inextinguishable". |
| Hauptanwendungen | cleaning productscosmeticsenvironmentalfood and beveragespersonal carepetroleum |
| InChI | 1S/C2H3Cl/c1-2-3/h2H,1H2 |
| InChIKey | BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | ClC=C |
| CAS Datenbank | 75-01-4(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| EPA chemische Informationen | Vinyl chloride (75-01-4) |
Sicherheit & Vorschriften
| GHS-Einstufung | DangerH220: Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]P203, P210, P222, P280, P318, P377, P381, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.3% (2 of 785) of reports.H220 (99.7%): Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases] |
|---|---|
| Regulatorische Informationen | Chemical: Ethene, chloro-Hazard Traits - CarcinogenicityNeurotoxicityOcular ToxicityRespiratory ToxicityEthene, chloro- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Ethene, chloro- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 15-05-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/16163Restricted substance: ChloroetheneEthene, chloro- (vinyl chloride): HSNO Approval: HSR001016 Approved with controls |
| Weitere Sicherheitsinformationen | IMAP assessments - Ethene, chloro-: Human health tier II assessment |
| DOT-Kennzeichnung | Flammable Gas |
| Brandgefahren | Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Forms highly toxic combustion products such as hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and carbon monoxide.· EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE.Extremely flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Gas/air mixtures are explosive. |
| Brandpotenzial | A very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame, or oxidizers. Large fires of this material are practically inextinguishable.Flammable gas. /Vinyl chloride, inhibited/ |
| Gesundheitsgefahren | INHALATION: high concentrations cause dizziness, anesthesia, lung irritation. SKIN: may cause frostbitephenol inhibitor may be absorbed through skin if large amounts of liquid evaporate. (USCG, 1999)· Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning, especially when in closed or confined areas. |
| Gefahrenübersicht | Vinyl chloride is a colorless gas. It burns easily and it is not stable at high temperatures. It has a mild, sweet odor. It is a manufactured substance that does not occur naturally. It can be formed when other substances such as trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene are broken down. Vinyl chloride is used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC). PVC is used to make a variety of plastic products, including pipes, wire and cable coatings, and packaging materials. Vinyl chloride is also known as chloroethene, chloroethylene, and ethylene monochloride.Increased incidence of liver cancer (angiosarcoma) was found in workers who had high exposure to vinyl chloride monomer while cleaning reaction vessels. [LaDou, p. 298-9] There is compelling evidence that exposure to vinyl chloride is associated with angiosarcoma of the liver, and strong evidence that it is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Together with the observation that vinyl chloride increases the risk for liver cirrhosis, which is a known risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma, the findings from two large multicentre cohort studies provide convincing evidence that vinyl chloride causes hepatocellular carcinoma as well as angiosarcoma of the liver. [IARC Monograph 100F] There is limited evidence that vinyl chloride caused increased birth defects in exposed human populations. [ATSDR Case Studies #29] Vinyl chloride was once evaluated as an anestheticit can cause central nervous system depression after inhalation of high concentrations. [ATSDR Medical Management] Possible frostbite from contact with liquid[NIOSH] Vinyl chloride, stabilized (UN1086) has warning of explosive polymerization[ERG 2016] |
| DOT-Nummer und Handbuch | 1086 116P1086 116P(inhibited) |
| FDA-Anforderungen | Vinyl chloride is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. |
| Reaktive Gruppe | Halogenated Organic Compounds |
| EG-Einstufung | Symbol: F+, TR: 45-12S: 53-45Note: D |
| UN-Einstufung | UN Hazard Class: 2.1 |
| Brandbekämpfung | Excerpt from ERG Guide 116 [Gases - Flammable (Unstable)polymerization hazard]:Shut off supplyif not possible and no risk to surroundings, let the fire burn itself out. In other cases extinguish with powder, carbon dioxide, water spray. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position. |
| Erste-Hilfe-Maßnahmen | Fresh air, rest. Refer immediately for medical attention.ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer immediately for medical attention.Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention. |
| Freisetungsmaßnahmen | · CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. |
| Erste Hilfe | EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.General First Aid:(General first aid procedures) |
| Sichere Lagerung | Fireproof. Separated from : see Chemical Dangers. Cool. Store only if stabilized. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Separated from oxidizing materials. |
| Firefighting Hazards | Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. ... Closed containers may rupture violently when heated. /Vinyl chloride, inhibited/Fire may restart after it has been extinguished. ... Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. |
| Expositionsschutz und Persönliche Schutzausrüstung | · Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). |
| Brandbekämpfungsverfahren | If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Vinyl chloride, stabilized/Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame, consider evacuation of one-half mile radius. /Vinyl chloride, stabilized/Use dry chemical or carbon dioxide extinguishers. ... Do not extinguish fire unless the flow of gas can be stopped and any remaining gas is out of the line. Specially trained personnel may use fog lines to cool exposures and let the fire burn itself out. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. If cylinders are exposed to excessive heat from fire or flame contact, withdraw immediately to a secure location. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.Stop flow of gas before extinguishing fire. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Use flooding quantities of water as fog. /Vinyl chloride, inhibited/ |
| Lagerbedingungen | Vinyl chloride should be stored in cool well-ventilated areas, out of direct sunlight. It is usually stored under pressure and handled as a liquid. It must be kept away from sparks, flames and other ignition sources.Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from oxidizing materials. /Vinyl chloride, inhibited/Store in a secure poison location. Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Before entering confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Vinyl chloride must be stored to avoid contact with oxidizers (such as perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, and nitrates), since violent reactions occur. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where vinyl chloride is handled, used, or stored. Metal containers involving the transfer of 5 gallons of vinyl chloride should be grounded and bonded. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only nonsparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of vinyl chloride. Wherever vinyl chloride is used, handled, manufactured, or stored, use explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings. Procedures for the handling, use, and storage of cylinders should be in compliance with OSHA 1910.101 and 1910.169, as with the recommendations of the Compressed Gas Association. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA Standard 1910.1045.Containers of vinyl chloride shall be legibly labeled either: VINYL CHLORIDE: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE GAS UNDER PRESSURE: CANCER SUSPECT AGENT or ... with the additional legend CANCER-SUSPECT AGENT applied near the label or placard.For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for Vinyl chloride (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Reinigungsverfahren | Leaks should be stopped as soon as possible. All sources of ignition must be eliminated. Vinyl chloride vapor can travel to an ignition source and flash back causing a flash fire. Because of the explosive hazard, fire at a leak must not be extinguished unless the leak is simultaneously closed. In the event of a spillage, liquid should be contained and discharges to streams or sewer system prevented. People performing the clean-up should have full protective equipment and positive-pressure breathing apparatus.Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Ventilate area of leak to disperse the gas. Stop the flow of gas if it can be done safely. If source of leak is a cylinder and the leak cannot be stopped in place, remove leaking cylinder to a safe place in the open air, and repair leak or allow cylinder to empty. Keep this chemical out of confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste.Land Spill: Construct barriers to contain spill. Absorb small amounts of spill with natural or synthetic sorbents, shovel into containers with covers.Water Spill: Contain contaminated water with dams or natural barriers.For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Vinyl chloride (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Freisetung ohne Brand | Excerpt from ERG Guide 116 [Gases - Flammable (Unstable)polymerization hazard]: |
| Entsorgungsverfahren | Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U043 and D043, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.Incineration, preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel. Care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene. An acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Vinyl chloride (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Toxikologische Informationen | CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile |
| Körperbelastung | A strong correlation was found between vinyl chloride (VC) concentration at working places and the increased excretion of thiodiglycolic acid of 18 exposed workers. The values obtained were in the range of 0.14-7.00 ppm. The excretion of thiodigylcolic acid, measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, amounted to 0.3-4.0 mg/L. |
| Treatment | Vinyl chloride has no tested antidote. Poisoning is usually handled by preventing further exposure and treating the observed symptoms. (L3) |
| Cancer Sites | Hepatic[liver cancer] |
| Wechselwirkungen | Groups each of 25-35 bred Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to vinyl chloride (500 and 2,500 ppm) for 7 hrs daily on days 6-15 of gestation. Some of the mice in the high dose group were given ethanol (15%) in their drinking water on day 6-15 of gestation. The rats were sacrificed on day 21 of gestation and the fetuses examined for visceral and skeletal abnormalities. The dams were examined for corpora lutea, implantations and intrauterine deaths. At the highest dose levels there was significant increase in absolute and relative liver weight. The effect was more pronounced in the group also exposed to ethanol. There was no significant effect on litter size, the number of implantation sites/dam or incidence of absorption in any of the exposed animals. Fetal body weight and crown-rump length were significantly reduced in the 2,500 ppm group in combination with ethanol, but not in the 2500 ppm vinyl chloride alone group. However decreased fetal body weight was observed in rats exposed to 500 ppm vinyl chloride. Unilateral and bilateral dilated uterers were observed in litters of rats exposed to 2500 ppm vinyl chloride. No increase in the incidence of skeletal anomalies were observed in litters of rats exposed to 2500 ppm vinyl chloride. However, rats exposed to both 2500 ppm vinyl chloride and ethanol, showed a significant increase in incidence of spurs, and missing centra of the cervical vertebrae.Groups each of 15 to 20 bred rabbits (New Zealand) were exposed to 500, or 2500 ppm vinyl chloride for 7 hrs daily on days 6-18 of gestation. Some of the rabbits in the higher dose groups were also exposed to 15% ethanol in their drinking water (days 6-18). On day 29 of gestation the pregnant rabbits were sacrificed, and the fetuses examined for visceral and skeletal abnormalities. The dams were examined for corpora lutea, implantations, and intrauterine deaths. There was no effect on maternal weight gain or liver weight or food consumption in rabbits exposed to 2500 ppm vinyl chloride alone, but those exposed to a combination of vinyl chloride and alcohol showed a significant decrease in weight gain and food consumption. Exposure to vinyl chloride alone did not cause any change in the incidence of reabsorptions, but exposure to vinyl chloride plus ethanol caused a marked increase in the number of resorption. There were no differences in fetal body weight or crown-rump length in the exposed group. Delayed ossification was observed at all dose levels.Sprague-dawley male rats received either 5% ethanol in drinking water or drinking water only for 4 weeks prior to beginning inhalation of 600 ppm vinyl chloride for 4 hr/day on 5 days/wk for 12 mo. After 60 weeks from the first vinyl chloride exposure, liver tumors were found in 75% of the vinyl chloride-ethanol rats and in 38% of the vinyl chloride-only group.Vinyl chloride exerts a protective effect on hepatotoxicity when admin with vinylidene chloride.For more Interactions (Complete) data for Vinyl chloride (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Zielorgane | Cancer, Developmental (effects during periods when organs are developing) , Hepatic (Liver), Immunological (Immune System), Neurological (Nervous System)Liver, central nervous system, blood, respiratory system, lymphatic system |
| Gesundheitliche Auswirkungen | Exposure to vinyl chloride results in liver damage, nerve damage, and immune reactions, as well as depression of the central nervous system and cardiac arrhythmias. Long term exposure may result in damage to the sperm and testes of males. Vinyl chloride is also a known carcinogen. (L3) |
| Umweltverhalten | TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 57(2), indicates that vinyl chloride is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of vinyl chloride from moist soil surfaces is expected(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 0.0278 atm-cu m/mole(3). The volatilization half-life of vinyl chloride was estimated as 0.2 days when incorporated in a soil at a depth of 1 cm and 0.5 days at a depth of 10 cm(4). Vinyl chloride is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2980 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). Vinyl chloride had a biodegradation rate of 1.456 ug/g soil/hr in soil from Skellingsted landfill in Holback, Denmark, incubated with methane(6). Vinyl chloride was degraded approximately 50% and 100% in 4 and 11 weeks, respectively, in the presence of sand by methanogenic microorganisms under anaerobic conditions in laboratory scale experiments(7). In the absence of sand 20% and 55% degradation occurred in 4 and 11 weeks, respectively(7). [AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 57(2), indicates that vinyl chloride is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.0278 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 hours and 3 days, respectively(SRC). Vinyl chloride is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment based on reported hydrolysis half-lives of >9.91 years (pH = 7, 25 °C) and >107 years (pH = 7, 10 °C)(5). Vinyl chloride is not likely to photo-degrade in water(5). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF of <10 measured in fish(7), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. The biodegradation half-life of vinyl chloride in aerobic and anaerobic waters was reported as 28 and 110 days, respectively(8).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), vinyl chloride, which has a vapor pressure of 2980 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase vinyl chloride is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone(SRC)the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 2.3 and 46 days(SRC), calculated from respective rate constants of 6.96X10-12(3) and 2.51X10-19(4) cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C, respectively. The photolysis half-life of vinyl chloride in air was reported as >3.8 days(5). Vinyl chloride, exposed to light >290 nm for 17 hours was photo-degraded 15.3%(6). |
| Lebensmitteluntersuchungswerte | Vinyl chloride was detected at 20 mg/kg in alcoholic beverages which were packaged in products containing vinyl chloride(1,2). Vinyl chloride was detected in edible oils at 0.05 to 2 ppm average and in butter and margarine at unspecified concentrations(2).Small quantities of chloroethene can be exposed to food by migration of chloroethene monomer present in polyvinyl chloride food wrappings and containers. |
| Unerwünschte Wirkungen | Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation. |
| Expositionspfade | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.inhalation, skin and/or eye contact (liquid)Oral (L3)inhalation (L3)dermal (L3) |
| Toxizitätsübersicht | IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Vinyl chloride is a colorless gas or liquid (below 77 degrees F). It is used in the plastics industry to manufacture polyvinyl chloride, and in organic syntheses. It has been used as refrigerant and spray can propellant. HUMAN STUDIES: Vinyl chloride causes angiosarcoma of the liver, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Past occupational exposure to several hundred ppm of vinyl chloride for periods ranging from one month to 3 years has been associated with development of "vinyl chloride disease". Vinyl chloride disease is characterized by acroosteolysis, a condition characterized by lytic lesions of bones (primarily of fingers), scleroderma of the connective tissue in the fingers with dermal thickening, and a Raynaud-like condition with reversible arteriole constriction causing numbness, pallor and cyanosis of the fingers. The attribution of acroosteolysis to vinyl chloride exposure is based almost entirely on case reports and has been estimated to affect <3% of workers involved in the polymerization of vinyl chloride. In patients with chronic occupational exposure, neurological disturbances include sensory-motor polyneuropathy, trigeminal sensory neuropathy, slight pyramidal signs and cerebellar and extrapyramidal motor disorders. Psychiatric disturbances included neurasthenic or depressive syndromes. Sleeplessness and loss of sexual functions were frequently encountered. Pathological EEG alterations were found in a high proportion of patients. A chronic hepatic disorder of porphyrin metabolism was found in 36 workers with vinyl chloride-induced hepatic injury following long-time industrial exposure. Pathologic porphyrinuria, especially secondary coproporphyrinuria with transition to subclinical chronic hepatic porphyria, is a consistent pathobiochemical parameter for the recognition of vinyl chloride hepatic lesions. The major immunological abnormalities reported in vinyl chloride disease patients include hyperimmunoglobulinemia with a polyclonal increase in IgG, cryoglobulinemia, cryofibrinogenemia, and in vivo activation of complement. Vinyl chloride is an occupational carcinogen which caused micronuclei in human cells. There was significant increase in chromosomal abnormalities in cultured peripheral lymphocytes from 57 male workers when compared with controls. Sister chromatid exchange was the more sensitive endpoint for indicating a biological response. ANIMAL STUDIES: Brief (30 minutes) exposures to concentrations of vinyl chloride ranging from 100,000 to 400,000 ppm have been shown to be fatal in rats, guinea pigs and mice. Symptoms of intoxication in rats and mice include muscular incoordination and twitching, CNS depression and respiratory failure. Intense salivation and lacrimation have been noted in rats, guinea pigs and rabbits exposed acutely to high concentrations (375-700 mg/L) of vinyl chloride gas. When placed on skin or in eyes, liquid vinyl chloride may freeze tissue and produce a chemical burn as it evaporates, causing damage to the underlying tissue. Profound CNS depression was reported in guinea-pigs exposed to vinyl chloride at 65,000 mg/cu m for 90 min. Ataxia was observed at this dose level after 5 min of exposure. The anesthetic action of vinyl chloride was also observed in dogs and mice. Investigators reported deep CNS depression in rats and mice exposed to 260,000 mg/cu m for 30 min. The CNS depressant effect was preceded by increased motor activity after 5 min of exposure, twitching of extremities (after 10 min), ataxia (after 15 min) and tremor (after 15 min). Rats exposed to 130,000 mg/cu m for 60 min showed ataxia preceded by hyperactivity but no /CNS depressant/ effect. Forty rabbits were exposed for 4 hours/day on 5 days/week for 12 months to air containing (10,000 ppm) vinyl chloride. Between 9 and 15 months exposure, 12 skin acanthomas and 6 lung adenocarcinomas were seen. No similar tumors occurred in 20 controls after 15 months observation. Rats were exposed to 10,000 ppm vinyl chloride in air for 4 hours/day on 5 days/week for 5 weeks, starting at the age of 13 weeks (120 rats per group) or 1 day (43 and 46 rats). Animals were observed for 135 weeks. One hepatoma was reported in the older rats in newborn rats, 10 angiosarcomas and 15 hepatomas were found. No liver tumors were reported in 249 controls. Vinyl chloride was administered for 7 hr/day on days 6-18 of gestation in mice, rats, and rabbits. It was concluded that although maternal toxicity observed, vinyl chloride alone did not cause significant embryonal or fetal toxicity and was not teratogenic in any of the species at concentrations tested. Vinyl chloride produced a significant increase in the frequency of recessive lethal mutations in male Drosophila melangaster. Mutagenic activity of vinyl chloride was reported in yeast (S. pombe and S. cerevisiae) in the presence of metabolic activation. Vinyl chloride was mutagenic to S. pombe in the "host mediated" assay when mice were treated with an oral dose of 700 mg/kg of vinyl chloride. Using Salmonella tester strains, direct mutagenicity of vinyl chloride was reported at 20% (v/v) in air (200,000 ppm) in the absence of metabolic activation. Mutagenic response was increased by metabolic activation. However, 20% vinyl chloride (v/v in air) was inactive in systems employing S. typhimurium strains TA1536, TA1537 and TA1538. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: In Daphnia magna exposure, results indicated impacts of vinyl chloride on the regulation of genes related to glutathione-S-transferase (GST), juvenile hormone esterase (JHE), and the vitelline outer layer membrane protein (VMO1).Vinyl chloride poisoning exhibits many of the characteristics of autoimmune diseases. This is believed to be the result of a reactive vinyl chloride intermediate metabolite binding to an immunoglobulin, altering the protein and initiating an immune response. The metabolites of vinyl chloride, especially choloroethylene oxide, are mutagenic and act by covalently binding to DNA. This produces cyclic etheno-adducts, which cause base-pair transitions during transcription and DNA crosslinks. Metabolites also may cause oxidative stress and affecting tumor supressor genes, as vinyl chloride has been known to produce specific mutations in the p53 and Ki-ras genes. Vinyl chloride metabolites are also believed to exert toxic effects in the liver by covalently binding to liver proteins, resulting in cellular toxicity. (L3, A65) |
| RCRA-Anforderungen | D043A solid waste containing vinyl chloride may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.U043As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when vinyl chloride, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5). |
| Luftstandards | This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Vinyl chloride is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.Vinyl chloride has been designated as a hazardous air pollutant under section 112 of the Clean Air Act.Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Vinyl chloride is included on this list. |
| CERCLA-Meldepflichtmengen | Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1 lb or 0.454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). |
| Clean Water Act Anforderungen | Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. |
| State Drinking Water Standards | (CA) CALIFORNIA 0.5 ug/L(DE) DELAWARE 1 ug/L(FL) FLORIDA 1 ug/L(NJ) NEW JERSEY 2 ug/L(WI) WISCONSIN 0.2 ug/L |
| DHS Chemicals of Interest (COI) | Vinyl chloride110000Flammable chemical that can be released at a facility. |
| Landesrichtlinien für Trinkwasser | (AZ) ARIZONA 0.015 ug/L(CT) CONNECTICUT 2 ug/L(ME) MAINE 0.2 ug/L(MN) MINNESOTA 0.2 ug/L |
| Federal Drinking Water Standards | Maximum contaminant level (MCL) for organic contaminants apply to community and non-transient, non-community water systems: vinyl chloride, MCL 0.002 mg/L.EPA 2 ug/l |
| Bundesrichtlinien für Trinkwasser | The maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) for the following organic contaminant is zero mg/L: vinyl chloride. |
| F | 4.5-31 |
| Wassergefährdungsklasse (WGK) | 2 |
| TSCA-Inventar-Status | TSCA listed |
| UN-Transportnummer | UN 1086 (VINYL CHLORIDE, STABILIZED) |
| Zollcode | 29032100 |
| RTECS-Nr. | KU9625000 |
| R-Sätze (R) | 45-12-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-11 |
| Toxizität | LD50 in mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits (mg/l): 293.75, 390, 595, 295 by inhalation (Prodan) |
| Gefahrensymbole | F+,T,F |
| Sicherheitshinweise (S) | 53-45-36/37-16-7 |
| Gefahrenklasse | 2.1Acute Tox. 3 DermalAcute Tox. 3 InhalationAcute Tox. 3 OralFlam. Liq. 2STOT SE 1 |
| Lagerklasse | 3 - Flammable liquids |
| DOT Classification | 2.1 (flammable gas) |
| Gefahrstoffdaten | 75-01-4(Hazardous Substances Data) |
Anwendungen & Verwendung
Beschreibung
Vinyl chloride is a colorless, flammable gas with a sweet ethereal odor. It is shipped as a liquefied compressed gas. Contact of the liquid with the skin can result in freezing or frostbite. Vinyl chloride has been established as a human carcinogen. In addition, acute effects of vinyl chloride exposure include irritation of the skin and eyes on contact. Inhalation of concentrations of more than 500 ppm produces mild anesthesia. Anhydrous vinyl chloride does not corrode metals at normal temperatures and pressures, but in the presence of moisture and elevated temperatures, vinyl chloride accelerates the corrosion of iron and steel at elevated temperatures. Vinyl chloride polymerizes readily when exposed to air, sunlight, heat, or oxygen, although it is chemically stable as shipped with an inhibitor (phenol).
Verwenden
In the plastics industry to manufacture of polyvinyl chloride; in organic syntheses. Has been used as refrigerant, spray can propellant.