1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-Nonafluorbutan-1-sulfonsure

Ionic Liquids -> Fluorinated Ionic Liquids

Ionic Liquids

PFAS -> Perfluorosulfonic acids

PFAS -> Other/unspecified

PFAS -> Intentionally added food contact chemicals

PFAS -> Other/unspecified

PFAS -> Other/unspecified

PFAS -> PFsulfonic acids (PFSA)

Flame retardants -> Flame retardant for polycarbonate resins

Flame retardants -> Flame retardants for polycarbonate resins

133.6 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: ESI-; Dataset: PFAS]

196.88 Ų [2M-H]-

Danger

H302 (97.8%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P260, P264, P270, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P330, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 45 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Danger

H314 (100%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

Chemical: 1-Butanesulfonic acid, 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluoro-

Hazard Traits - Hazard Trait Undefined

Status: Active Update: 25-05-2018 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/25546

Substance: 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane-1-sulphonic acid

Monitoring requirements for unregulated contaminants. (a) General applicability. This section specifies the monitoring and quality control requirements that must be followed if you own or operate a public water system (PWS) that is subject to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (UCMR), as specified in paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section. In addition, this section specifies the UCMR requirements for State and Tribal participation. For the purposes of this section, PWS "population served," "State," " PWS Official," "PWS Technical Contact," and "finished water" apply as defined in section 141.35(a). The determination of whether a PWS is required to monitor under this rule is based on the type of system (e.g., community water system, non-transient non-community water system, etc.), and its retail population, as indicated by SDWIS/Fed on December 31, 2010. ... Contaminant: perfluorooctanesulfonic acid; CAS Registry No.: 375-73-5; Analytical Method: EPA 537; Minimum Reporting Level: 0.09 ug/L; Sampling location: EPTDS (entry points to the distribution system); Period during which monitoring to be completed: 1/1/2013-12/31/2015.

Acute Tox. 4 (97.8%)

Skin Corr. 1B (100%)

Eye irritation - category 2A

Skin corrosion/irritation - Category 1

Reacts violently with water.

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents

Suitable extinguishing media: Dry powder

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Never allow product to get in contact with water during storage. Recommended storage temperature 2 - 8 °C. Handle and store under inert gas.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas; Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Do not flush with water. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

Eye/face protection: Tightly fitting safety goggles. Faceshield (8-inch minimum). Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. Flame retardant protective clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) survey conducted 2003 thru 2004, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid was detected (detection limit 0.4 ng/mL) in <0.5% of the 2094 serum samples analyzed(1). Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid was detected at 0.610 ng/mL in the serum of a 23 year old male living in a home with a history of carpet Scotchgard application; it was not detected (detection limit 0.05 ng/mL and 2.50 ng/g, respectively) in the urine or stool of this person(2). Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid was not detected in the serum, urine or stool of any other residence (males ages 52, 21, 17, 15; females ages 48, 18) living in the home; samples were collected Nov 2008(2). Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid was not detected (detection limit 2 pg/mL) in 60 human blood samples (adult ages 19-62) collected from Gdansk, Poland and nearby villages in July of 2003(3). Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid concentration was 0.074 ng/mL (1977), increased to 0.18 ng/mL (1980), and then stabilized at 0.065 to 0.12 ng/mL (1981-2000) and then dropped to <0.050 from 2001-2006 in 24 pooled serum samples from men, age 40 to 50 years, representing 1977 to 2006(4). Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid was not detected (detection limit 0.02 ng/mL) in human blood samples from volunteer donors from five Chinese cities (Shenyang, Beijing, Gulyang, Jintan, Nanjing) collected in 2004(5). Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid was detected in one of 55 umbilical cord and one of 15 infertile man serum samples at 1.48 and 0.77 ng/mL, respectively; perfluorobutanesulfonic acid was not detected (detection limit 0.1 ng/mL) in the serum of 50 men working in manufacturing; all samples were collected Dec 2008 to Aug 2009 from residents of Wenzhou, China(6). Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid was not detected (detection limit 0.008 ng/mL) in 420 human blood samples collected from volunteer residents from Halle and Munster, Germany; samples were collected 1982 to 2009(7). Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid was frequently detected in 30 human hair samples(8).

Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid was detected in blood plasma of men, women and children from German population in samples collected Sept to Nov 2006 at the following concentrations(1):[Table#8298]

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 180(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that perfluorobutanesulfonic acid is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The estimated pKa of perfluorobutanesulfonic acid is -3.31(3), indicating that this compound will exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of perfluorobutanesulfonic acid from moist soil surfaces is not expected(SRC) given the estimated pKa(3). Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 0.027 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2). Biodegradation of <3% of the Theoretical Oxygen Demand of perfluorobutanesulfonic acid in aerobic studies indicates that it is not expected to biodegrade in soil(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 180(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that perfluorobutanesulfonic acid is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). An estimated pKa of -3.31(3) indicates perfluorobutanesulfonic acid will exist entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), a reported BCF of 0.71 in rainbow trout(5), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation of <3% of the Theoretical Oxygen Demand of perfluorobutanesulfonic acid in aerobic studies indicates that it is not expected to biodegrade in water(6).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), perfluorobutanesulfonic acid, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 0.027 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase perfluorobutanesulfonic acid is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 115 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.4X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(2). Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid was sampled in food, tea and milk purchased in grocery stores in Oslo, Norway between Oct 2008 and Jan 2009, concentrations were (pg/g fresh weight): chicken meat (3.2), egg (2.0), fish sticks (5.0), salmon (2.2). All other products (lettuce, carrot, potato, cheese, margarine, milk, bread, strawberry jam, pork meat, beef, canned mackerel, cod, cod liver and tea) were listed at less than detection limit (detection limits varied)(1).

Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid was not detected (detection limit 0.24 ng/g) in 12 raw and 49 retail milk samples collected at locations across the US(1). Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid was not detected (detection limit 0.7 pg/mL) in 21 infant formula samples purchased from retail stores in Washington, DC and Boston, MA in 2007, or in 12 dairy milk samples purchased from retail stores and local farms in Albany, NY in 2008(2). Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid was not detected (detection limit 0.24 pg/g) in milk samples purchased at grocery stores in Oslo, Norway between Oct 2008 and Jan 2009(3).

Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid concentrations in breast milk samples, collected 1999 to 2005, from women primarily living in major cities from seven Asian Countries were reported as follows(1):[Table#8301]

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) can be in the form of a colorless liquid or a corrosive solid. Esters of perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids are used as strong alkylating agents in preparative chemistry. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Children with asthma have been shown to have significantly different serum PFBS levels compared to children without asthma. Inhibitory potencies of four perfluoroalkylated substances on human and rat 11beta-HSD2 were tested, one of which was PFBS. PFBS showed the lowest potency for the inhibition of human and rat 11beta-HSD2 activities. In an in vitro study, PFBS did not generate ROS or DNA damage in HepG2 cells. PFBS inhibited PHA-induced IL-10 release and prevented LPS-induced I-kappaB degradation. ANIMAL STUDIES: PFBS modestly reduced plasma triglycerides in mice. A 90-day rat oral gavage study was conducted with potassium salt of PFBS (K(+)PFBS). No treatment-related mortality, body weight, or neurological effects were noted. Chromorhinorrhea (perioral) and urine-stained abdominal fur were observed in males at 600 mg/kg-day. Red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values were reduced in males receiving 200 and 600 mg/kg-day. Total protein and albumin were lower in females at 600 mg/kg-day. Microscopic changes were observed only at the highest dose in the stomach. Histopathological changes were observed in the kidneys, consisting of minimal-to-mild hyperplasia of the epithelial cells of the medullary and papillary tubules and the ducts in the inner medullary region. A two-generation reproductive rat study was conducted with K(+)PFBS. In the 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day dose group rats, there were increased liver weight and corresponding increased incidence of adaptive hepatocellular hypertrophy, and increased incidence of minimal to mild microscopic findings in the medulla and papilla of the kidneys. There were no K(+)PFBS treatment-related effects on fertility or reproduction among the P or the F1 rats. There were no microscopic changes in male or female reproductive organs, and no biologically relevant effects on sperm parameters, mating, estrous cycles, pregnancy, and natural delivery in the P- or F1-generations. There were no K(+)PFBS treatment-related effects on survival of pups. Litter size and average pup birth weight per litter were not statistically significantly different from controls in any dose group. In the F1-generation, terminal body weight was reduced in males at 1000 mg/kg/day. Preputial separation was slightly delayed at this dose, a finding consistent with the body weight reduction. Essentially no effects were observed in the F1 females. F2 pups had normal body weights. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: In a study of tadpoles, PFBS did not have a significant effect on survival and growth. However, it caused hepatohistological impairment at higher concentrations. PFBS had no effect on the sex ratio and gonadal histology. It promoted expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR), but did not affected aromatase expression in the brain.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The present pilot study examined emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), i.e., a suite of short chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), PFAA precursors and replacement chemicals, and legacy PFASs (long chain length PFAAs) in livers from ringed seals, polar bears and, for the first time, killer whales from East Greenland collected in 2012-2013. Among the emerging PFASs, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) and F-53B (a chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid) were detected in Arctic wildlife, albeit at concentrations approximately four orders of magnitude lower compared to perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). PFOS was positively correlated with F-53B, but not PFBS in all three species. A total of 17 PFASs were detected in killer whales, including in a mother-fetus pair, demonstrating maternal transfer. /Total/ PFAS concentrations in killer whales (269 +/- 90 ng/g) were comparable to concentrations found in ringed seals (138 +/- 7 ng/g), however, an order of magnitude lower compared to concentrations found in polar bear livers (2336 +/- 263 ng/g). Patterns of long chain PFAAs in killer whales differed from the pattern in ringed seals and polar bears. Of the monitored PFAA precursors, only perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA) was detected in all three species, and FOSA/PFOS ratios and isomer patterns indicated that killer whales have a potential lower metabolic capacity to degrade FOSA compared to polar bears and ringed seals.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS), as a substitute for perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), is widespread in the environment and biotic samples as well as PFOS. To investigate effects of PFOS and PFBS on the growth and sexual development of amphibians, we exposed Xenopus laevis tadpoles at a series of concentrations of PFOS and PFBS (0.1; 1; 100; 1,000 ug/L) as well as 17-beta-estradiol (E2, 100 ng/L) and 5 alpha-androstan-17-beta-ol-3-one (DHT, 100 ng/L) from stage 46/47 to 2 months postmetamorphosis. ...Neither PFOS nor PFBS had a significant effect on the survival and growth. However, they caused hepatohistological impairment at higher concentrations (100; 1,000 ug/L). Unlike E2, PFOS at all concentrations did not alter the sex ratio and induce intersex, but caused degeneration of spermatogonia in testes except for the lowest concentration. PFBS had no effect on the sex ratio and gonadal histology. PFOS and PFBS promoted expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR), but not affected aromatase expression in the brain. The increase in expression of ER and AR suggests an increase in the responsiveness to the corresponding sex hormone and potential effects on sexual development. ...Results show that PFBS as well as PFOS have adverse effects on hepato-histology and sexual development on X. laevis. Also, PFOS- and PFBS-induced increase in ER and AR expression highlights the need to further study effects of PFOS and PFBS on subsequent gonadal development, sexual dimorphism, and secondary sex characteristics in X. laevis. It is debatable that PFBS is widely used as a substitute of PFOS.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The toxicity of perfluorinated surfactants perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and PF-656 as well as the sulfosuccinate surfactant docusate sodium has been examined using two bioluminescence inhibition assays based on the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri and the self-luminescent cyanobacterial recombinant strain Anabaena CPB4337. Multigenerational toxicity towards the growth of the algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata /was also determined/ with EC(50) values in the 43-75 mg/L range, docusate sodium exhibited a higher toxicity towards the three organisms than PFOS, PFOA, PF-656 and PFBS ...

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ A multigeneration toxicity test on Chironomus riparius was performed with the aim of investigating the evolutionary consequences of exposure to perfluoralkyl substances (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, PFOS; perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOA; perfluorobutane sulfonate, PFBS). Six-hundred larvae were bred per treatment and per generation until emergence and egg deposition under a nominal concentration of 10 ug/L of contaminants. Newborn larvae were used to start the next generation. Evolution of genetic variability was evaluated along a total of 10 consecutive generations based on 5 microsatellite loci. Analysis of life-history traits (survival, sex ratio and reproduction) was also carried out. Rapid genetic variability reduction was observed in all treatments, including controls, across generations due to the test conditions. Nevertheless, an increased mutation rate determined a stronger conservation of genetic variability in PFOS and, at minor extent, in PFBS exposed populations compared to controls. No significant effects were induced by exposure to PFOA. Direct mutagenicity or induced stress conditions may be at the base of increased mutation rate, indicating the potential risk of mutational load caused by exposure to PFOS and PFBS. The test provided the opportunity to evaluate the use of approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) and coalescent approaches in evolutionary ecotoxicology. A weak performance was evidenced for ABC, either in terms of bias or dispersion of effective population sizes and of estimates of mutation rate. On the contrary, coalescent simulations proved the sensitivity of traditional genetic endpoints (i.e. heterozygosity and number of alleles) to the alteration of mutation rate, but not to erosion of genetic effective size.

Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid was not detected (detection limit 0.1 ng/g wet weight) in northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) and thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) eggs sampled 1971-2009 from Prince Leopold Island, Nunavut, Canada; was detected in northern fulmar at 0.57 ng/g wet weight in 2011 and murre at 0.04 and 0.07 ng/g wet weight in 2010 and 2011, respectively; black guillemot (Cepphus grylle), black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) and glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) eggs sampled in 2008 did not contain perfluorobutanesulfonic acid(1). Perfluorobutanesulfonoic acid was not detected (detection limit 2 pg/mL) in blood samples from 16 eider duck (Sommateria mollisima), collected from the Gulf of Gdansk in Feb 2003(2). Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid was not detected (detection limit ng/g) in the muscle (0.87), kidney (0.10), adult liver (0.19), chick liver (0.06) or egg (0.15) of common guillemot (Uria aalge) samples from Stora Karlso Island in the Baltic Sea collected in 1989(3). Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid was not detected in cormorants, racoon dog, eagle or large-bill crow collected from Japan(4). Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid was not detected (detection limit 0.01 ng/g wet weight) in eggs of little egret (Egretta garzetta), night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) and great egret (Ardea alba) from Quanzhou, Xiamen, and Hong Kong, South China; respective sampling dates were March-May 2004, March-May 2004 and March-May 2006(5).

Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid was detected at a maximum of 2300 ng/L in leachate from six landfills from four locations in the US(1). Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid was detected in influent and effluent samples collected from 10 wastewater treatment facilities located throughout the US at not detected to 27 and not detected to 20 ng/L, respectively(2). Samples of effluent from 13 sewage treatment plants located in the Hayabuchi River region of Japan contained 0.9-10.7 ng/L of perfluorobutanesulfonic acid; samples were collected Jan 9, 2007(3).

Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid concentrations in the influent or effluent samples from waste water treatment plants along the Glatt Valley Watershed, Switzerland were reported; all samples were collected Feb to March 2006(1).[Table#8299]

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of perfluorobutanesulfonic acid can be estimated to be 180(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that perfluorobutanesulfonic acid is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. The estimated pKa of perfluorobutanesulfonic acid is -3.31(3), indicating that this compound will exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). The log Koc for perfluorobutanesulfonic acid in three sediments was reported as 1.42 in 23 sediments(5).

Monitoring requirements for unregulated contaminants. (a) General applicability. This section specifies the monitoring and quality control requirements that must be followed if you own or operate a public water system (PWS) that is subject to the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (UCMR), as specified in paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section. In addition, this section specifies the UCMR requirements for State and Tribal participation. For the purposes of this section, PWS "population served," "State," " PWS Official," "PWS Technical Contact," and "finished water" apply as defined in section 141.35(a). The determination of whether a PWS is required to monitor under this rule is based on the type of system (e.g., community water system, non-transient non-community water system, etc.), and its retail population, as indicated by SDWIS/Fed on December 31, 2010. ... Contaminant: perfluorooctanesulfonic acid; CAS Registry No.: 375-73-5; Analytical Method: EPA 537; Minimum Reporting Level: 0.09 ug/L; Sampling location: EPTDS (entry points to the distribution system); Period during which monitoring to be completed: 1/1/2013-12/31/2015.

In rats, the mean terminal serum PFBS elimination half-lives, after i.v. administration of 30 mg/kg PFBS, were: males 4.51 +/- 2.22 hr (standard error) and females 3.96 +/- 0.21 hr. In monkeys, the mean terminal serum PFBS elimination half-lives, after i.v. administration of 10 mg/kg PFBS, were: males 95.2 +/- 27.1 hr and females 83.2 +/- 41.9 hr. Although terminal serum half-lives in male and female rats were similar, without statistical significance, clearance (CL) was significantly greater in female rats (469 +/- 40 mL/hr) than male rats (119 +/- 34 mL/hr) with the area under the curve (AUC) significantly larger in male rats (294 +/- 77 ug.hr/mL) than female rats (65 +/-5 ug.hr/mL). These differences were not observed in male and female monkeys. Volume of distribution estimates suggested distribution was primarily extracellular in both rats and monkeys, regardless of sex, and urine appeared to be a major route of elimination. Among 6 human subjects (5 male, 1 female) followed up to 180 days, the geometric mean serum elimination half-life for PFBS was 25.8 days (95% confidence interval 16.6-40.2).

Tissue specific uptake and elimination of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) were studied in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Adult trout were exposed to perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) via food over a time period of 28 d. In the following 28-d depuration period the fish were fed PFAA-free food. At defined sampling times four animals were removed from the experimental tank, euthanized and dissected. Muscle, liver, kidneys, gills, blood, skin and carcass were examined individually. At the end of the accumulation phase between 0.63% (PFOA) and 15.5% (PFOS) of the absolute, applied quantity of PFAAs was recovered in the whole fish. The main target organ was the liver with recovery rates between 0.11% (PFBS) and 4.01% (PFOS) of the total amount of ingested PFAAs. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids were taken up more readily and had longer estimated elimination half-lives than perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids of the same chain length. The longest estimated elimination half-lives were found to be for PFOS between 8.4 d in muscle tissue and 20.4 d in the liver and for PFNA between 8.2 d in the blood and 11.6 d in the liver.

PFBS was not detected in maternal sera (n = 20), cord sera (n = 20) or human milk (n = 17) taken from the general population of Seoul, South Korea (LOD of 0.1, 0.05 and 0.0011 ng/mL, respectively)

Materials derived from perfluorobutanesulfonyl fluoride (PBSF, C(4)F(9)SO(2)F) have been introduced as replacements for eight-carbon homolog products that were manufactured from perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride (POSF, C(8)F(17)SO(2)F). Perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS, C(4)F(9)SO(3)(-)) is a surfactant and potential degradation product of PBSF-derived materials. The purpose of this series of studies was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of PFBS in rats, monkeys, and humans, thereby providing critical information for human health risk assessment. Studies included: (1) intravenous (i.v.) elimination studies in rats and monkeys; (2) oral uptake and elimination studies in rats; and (3) human serum PFBS elimination in a group of workers with occupational exposure to potassium PFBS (K(+)PFBS). PFBS concentrations were determined in serum (all species), liver (rats), urine (all species), and feces (rats). In rats, the mean terminal serum PFBS elimination half-lives, after i.v. administration of 30 mg/kg PFBS, were: males 4.51 +/- 2.22 hr (standard error) and females 3.96 +/- 0.21 hr. In monkeys, the mean terminal serum PFBS elimination half-lives, after i.v. administration of 10 mg/kg PFBS, were: males 95.2 +/- 27.1 hr and females 83.2 +/- 41.9 hr. Although terminal serum half-lives in male and female rats were similar, without statistical significance, clearance (CL) was significantly greater in female rats (469 +/- 40 mL/hr) than male rats (119 +/- 34 mL/hr) with the area under the curve (AUC) significantly larger in male rats (294 +/- 77 ug.hr/mL) than female rats (65 +/-5 ug.hr/mL). These differences were not observed in male and female monkeys. Volume of distribution estimates suggested distribution was primarily extracellular in both rats and monkeys, regardless of sex, and urine appeared to be a major route of elimination. Among 6 human subjects (5 male, 1 female) followed up to 180 days, the geometric mean serum elimination half-life for PFBS was 25.8 days (95% confidence interval 16.6-40.2). Urine was observed to be a pathway of elimination in the human. Although species-specific differences exist, these findings demonstrate that PFBS is eliminated at a greater rate from human serum than the higher chain homologs of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS). Thus, compared to PFOS and PFHxS, PFBS has a much lower potential for accumulation in human serum after repeated occupational, non-occupational (e.g., consumer), or environmental exposures.

The toxicokinetics of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and nonafluoro-1-butanesulfonic acid (PFBS) were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats and cynomolgus monkeys. Systemic exposure to PFHxA was lower than for PFBS following single equivalent intravenous or oral (rat only) doses. Serum clearance was more rapid for PFHxA than for PFBS. In rats, exposure to PFHxA and PFBS was up to 8-fold (intravenous) and 4-fold (oral) higher for males than females and serum clearance of PFHxA and PFBS was more rapid in females than males; however, there was no appreciable difference in the extent or rate of urinary elimination between compounds or genders. There were no apparent differences between genders in the serum half-life for PFHxA following 26 days of repeated oral dosing in rats; exposure decreased upon repeated dosing.

Perfluorobutanesulfonyl fluoride (PBSF) has been introduced as a replacement for its eight-carbon homolog perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride (POSF) in the manufacturing of fluorochemicals. Fluorochemicals derived from PBSF may give rise to perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) as a terminal degradation product. Although basic mammalian toxicokinetic data exist for PFBS, information on its tissue distribution has only been reported in one study focused on rat liver. Therefore, here we characterized the tissue distribution of PFBS in mice in the same manner as we earlier examined its eight-carbon homolog perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) to allow direct comparisons. Following dietary exposure of adult male C57/BL6 mice for 1, 3 or 5d to 16 mg (35)S-PFBS/kg/d, both scintillation counting and whole-body autoradiography (WBA) revealed the presence of PFBS in all of the 20 different tissues examined, demonstrating its ability to leave the bloodstream and enter tissues. After 5d of treatment the highest levels were detected in liver, gastrointestinal tract, blood, kidney, cartilage, whole bone, lungs and thyroid gland. WBA revealed relatively high levels of PFBS in male genital organs as well, with the exception of the testis. The tissue levels increased from 1 to 3 d of exposure but appeared thereafter to level-off in most cases. The estimated major body compartments were whole bone, liver, blood, skin and muscle. This exposure to PFBS resulted in 5-40-fold lower tissue levels than did similar exposure to PFOS, as well as in a different pattern of tissue distribution, including lower levels in liver and lungs relative to blood.

Perfluoroalkanesulfonate anions are good leaving groups. Esters of perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids are therefore used as strong alkylating agents in preparative chemistry.

• Detected in leather [Ref: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4202-7]

non-polymer PFAS -> Floor coverings -> Floor polish

PFAS -> PFsulfonic acids (PFSA)

PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) -> OECD Category