Pentachlornitrobenzol

Pesticide -> EPA IRIS

Fungicides

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

Pesticides -> Fungicides

Pesticide (Quintozene (PCNB)) -> USDA PDB

log Kow = 4.22

4.77

4.64

1.718 at 77 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.718 at 25 °C/4 °C

1.7 g/cm³

Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1.00

1.718 @25 °C

Pale yellow crystals

Colorless needles

Fine needles from alcohol, platelets from carbon disulfide

Cream crystals

less than 1 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)

Practically insol in cold alc

Slightly soluble in alcohols; somewhat soluble in carbon disulfide, benzene, chloroform

Solubility in various solvents. [Table#3529]

In water, 0.44 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.00004

622 °F at 760 mmHg (with some decomposition) (NTP, 1992)

328 °C at 760 mm Hg with some decomposition

328 °C

622 °F

295 °F (NTP, 1992)

144 °C

Pale yellow crystals. 99% pure. MP: 142-145 °C /Technical grade/

146 °C

295 °F

144 °C

10.2 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 10.2

Warning

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

P261, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P321, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Warning

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

P261, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P321, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Hazard Traits - Bioaccumulation; Environmental Persistence; Hepatotoxicity and Digestive System Toxicity

TP - indicates a substance that is the subject of a proposed TSCA section 4 test rule.

PCNB, Pentachloronitrobenzene (Quintozene) is listed in the dataset of EPA Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides under the Safe Drinking Water Act (40 eCFR 141)

00/816/EC

Quintozene: Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Flash point data for this chemical are not available; however, it is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)

Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound may include irritation of the skin and eyes. Skin contact may result in erythema, itching, edema and formation of small vesicles. Skin sensitization may also occur. Eye contact may result in conjunctivitis and corneal injury. Kidney and liver damage may occur. Vomiting may also occur. Exposure to this type of compound can cause central nervous system stimulation, vomiting, diarrhea, paresthesia, excitement, giddiness, fatigue, tremors, convulsions, coma, pulmonary edema, hypothermia and liver, kidney and myocardial toxicity. Respiration may be initially accelerated and then later depressed. Chronic exposure to this type of compound leads to headache, loss of appetite, muscular weakness, fine tremors and apprehensive mental state.

Occupational exposure may occur in workers engaged in the manufacture, formulation, and application of pentachloronitrobenzene. Conjunctivitis with corneal injury has been reported in humans when pentachloronitrobenzene was splashed into the eye. No information is available on the chronic (long- term), reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of pentachloronitrobenzene in humans. Chronic exposure of dogs to pentachloronitrobenzene in their diet has been observed to result in damage to the liver. Renal agenesis (failure of the kidney to develop), cleft palate, and increased fetal mortality were observed in the offspring of orally exposed mice. Hepatomas were observed in mice exposed to pentachloronitrobenzene via gavage (experimentally placing the chemical in the stomach). EPA has classified pentachloronitrobenzene as a Group C, possible human carcinogen.

Allergic contact dermatitis reported in workers manufacturing and applying this pesticide; [Kanerva, p. 1825] Methemoglobinemia and liver injury occur in animal feeding studies. [ACGIH] Extended or repeated exposure may cause liver injury; [ICSC] May contain hexachlorobenzene as a contaminant; Not an irritant; A weak skin sensitizer; High-dose chronic dietary studies of rats and dogs have produced liver injury; [INCHEM HSG] May cause irritation; Inhalation may cause allergy, asthma symptoms, or difficulty breathing; Harmful by ingestion; [Aldrich MSDS]

Santodonato J; Govt Rep Announce & Index (GRA & I) 7: 28 (1986). Monograph on Human Exposure to Chemicals in the Workplace: Pentachloronitrobenzene.

USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Pentachloronitrobenzene p.7-8. EPA OPP-2006-XXX (June 2006). This document presents EPA\'s decision on the tolerance reassessment and reregistration eligibility of the registered uses of pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB).[Available from, as of May 18, 2007: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]

Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Pentachlorobenzene in B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies) Technical Rpt Series 325 (1978) NIH Pub 87-2581 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

U185; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when pentachloronitrobenzene, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

A tolerance of 0.1 part per million is established for negligible residues of the fungicide pentachloronitrobenzene in or on the raw agricultural commodity cotton, undelinted seed.

Tolerances with regional registration (refer to section 180.1(n)) are established for the combined residues of the fungicides pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) and its metabolites pentachloroaniline (PCA) and methyl pentachlorophenyl sulfide (MPCPS) in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: [Table#3525]

While petitions for tolerances for negligible residues are pending and until action is completed on these petitions, interim tolerances are established for residues of the listed pesticide chemicals in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Substance: pentachloronitrobenzene; Uses: fungicide; Tolerence in parts per million: 1.0; Raw agricultural commodity: peanut.

The Agency has completed its assessment of the dietary, occupational, residential, environmental, and ecological risks, and the benefits associated with the use of pesticide products containing the active ingredient PCNB. Based on the assessments and on public comments on the assessments, the Agency is announcing decisions about the human health and ecological effects associated with PCNB, including tolerance reassessment decisions under FFDCA and reregistration decisions under FIFRA as amended by FQPA. The Agency has determined that PCNB-containing products for some uses are eligible for reregistration provided that the risk mitigation measures outlined in this document are adopted and label amendments are made to reflect those mitigation measures.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Quintozene is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0128; Pesticide type: fungicide; Registration Standard Date: 01/31/87; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): quintozene; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 08/27/90, 12/21/93, 10/13/95; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. A water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

This chemical is a combustible solid. Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or alcohol foam extinguishers. Poisonous gases are produced in fire. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained and equipped in OSHA 1910.156

Store in a refrigerator or cool, dry place away from strong bases. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA standard 1910.1045.

Store in cool dry place.

This pesticide is toxic to birds and mammals. Treated seed and granules on soil surface may be hazardous to terrestrial wildlife. Cover or collect any such materials spilled during loading.

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Dampen spilled material with alcohol to avoid dust, then transfer material to a suitable container. Use absorbent dampened with alcohol to pick up remaining material. Wash surfaces well with soap and water. Seal all wasters in vapor-tight plastic for eventual disposal. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean-up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped. OSHA 1910.120(q) may be applicable.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2006)] Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U185, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U185, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Drift and runoff may be hazardous to aquatic organisms in water adjacent to treated areas. Do not contaminate water when disposing of equipment wash waters or rinsate.

It has been observed that the product decomposes readily when burned with polyethylene. The cmpd is very stable in soil as would be expected on the basis of the polychlorinated aromatic structure. Recommendable method: Incineration. Not recommendable methods: Open burning, use as boiler fuel. Peer-review: Ensure adequate fuel supply. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Follow manufacturer's instructions for cleaning/maintaining PPE. If no such instructions for washables exist, use detergent and hot water. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry. Discard clothing and other absorbent materials that have been drenched or heavily contaminated with this product's concentrate. Do not reuse them.

When handlers use closed systems or enclosed cabs in a manner that meets the requirements listed in the Worker Protection Standard (WPS) for agricultural pesticides (40 CFR 170.240(d)(4,5), the handler PPE requirements may be reduced or modified as specified in the WPS.

Water-soluble packets when used correctly qualify as a closed mixing/loading system under the Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural Pesticides [40 CFR 170.240(d)(4)]. Mixers and loaders using water-soluble packets must : -- wear the personal protective equipment required in the PPE section of this labeling for mixers and loaders, and -- be provided and must have immediately available for use in an emergency, such as a broken package, spill, or equipment breakdown: chemical-resistant footwear, and the type of respirator as specified in the PPE section of this label.

User Safety Recommendations. "Users should wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco, or using the toilet. "Users should remove clothing/PPE immediately if pesticide gets inside. Then wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing. "Users should remove PPE immediately after handling this product. Wash the outside of gloves before removing. As soon as possible, wash thoroughly and change into clean clothing.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Pentachloronitrobenzene was occasionally detected in the blood of 300 randomly selected individuals in Germany; unreported concentrations and frequency(1). Pentachloronitrobenzene was analyzed for in blood samples taken from July 2001 through December 2002 collected from 32 obese patients with endocrine problems and who resided in Rome, Italy; the compound was not detected(2).

Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) and HgCl2, PCNB and CdCl2, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and HgCl2 were investigated for their acute oral toxicity in rats, individually and as combinations in various ratios of the organochlorine pesticides to the heavy metal chlorides. The toxicity of mixtures of low dosages of the pairs tested was higher than the sum of the toxicities produced by the individual doses. At increased dosages of the components in the combinations PCNB-HgCl2 and PCNB-CdCl2, the combined lethality tended towards the sums of the effects of the individual doses.

Acute administration of PCNB enhances susceptibility of rats to poisoning by carbon tetrachloride.

LD50 Anas platyrhynchos (mallard ducks) female 3 months old oral >2000 mg/kg /Sample purity, 99%/

LD50 Phasianus colchicus (ring-necked pheasants) female 3 months old oral >2000 mg/kg /Sample purity, 99%/

LC50 Cyprinus carpio (carp) >10 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined//

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, age 10-15 days) diet >5000 ppm/8 days

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 20,000(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that pentachloronitrobenzene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of pentachloronitrobenzene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 5.0X10-5 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 0.44 mg/L(5). Pentachloronitrobenzene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Soil half-lives ranging from 213 to 699 days(6) suggest that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 20,000(2), indicates that pentachloronitrobenzene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 5.0X10-5 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 0.44 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 39 hours and 17 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 44 months if adsorption is considered(6). According to a classification scheme(7), BCF values ranging from 238(8) to 1,140(9) suggesting the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high to very high(SRC). Aqueous photolysis half-lives of 2.5 days and 26.8 hours at pH 5 have been reported(10). Results of river: sediment biodegradation studies on pentachloronitrobenzene reveal first-order rate constants that are not that much different than those in sterile water, first order biodegradation rate constant of 0.00456-0.00481/hr vs 0.00380 for a sterile sediment:water system(11), suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), pentachloronitrobenzene, which has a vapor pressure of 5.0X10-5 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase pentachloronitrobenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 years(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.2X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase pentachloronitrobenzene may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Pentachloronitrobenzene does contain chromophores that absorb at wavelngths greater than 290 nm(4) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Residues of PCNB have been found in several peanut butter samples averaging 4.9 ppb with a range of 0.8 to 10 ppb (n= 11).

Pentachloronitrobenzene concentration in spinach leaves was 0.13 ppm(1). In 1977, analysis of adult total diet samples from 20 cities across the US, pentachloronitrobenzene was found in 15 out of 20 oil, fats, and shortening composite samples. Eleven of these samples contained trace amounts of pentachloronitrobenzene and the remaining 4 contained from 0.001-0.005 ppm pentachloronitrobenzene. The overall average for the 20 composites was 0.0004 ppm pentachloronitrobenzene(2). Pentachloronitrobenzene was found in 1 out of 20 sugar and adjuncts composite samples at a trace concentration(2). Pentachloronitrobenzene was also found in the oils and fats food class of infant (0.002-0.008 ppm, 0.0060 ppm avg) and toddler (0.001-0.006 ppm, 0.0025 ppm avg) total diet samples(3). Pentachloronitrobenzene has been detected in cheese, large fruits, miscellaneous processed foods, and ground grains(4). Average concn (ppm) in leaf and stem vegetables (and the fiscal year for that average) were: 0.006 (1964-69), 0.047 (1970), 0.022 (1971), 0.011 (1973), 0.003 (1974), 0.0004 (1975), 0.0005 (1976), and 0.021 (1970-76)(4). Average pentachloronitrobenzene concentrations (ppm) in various foods for the fiscal years 1970-76 were: 0.0005 in domestic processed vegetable products, 0.0009 in imported processed vegetable products, 0.0003 in domestic nuts, and 0.107 in oilseed by-products(4). Lettuce grown in Belgium contained from 0.11 to 4.19 ppm pentachloronitrobenzene(5).

Pentachloronitrobenzene was detected in 1.3% of endive samples grown in Belgium during 1991-1993 at a mean concentration of 0.005 ppm(1). Pentachloronitrobenzene was detected at unreported concentrations during the 1992(2) and 1994(3) regulatory monitoring of both domestic and imported food samples. Pentachloronitrobenzene was reported in 4 of 1219 domestic and imported tomato samples in the US (limit of quantitation=0.01 ppm)(4). 1 of 356 cucumber samples and 1 of 380 head lettuce samples, grown in Canada from 1992-1994 contained pentachloronitrobenzene at a concentration <0.05 ppm(5). 1 of 151 cantaloupe samples, 1 of 121 green onion samples, 1 of 1858 orange samples, 1 of 1153 tomato samples and 1 of 143 peach samples imported into Canada from 1992-1994 contained pentachloronitrobenzene at concentrations of <0.05, <0.05, <0.05, 0.10 and 0.10 ppm, respectively(5). 1 of 741 US potato samples contained pentachloronitrobenzene at a concentration above EPA tolerance (detection limit=0.040 ppm)(6). 64 of 12,044 samples of imported agricultural commodities collected during October 1981-September 1986 contained pentachloronitrobenzene at concentrations from 0.05 to 2.0 ppm (in cucumbers, tomatoes, green beans, artichoke, fava beans, broccoli, brussel sprouts, coriander, lettuce, peas, peppers, spinach, acorn and italian squash)(7). Pentachloronitrobenzene was detected 74 times in 14 different ready-to-eat foods at an average concentration of 0.0016 ug/g from 1982-1991 in the US FDA's Revised Market Basket Study(8).

Pentachloronitrobenzene was detected in 1 of 27,065 food samples collected in 10 US state food laboratories over 1988-1989(1). Pentachloronitrobenzene was detected in apples (1 of 2,464 samples), grape juice (1 of 32 samples) and milk (1 of 2,739 samples) at concentrations from a trace to 0.01 ppm during FDA regulatory monitoring of domestic foods which may be eaten by infants/children from 1985-1991(2). Pentachloronitrobenzene was detected in apples (1 of 735 samples) and oranges (1 in 474 samples) at concentrations from 0.01 to 0.07 ppm during FDA regulatory monitoring of imported foods which may be eaten by infants/children from 1985-1991(2). Pentachloronitrobenzene was detected in 10 infant and toddler market basket samples collected in 1978-1979; this compound was found in the oils and fats food group in 3 samples with a concentration range of 0.004-0.006 ppm(3). Pentachloronitrobenzene was detected in 13 infant and toddler market basket samples collected in 1980-1982; this compound was found in the oils and fats food group in 3 infant samples with a concentration of 0.003 ppm and in 12 toddler samples from the oils and fats group at concentrations from a trace to 0.006 ppm(4). Pentachloronitrobenzene was detected in 27 adult market basket samples collected in 1980-1982; this compound was found in the potato (1 sample), root vegetables (1 sample), garden fruits (1 sample), oils and fats (21 samples), and sugar and adjuncts (2 samples) groups at concentrations from trace levels to 0.002 ppm(5). Pentachloronitrobenzene was detected in the FDA pesticide residue monitoring program during 1978-1982 (49,877 samples total)(6) and 1982-1986 (49,055 samples total)(7) at unreported concentrations and frequencies.

Pentachloronitrobenzene was detected, not quantified in 1 of 58 and 1 of 35 carrot samples in 1995 and 1996, respectively, as part of 4182 food samples collected by the Danish National Pesticide Monitoring Program conducted from January 1995 to December1996(1). The 1995 carrot concentration was 0.63 mg/kg, which is above the maximum residue limit of 0.5 ug/kg(1). It was detected, not quantified in 3 of 82 potato samples in 1996(1). Pentachloronitrobenzene was detected in 7 of 17 ginsing products at concentrations ranging from 0.50 to 478.30 ppb(2). Pentachloronitrobenzene levels in commercially available botanical dietary supplements were (ng/g): Valarian, not detected - 16.6; St. John's Wart, not detected - 22.0; Passion flower, not detected - 12.0; Echniacea, not detected - 6.3(3).

Pentachloronitrobenzene was not detected in milk samples collected from 45 US nationwide dairy plants in July, 2000 and again in January 2001(1).

In milk from cows treated with PCNB, traces of pentachloronitrobenzene were observed in addition to pentachloroaniline and methyl pentachlorophenyl sulfide.

The average daily intake of pentachloronitrobenzene in the US during the fiscal years 1971-76 was 9X10-7 mg/kg body wt/ day(1). Average daily intakes (ug/kg body wt/day) of pentachloronitrobenzene in US total diet studies for fiscal years 1977 and 1978 were: 0.0010 and 0.0007 for adults(2), 0.0014 and 0.0045 for infants(3), and 0.0029 and 0.0026 for toddlers(3). Average daily intakes (ug/kg body wt/day) of pentachloronitrobenzene in US total diet studies for fiscal years 1976 and 1979 were: 0.002 and 0.002 for infants and 0.004 and 0.002 for toddlers, respectively(4). Average daily intakes (ug/kg body wt/day) of pentachloronitrobenzene in US total diet studies for fiscal years 1980 and 1981/82 were: 0.001 and 0.001 for adults(5), not detected and 0.003 for infants, and 0.001 and 0.001 for toddlers, respectively(6). The average daily intake of pentachloronitrobenzene in Belgium from 1991 to 1993 from 3698 samples of food was determined to be 0.007 mg/kg/day(7).

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Signs of intoxication /in mallard ducks or ring-necked pheasants given oral LD50 doses were/ ataxia, tenseness, jerkiness, jitteriness, hyperexcitability, slow and disoriented reactions, goose-stepping, ataxia, and sitting. After treatment, signs appeared as soon as 1 hr in mallards and 3 days in pheasants. Remission took up to 15 days in mallards and 7 days in pheasants.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ At its maximum solubility (1.2 mg/L water), there were no fatalities amongst golden orfe and rainbow trout over a period of 96 hours.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Shortly (3-6 hr) after exposure to either the fungicide pentachloronitrobenzene or 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene the pool of reduced glutathione in Fusarium oxysporum ... and Rhizoctonia solani is drastically depleted, followed by a gradual increase in glutathione levels. A similar pattern regarding the effect of the above compounds on glutathione-S-transferase specific activity was observed in both fungi. There are no significant differences in either glutathione levels or glutathione-s-transferase specific activities in Fusarium oxysprum and Rhizoctonia solani, tolerant and sensitive to pentachloronitrobenzene, respectively.

When cotton seeds were planted in soil containing 300 ppm pentachloronitrobenzene, two-week old plants (excluding the root portion) contained 155 ppm pentachloronitrobenzene(1). Pentachloronitrobenzene concentrations (mg/kg) in various field crops grown in Finland, together with the total amount of pentachloronitrobenzene (kg/ha) applied given in parentheses, and the years applied were as follows: 0.003 (rye,5, 1975), 0.005 (rye,5, 1975), 0.07 (rye,5, 1975), 0.005 (clover,5, 1975), 0.14 (wheat,50, 1966-75), 0.05 (wheat 5, 1975), 0 (rye, untreated), and 0 (clover, untreated)(2). Pentachloronitrobenzene concn in field corn kernels was 0.01 ppm(3). The ratio of plant to soil concentration (fresh weight: fresh weight) for head lettuce, late harvest lettuce, potatoes, leaf chicory, and grass above 5 cm was 0.023-0.036, 0.44, 0.01, 0.004, and 0.004, respectively(4).

U185; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when pentachloronitrobenzene, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

A tolerance of 0.1 part per million is established for negligible residues of the fungicide pentachloronitrobenzene in or on the raw agricultural commodity cotton, undelinted seed.

Tolerances with regional registration (refer to section 180.1(n)) are established for the combined residues of the fungicides pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) and its metabolites pentachloroaniline (PCA) and methyl pentachlorophenyl sulfide (MPCPS) in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: [Table#3525]

While petitions for tolerances for negligible residues are pending and until action is completed on these petitions, interim tolerances are established for residues of the listed pesticide chemicals in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Substance: pentachloronitrobenzene; Uses: fungicide; Tolerence in parts per million: 1.0; Raw agricultural commodity: peanut.

The Agency has completed its assessment of the dietary, occupational, residential, environmental, and ecological risks, and the benefits associated with the use of pesticide products containing the active ingredient PCNB. Based on the assessments and on public comments on the assessments, the Agency is announcing decisions about the human health and ecological effects associated with PCNB, including tolerance reassessment decisions under FFDCA and reregistration decisions under FIFRA as amended by FQPA. The Agency has determined that PCNB-containing products for some uses are eligible for reregistration provided that the risk mitigation measures outlined in this document are adopted and label amendments are made to reflect those mitigation measures.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Quintozene is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0128; Pesticide type: fungicide; Registration Standard Date: 01/31/87; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): quintozene; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 08/27/90, 12/21/93, 10/13/95; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Pentachloronitrobenzene is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

(CA) CALIFORNIA 20 ug/l

(FL) FLORIDA 15 ug/l

(ME) MAINE 2 ug/l

Nearly 70% of single oral doses of 14C-labelled pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) was excreted in bile /of rats/ within 24 hr. The characterized biliary metabolites of PCNB were either mercapturic acid pathway metabolites or catabolites thereof (thiols, methylthiols, S-glucuronides). A major biliary metabolite was S-(aminotetrachlorophenyl)glutathione. Conjugation with glutathione with subsequent catabolism to bis-methylthiotetrachlorobenzene was the major pathway in the control rat. Germ-free experiments showed that only nitro- group displacement occurred, and no nitro- group reduction was detected.

Technical grade: after oral administration of 2 g PCNB to rabbits... 12% was excreted as pentachloroaniline and 14% as n-acetyl-5-pentachloro-phenylcysteine. After feeding of pentachloronitrobenzene (technical grade) over an extended period of time to rats (up to 500 ppm) and beagle dogs (up to 1080 ppm), no PCNB was found in tissues, but trace amount of pentachloroaniline and methylpentachlorophenylsulfide were detected. ...

In mice, 4 daily oral doses of pentachloronitrobenzene (500 mg/kg body weight) led to appearance of pentachloroaniline and pentachlorophenylsulfide metabolites in fatty tissue of pregnant mice and in fetuses. ...

... With pentachloronitrobenzene ... acetylcysteine displaces labile nitro group /forming pentachlorophenylmercapturic acid/.

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

After feeding of pentachloronitrobenzene (technical grade) over extended period of time to rats (up to 500 ppm) and beagle dogs (up to 1080 ppm), no PCNB was found in tissues, but trace amounts of pentachloroaniline and methylpentachlorophenylsulfide were detected in various tissues and fat. After oral administration of 2 g PCNB to rabbits, 62% was found unchanged in feces. ...

In mice, 4 daily oral doses of pentachloronitrobenzene (500 mg/kg body weight) led to appearance of ... metabolites in fatty tissue of pregnant mice and in fetuses, indicating transplacental passage of these metabolites. PCNB was mainly found in maternal animals.

In milk from cows treated with PCNB, traces of pentachloronitrobenzene were observed in addition to pentachloroaniline and methyl pentachlorophenyl sulfide.

Pentachloronitrobenzene was poorly absorbed in gut of rabbits and underwent little reduction to corresponding aniline until after absorption. Aniline analog was recovered from urine.

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Pentachloronitrobenzene is used as a soil fungicide on lawns and ornamental crops, as a seed treatment of field crops and vegetables (e.g., barley, corn, cotton, oats, rice, and wheat), and as a slime inhibitor in industrial waters.

Used as a soil and seed fungicide; [HSDB] Used as a seed, soil, and foliage (mainly turf) fungicide for vegetables, field crops, seeds, turf, and ornamentals; [Reference #1]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For pentachloronitrobenzene (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 56502) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

The /EPA/ has determined that PCNB-containing products for some uses are eligible for reregistration provided that the risk mitigation measures ... are made ... . Those uses of PCNB eligible for reregistration are: Cole crops (products labeled for control of clubroot only), Seed treatments, /and/ Flowering bulbs in commercial production.

Intermediate, soil fungicide, slime prevention in industrial waters, herbicide.

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and pentachlorobenzene (PCB) are manufacturing impurities in technical pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB). During a special review in the 1980s of PCNB, /the EPA/ ... entered into an agreement with the manufacturers to reduce the amount of HCB in the technical grade PCNB to 0.5% by April 1983, and to 0.1% by April 1988 (47 FR 18177). ... In 1994, the /EPA/ ... sought to establish a maximum allowable level of HCB at 0.05% and 0.01% for PCB. Both registrants complied with the changes and subsequent formulations of PCNB contained HCB and PCB contamination levels at or below the new allowable limits.

... TECHNICAL PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE (PCNB) CONTAINS 1.8% HCB (HEXACHLOROBENZENE). ...

Technical grade pentachloronitrobenzene contains an avg of 97.8% PCNB ... 0.4% 2,3,4,5-tetrachloronitrobenzene, & less than 0.1% pentachlorobenzene.

Pentachloronitrobenzene pesticide contains hexachlorobenzene as an impurity at concentrations of <0.05%.

(1978) 1.91X10+9 G (CONSUMPTION)

(1982) 1.73X10+9 G (CONSUMPTION-INCL IMPORTS)

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#3528]

This chemical is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

FUNGICIDE FOR PEANUTS, 47%; SEED TREATMENT FOR FIELD CROPS, 11%; POTATOES, 3%; VEGETABLES, 3%; OTHER FIELD CROPS-EG, SOYBEANS, 21%; LAWNS & TURF, 16% (1982)

The /EPA/ estimates total usage of PCNB /before the Reregistration Elgibility Decision/ at 770,000 to 1,000,000 lbs/year, with the greatest agricultural use on cotton (400,000 lbs/year) and potatoes (60,000 lbs/year); turf applications are estimated at 250,000 to 500,000 lbs/year (90-95% of which is used on golf courses).

QUINTOZENE USAGE IN CALIF, MAJOR AGRICULTURAL STATE, WAS ... 22,000 KG IN 1971 ... & 25,000 KG IN 1972 ... OVER 70% ... WAS APPLIED TO COTTON & ABOUT 8% WAS USED FOR COTTONSEED TREATMENT.

... Prepared by chlorination of nitrobenzene at 60-70 °C in chlorosulfuric acid, with iodine as a catalyst.

... Produced by nitration of pentachlorobenzene.

MEFENOXAM PC Active Ingredient 10.00% Benzene, pentachloronitro- and 0.50% Metalaxyl-M

RIDOMIL GOLD PC GR Active Ingredient 10.00% Benzene, pentachloronitro- and 0.50% Metalaxyl-M

Tritisan contains 60% ai ... Brassicol contains 50% & 75% ai as wettable powder: 20% as emulsifiable concentrate & 20% as dust; Terrachlor 75% wp containing 75% ai (Olin); Terra-coat 2 lf seed treatment with dye containing 24% ai or 2 lb/US gal; Terra-coat SD 205 seed dust with dye containing 20% ai plus 5% Terrazole (5-ethoxy-3-trichloromethyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole) (Olin); Terrachlor-super X soil fungicide emulsible containing 23.2% active plus 5.8% terrazole or 2 lb and 5 lb respectively/US gal (Olin).

Technical product is 99% pure. ...

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Benzene, 1,2,3,4,5-pentachloro-6-nitro-: ACTIVE

... COMPATIBLE WITH ALL PESTICIDES AT PH 7 OR LESS.

PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE NOT EFFECTIVE AGAINST ROOT-ROT DISEASES CAUSED BY PYTHIUM OR PHYTOPHTHORA.