Purin-6(1H)-on

Chronic Exposure: Kidney dialysis is usually needed to relieve the symptoms of xanthine toxicity until normal kidney function can be restored. Acute Exposure: EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice.

As a uremic toxin, this compound can cause uremic syndrome. Uremic syndrome may affect any part of the body and can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. It can also cause changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma. Abnormal bleeding, such as bleeding spontaneously or profusely from a very minor injury can also occur. Heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, inflammation in the sac that surrounds the heart (pericarditis), and increased pressure on the heart can be seen in patients with uremic syndrome. Shortness of breath from fluid buildup in the space between the lungs and the chest wall (pleural effusion) can also be present. Chronically high concentrations of hpyoxanthine can lead to health problems such as renal failure and xanthine kidney stones, one of the rarest types of kidney stones. Chronically high levels of hypoxanthine are associated with at least 4 inborn errors of metabolism including: Xanthinuria type I, Xanthuria type II, Molybdenium Cofactor Deficiency, and Xanthinuria.

Under normal circumstances hypoxanthine is readily converted to uric acid. The enzyme xanthine oxidase makes uric acid from xanthine and hypoxanthine, which in turn are produced from other purines. In humans and higher primates, uric acid is the final oxidation (breakdown) product of purine metabolism and is excreted in urine.