1-Brom-2-chlorethan

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION. Then, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Harmful concn of the vapors of halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons should not be allowed to build up in the atmosphere in which operators are working & if this is unavoidable ... adequate personal protective equipment must be provided & appropriate safety measures adopted. ... An appropriate ventilation system must be /provided/. ... /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 34(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 6,900 mg/l(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-bromo-2-chloroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 9.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). The potential for volatilization of 1-bromo-2-chloroethane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 33.1 mm Hg(4).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 34(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 6,900 mg/l(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 9.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 and 122 hours, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 4(SRC), from its water solubility(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-bromo-2-chloroethane, which has a vapor pressure of 33.1 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 42 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.5X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3).

The Koc of 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is estimated as 34(SRC), using a water solubility of 6,900 mg/l at 25 °C(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

SOURCE AREAS: 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane was detected at a median and maximum concentration of 6.1 and 1,100 parts per trillion(1), respectively, in three source areas: Edison, NJ; El Dorado, AK; and Magnolia, AK (74 samples). 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane was not found in three routine EPA field ambient air monitoring samples(2).

RURAL/REMOTE: 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane was not detected in atmospheric volatile organic chemical sampling at the Grand Canyon, AZ(1).

Headache, gastric discomfort, pallor, mucous membranes irritation, lowering of blood pressure & body temperature, & ultimately coma have been described as signs of acute ethylene chlorobromide intoxication.

In chronic exposure injury to the liver, kidneys & eyes may occur.

HAZARDOUS BY ALL ROUTES, INCLUDING PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION. MAY PRODUCE ANESTHESIA & LIVER AND KIDNEY INJURIES.

An estimated BCF of 4 was calculated for 1-bromo-2-chloroethane(SRC), using a water solubility of 6,900 mg/l at 25 °C(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is 9.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 2 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 122 hours(SRC). 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1-bromo-2-chloroethane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 33.1 mm Hg(1).

A CLOSED, INERT INCUBATION SYSTEM WAS DESIGNED FOR TESTING THE MUTAGENICITY OF 10 VOLATILE COMPOUNDS, ONE OF WHICH WAS 1-BROMO-2-CHLOROETHANE. THE CONTAINMENT PROPERTIES OF THIS SYSTEM WERE TESTED USING (14)C-LABELED 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE. THE RECOVERY OF THIS SOLVENT WAS ABOUT 95% FOLLOWING 48 HR INCUBATION AT 37 °C. THE AMES SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM/MAMMALIAN MICROSOME MUTAGENICITY ASSAY WAS ALSO USED TO DETERMINE THE MUTAGENIC POTENCY OF THESE HALOGENATED ALKANE SOLVENTS. ONLY 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE AND 1-BROMO-2-CHLOROETHANE GAVE POSITIVE RESULTS IN THE STANDARD TEST PROCEDURE, WHEREAS 7 OF THE 10 COMPOUNDS TESTED, GAVE POSITIVE RESULTS IN THE CLOSED SYSTEM. A MINIMUM OR THRESHOLD RESPONSE LEVEL FOR EACH SOLVENT WAS CALCULATED.

TREATMENT OF MALE RATS WITH 1-BROMO-2-CHLOROETHANE RESULTED IN A DECREASE IN CYTOCHROME P-450 CONTENT & ALTERATIONS IN RELATIVE CONTENT OF FATTY ACIDS IN HEPATIC MICROSOMES. A HIGH CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN LOSS OF CYTOCHROME P450, DECR IN ARACHIDONIC ACID AND INCR IN LINOLEIC AND OLEIC ACIDS.

ON A MOLAR BASIS, THE RELATIVE MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY ON CHINESE HAMSTER OVARY CELLS OF ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE:ETHYLENE BROMOCHLORIDE:ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE WAS APPROXIMATELY 100:6:1. CELL SURVIVAL WAS REDUCED TO 50% BY ABOUT 6 MMOLE OF ETHYLENE BROMOCHLORIDE AND DECLINED PRECIPITOUSLY WITH INCREASING CONCENTRATIONS OF THE HALOETHANES. WHEN ASSAYED IN THE PRESENCE OF S9, THERE WAS A 5- TO 25-FOLD INCR IN CYTOTOXICITY; ETHYLENE BROMOCHLORIDE SHOWED A CONCOMITANT 4-FOLD INCREASE IN MUTAGENICITY.

In the companion paper we demonstrated that hepatic vitamin E in rats becomes depleted and extrahepatic pools of vitamin E are altered by treatment with 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE). Vitamin E depletion may be dependent upon initial steps of DBE metabolism that are either oxidative (cytochrome p450 dependent) or conjugative (glutathione transferase dependent). That the liver content of glutathione (GSH) and vitamin E, the plasma concentration of vitamin E, and the serum activities of AST and ALT may be influenced by cytosolic metabolism of DBE was assessed by comparison of findings from rats treated with either 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) or 1-bromo-2-chloroethane (BCE). The extent of oxidative metabolism was diminished by the use of tetradeutero-DBE (d4-DBE), and the availability of GSH for conjugative metabolism was diminished by pretreatment of rats with L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO) prior to treatment with DBE. Our results indicate that neither DCE nor BCE provokes a liver vitamin E depletion in rats, that d4-DBE treatment hastens but does not enhance the observed hepatic vitamin E depletion by comparison to animals treated with an equimolar dose of DBE, and that BSO pretreatment prevented the hepatic vitamin E depletion observed from animals treated with DBE alone. These results indicate that hepatic vitamin E depletion is the unique sequelae to conjugation of GSH with DBE, and we suggest the reactive episulfonium ion intermediate or a macromolecular adduct of this ion derived from DBE may play a role in liver vitamin E depletion associated with exposure to DBE.

... Persons with existing damage or suspected of being susceptible to damage of the /liver or kidney should be protected from exposure/. Alcoholism and liver diseases are the most frequent contraindications of this sort. /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons/