Vinylidene fluoride

PFAS -> Other/unspecified

PFAS -> PFAS identified in REACH Regulation EC No. 1272/2008

PFAS -> Other/unspecified

log Kow = 1.24

1.24

1.24

Nearly odorless

Faint, ethereal

0.617 at 75 °F (liquid) (NTP, 1992) - Less dense than water; will float

0.617 g/cc at 24 °C (liquid)

Critical density = 417 kg/cu m; Heat of formation = -345.2 kJ/mol at 25 °C; Heat of polymerization = -474.21 kJ/mol at 25 °C; explosive limits = 5.8-20.3 vol % in air

Relative density (water = 1): 0.6

0.617 at 75 °F

2.21(relative gas density)

Colorless gas

Colorless gas [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas].

0.018 g/100 g at 77 °F and 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

Slightly sol in water; sol in alcohol and ether

Water solubility = 6.3 cu cm/100 g at 25 °C and 10 kPa

Water solubility = 0.018 g/100 g at 25 °C and 760 mm Hg

Water solubility = 165 ppm at 25 °C

In water, 164.9 mg/L at 25 °C

Flammable gas

NA (Gas)

-123 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

-85.7 °C

-83 °C

-123 °F

-122 °F

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 3.3% (12 of 362) of reports.

Danger

H220 (96.1%): Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

P203, P210, P222, P280, P318, P337, P377, P381, P403, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 362 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Danger

Chemical: Ethene, 1,1-difluoro-

Ethene, 1,1-difluoro- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Ethene, 1,1-difluoro- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 27-03-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15215

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 116 [Gases - Flammable (Unstable); polymerization hazard]:

· EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE.

Extremely flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Gas/air mixtures are explosive. Explosive.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 116 [Gases - Flammable (Unstable); polymerization hazard]:

· Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning, especially when in closed or confined areas.

A central nervous system depressant and a hepatotoxin in animal studies; [ACGIH] Possible frostbite from contact with liquid; [NIOSH] Inhalation of high concentrations may cause CNS effects; [ICSC] 1,1-Difluoroethylene (UN1959) has warning of explosive polymerization; [ERG 2016]

1959 116P

1959 116P

European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, 1,1-difluoroethylene (75-38-7) (2000 CD-ROM edition) contains information on use, toxicology, and environmental effects of this chemical as supplied to the European Union by industry.[Available from, as of October 2, 2009: http://ecb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/iuclid-datasheet/75387.pdf]

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Vinylidene fluoride is included on this list. Effective date 10/4/82; Sunset date: 10/4/92.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 116 [Gases - Flammable (Unstable); polymerization hazard]:

Shut off supply; if not possible and no risk to surroundings, let the fire burn itself out. In other cases extinguish with powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Fresh air, rest.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

General First Aid:

(General first aid procedures)

Heating may cause violent combustion or explosion.

The gas is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible, and may accumulate in low ceiling spaces causing deficiency of oxygen. As a result of flow, agitation, etc., electrostatic charges can be generated.

Vapours are uninhibited and may form polymers in the vents or flame arresters causing blockage.

This chemical is a flammable gas. Poisonous gases are produced in fire including hydrogen fluoride, fluorine, and fluorides. Extinguish with CO2 or dry chemical to allow access to valves to shut off supply if necessary. Do not extinguish the fire unless the flow of gas can be stopped and any remaining gas is out of the line. Specially trained personnel may use fog lines to cool exposures and let the fire burn itself out. Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. If cylinders are exposed to excessive heat from fire or flame contact, withdraw immediately to a secure location.

Stop flow of gas.

Store gas cylinders in a cool, dry place and use the safety precautions necessary with all compressed gases. High concentrations cause a deficiency of oxygen with the risk of unconsciousness or death. Check oxygen content is at least 19% before entering storage or spill area. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard. Use only nonsparking tools and equipment, expecially when opening and closing containers of this chemical ... A regulated, marked area should be established there this chemical is handled, used, or stored ...

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 32(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,1-difluoroethene is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1-difluoroethene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 3X10+4 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 169 mg/L(4). 1,1-Difluoroethene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Highly chlorinated/fluorinated compounds are not expected to biodegrade rapidly(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 32(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,1-difluoroethene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 3X10+4 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 169 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.3 hours and 3.2 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.24(7) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Highly chlorinated/fluorinated compounds are not expected to biodegrade rapidly(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,1-difluoroethene, which has a vapor pressure of 3X10+4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase 1,1-difluoroethene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 8 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.1X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Gas-phase 1,1-difluoroethene is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 57 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.0X10-19 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). 1,1-Difluoroethene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact (liquid)

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

dizziness, headache, nausea; liquid: frostbite

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=75-38-7]

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1,1-difluoroethene can be estimated to be 32(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,1-difluoroethene is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

Acute inhalation toxicity was evaluated in groups of male and female Charles River CD rats (5/sex/concn level) exposed to 1,1-difluoroethylene at a concentration of 800,000 ppm (80% v/v) in a glass inhalation exposure chamber for 6 hrs. All animals exhibited signs of deep, rapid, labored breathing and lethargy after termination of one hour of exposure. 7 of the 10 animals died after 4 1/2 hrs of exposure. After 6 hrs of exposure, only 3 females had survived. One hour after termination of exposure, the survivors appeared normal and exhibited no other signs of toxicity during the 14 day observation period. Gross necropsy of the animals which died during exposure revealed dark red areas in all lobes of the lungs. The liver of all 7 deceased animals showed pale areas, and one male rat had pale kidneys. All other tissues appeared normal. The three surviving female rats also showed dark red areas in all lobes of the lungs.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Vinylidene fluoride is included on this list. Effective date 10/4/82; Sunset date: 10/4/92.

Vinylidene fluoride

1

10000

Flammable chemical that can be released at a facility.

In 10.3 L closed containers with oxygen replenishment and carbon dioxide removal, and stocked with 3 rats, the rates of Vinylidene fluoride metab was 1% that of vinyl chloride.

Metabolism proceeded very slowly and was saturable at exposure concentrations of about 260 mg/cu m (100 ppm). The maximal metabolic rate was 1% that of vinyl chloride and less than 20% that of vinyl fluoride. Exposure of rats to vinylidene fluoride has been reported to result in some increase in the urinary excretion of fluoride.

Like other halogenated C1 and C2 compounds that are biotransformed to reactive metabolites, vinylidene fluoride causes changes in rat intermediary metabolism which lead to increased exhalation of acetone.

Inhalation comparatively studied. Metabolic elimination was saturable, dose-dependent process. Elimination determined by zero-order law at atmospheric concn above point of saturation, and otherwise by normal first-order kinetics.

... Concentrations of vinylidene fluoride were measured in blood of /B6C3F1/ mice during 6 hr exposures to nominal concentrations of 250, 3750 or 15,000 ppm vinylidene fluoride. A physiological model developed to simulate blood levels of /this cmpd/ in rats was adapted for mice by incorporating physiologically realistic parameters for mice where appropriate ( alveolar ventilation, cardiac output, blood flow to organs, and organ volumes) and by assuming that chemical specific parameters such as tissue/blood partition coefficients determined for rats could also be applied to mice. Measured steady state levels of vinylidene fluoride in blood of mice increased with increasing exposure concn. For both the 15,000 and 3750 ppm vinylidene fluoride exposures, the experimentally determined data fell within the 95% confidence interval predicted by the physiological model. For the 250 ppm vinylidene fluoride exposure, the experimentally determined values /for this cmpd/ in blood were lower than what was predicted by the model. Model predictions indicated that for mice, as observed for rats, levels of vinylidene fluoride would rise very rapidly, reaching steady state within minutes of exposure, and that at the end of exposure, blood levels will decline rapidly. At the two lowest concn, ... no vinylidene fluoride /could be detected/ in blood taken 15 min or longer after cessation of exposure, suggesting that the post exposure levels were at or below the limit of detection which was 4 ug/vinylidene fluoride/ml blood. For the 15,000 ppm exposure vinylidene fluoride could be detected in blood up to 15 min post exposure.

A physiological model was developed to describe the uptake of vinylidene fluoride in male F344/N rats exposed /to the cmpd/ for 6 hr at a concentrations ranging from 27 to 16,000 ppm in a nose only exposure system. The steady state concn of vinylidene fluoride in blood increased linearly with increases in the exposure concn. ... Rise to steady state concentrations was rapid, occurring within 15 min. Rapid decreases following the end of exposures were also noted. Vinylidene fluoride had very limited solubility in tissues with varying lipid and aqueous content. Predictions based on the model developed indicate that while the total amount of /cmpd/ metabolized increased with increasing exposure concn, this increase was not linearly related to exposure concn. Even though the blood levels of vinylidene fluoride increased linearly with increasing concn, the amount of vinylidene fluoride metabolized per 6 hr exposure approached a maximum at about 2000 ppm.

Defluorination and cytochrome p450 loss induced by fluoroethenes and fluorochloroethenes were studied in vitro. Hepatic microsomes were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats, some of which had been pretreated with sodium phenobarbital or beta-naphthoflavone. These were incubated with 1,1-difluoroethene, 2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethene, trifluoroethene or trifluorochloroethene. The effects of structure on fluoride release and cytochrome p450 and heme loss were investigated. Near maximal release of fluoride occurred in microsomes from phenobarbital treated rats. The greatest release occurred with 2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethene, followed by trifluorochloroethene, trifluoroethene and 1,1-difluoroethene in that order. The amounts of fluoride released were 2.4 to 4 times that released from untreated microsomes. beta-Naphthoflavone caused a slight inhibition of fluoride release from all compounds, relative to microsomes from untreated rats. Trifluoroethene caused the greatest loss of cytochrome and heme from microsomes, followed by 2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethene, trifluoroethene, and 1,1-difluoroethene in that order. /Results indicate/ that fluoroethenes and chloroethenes are cytochrome p450 substrates that effectively inactivate cytochrome p450 isozymes. The ability to undergo these reactions, however, depends on the degree and nature of their halogen substituents.

Used in the production of polyvinylidene fluoride polymers and elastomers; [HSDB]

Plastic Composites Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Manufacture of polymers and copolymers; chemical intermediate

Used for the mfg of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and for copolymerization with many fluorinated monomers. One commercially significant use is the mfg of high performance fluoroelastomers that include copolymers of 1,1-difluorothene with hexafluoropropylene (HFP) or chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) and terpolymers with HFP and tetrafluoroethylene

2023: 25,000,000 - <40,000,000 lb

Ethene, 1,1-difluoro- is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#5267]

Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: Ethene, 1,1-difluoro-. Aggregated National Production Volume: 10 to <50 million pounds.

Currently, three basic methods are used for the commercial production: (1) dechlorination of 1,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane in the gas phase and on a metal catalyst, (2) dechlorination of 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, and (3) dehydrofluorination of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane.

Thermal elimination of HCl from 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is the principal industrial route...dehydrohalogenation of 1-bromo-1,1-difluoroethane or 1,1,1-trifluoroethane, or dehalogenation of 1,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane are alternative routes; it can also be continuously prepared by the pyrolysis of trifluoromethane in the presence of a catalyst and either methane or ethylene.

GRADE: 99% min purity

Genetron 1132A

The commercial product is typically 99.75 mol% min pure

All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing

Ethene, 1,1-difluoro-: ACTIVE

Applications: insulation for high-temp wire, tank linings, chemical tanks and tubing, protective paints and coatings with exceptional resistance (30 yr) to weathering and uv; value and impeller parts; shrinkage tubing to encapsulate resistors, diodes and soldered joints; sealant. /Polyvinylidene fluoride/