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Melamin
1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine · Melamin · Cymel · 2,4,6-Triamino-s-triazine · 2,4,6-Triamino-1,3,5-triazine · 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine (Melamine) · Aero · Triaminotriazine
Identifikatoren & physikalische Daten
| CAS No. | 108-78-1 |
|---|---|
| Summenformel | C3H6N6 |
| Durchschnittliche Molmasse | 126,12 g/mol |
| Monoisotopische Masse | 126,06539419 g/mol |
| SMILES | Nc1nc(N)nc(N)n1 |
| InChIKey | JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 7955 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1231106 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:27915 |
| EC No. | 203-615-4 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID6020802 |
| Lokaler Name | Melamin |
Chemische & physikalische Eigenschaften
| XLogP | -1,4 |
|---|---|
| Polarare Oberfläche (TPSA) | 117 |
| H-Brücken-Donoren | 3 |
| H-Brücken-Akzeptoren | 6 |
| Frei drehbare Bindungen | 0 |
| Schwere Atome | 9 |
| Formalladung | 0 |
| Komplexität | 63,3 |
| Stoffklassen | Nitrogen Compounds -> TriazinesIndustrial compound |
| Polymers | Plastics -> PURPlastics -> Flame retardants |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | Boiling point |
| Pestizide | Environmental transformation -> Pesticide transformation products (metabolite, successor)Pesticide (Melamine) -> USDA PDB |
| LogP (Verteilungskoeffizient) | log Kow = -1.37-1.14 |
| Dichte | 1.573 at 61 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than waterwill sink1.573 at 14 °C1574 kg/m³1.573 @ 16°C |
| Flame Retardants | Flame retardants |
| Color/Form | Monoclinic prismsMonoclinic colorless prisms or crystalsWhite, monoclinic crystals |
| Löslichkeit | less than 1 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)Very slightly sol in hot alcinsol in etherSparingly sol in glycol, glycerol, pyridinevery slightly sol in ethanolinsol in benzene, carbon tetrachlorideIn water, 3.23X10+3 mg/L at 20 °C3.24 mg/mL at 20 °CSolubility in water: poorwater: soluble25mg/mL, clear to slightly hazy, colorless3 g/L (20 ºC) |
| Endocrine Disruptors | Potential endocrine disrupting compound |
| Siedepunkt | Sublimes (NTP, 1992)224.22°C (rough estimate) |
| Decomposition | DANGEROUSWHEN HEATED TO DECOMP, EMITS HIGHLY TOXIC FUMES OF /NITROGEN OXIDES AND HYDROGEN CYANIDE/. |
| Schmelzpunkt | >300 °C (lit.) |
| Dampfdruck | 66.65 hPa (315 °C) |
| Brechungsindex | 1.872 |
| Flammpunkt | >110°C |
| Lagerbedingungen | no restrictions. |
| pKa (Säurekonstante) | 5(at 25℃) |
| Aggregatzustand | Fine Crystalline Powder |
| Farbe | White |
| pH | 7-8 (32g/l, H2O, 20℃) |
| Merck | 14,5811 |
| BRN | 124341 |
| Henry-Konstante | 5.5×108 mol/(m3Pa) at 25℃, HSDB (2015) |
| Stabilität | Stable. Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents. Nonflammable. |
| Hauptanwendungen | cleaning productscosmeticsfood and beveragespersonal care |
| InChI | 1S/C3H6N6/c4-1-7-2(5)9-3(6)8-1/h(H6,4,5,6,7,8,9) |
| InChIKey | JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | Nc1nc(N)nc(N)n1 |
| LogP (Verteilungskoeffizient) | -1.22 at 20℃ |
| CAS Datenbank | 108-78-1(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NIST chemische Informationen | 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine(108-78-1) |
| EPA chemische Informationen | Melamine (108-78-1) |
| ECETOC JACC REPORT | Melamine (108-78-1) |
Sicherheit & Vorschriften
| GHS-Einstufung | WarningH351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]P203, P260, P280, P318, P319, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 67.5% (624 of 924) of all reports.H351 (18.2%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity] |
|---|---|
| Regulatorische Informationen | Chemical: 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamineHazard Traits - CarcinogenicityRegulation (EC) No 178/2002 (amended)1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 10-03-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15978Substance: Melamine |
| Weitere Sicherheitsinformationen | IMAP assessments - 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine: Human health tier I assessment |
| Brandgefahren | Literature sources indicate that this compound is nonflammable. (NTP, 1992)Combustible under specific conditions. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air. |
| Gesundheitsgefahren | SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound may include irritation of the skin, eyes and mucous membranes. It may also cause irritation of the upper respiratory tract. Other symptoms may include urinary bladder stones, diuresis and crystalluria. Dermatitis has been reported. Kidney injury may occur. |
| Gefahrenübersicht | Toxic by ingestionMay cause kidney stonesA skin, eye, mucous membrane, and respiratory tract irritant[CAMEO] An irritantEffects in high-dose animal studies include abnormal liver function tests[MSDSonline] No occupational morbidity or mortality reported[AIHA] Melamine-contaminated pet food caused kidney stones and acute kidney failure in cats and dogs. [Reference #1] |
| FDA-Anforderungen | Melamine is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. |
| Reaktive Gruppe | Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines |
| Special Reports | Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentScreening Information Data Set for Melamine, CAS #108-78-1European Chemicals BureauIUCLID Dataset, Melamine (CAS # 108-78-1)Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Melamine in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies) Technical Rpt Series 245 (1983) NIH Pub 83-2501 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 |
| Reactivity Profile | MELAMINE is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong acids (NTP, 1992). Neutralizes acids in exothermic reactions to form salts plus water. May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen may be generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides. |
| Chemical Dangers | Decomposes on heating and on burning. This produces toxic and irritating fumes including hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen oxides and ammonia. |
| Physical Dangers | Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air. |
| Air and Water Reactions | Insoluble in water. |
| Brandbekämpfung | Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. A water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992)Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. |
| Erste-Hilfe-Maßnahmen | Fresh air, rest.Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible).Rinse mouth. |
| Erste Hilfe | EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. |
| Brandbekämpfungsverfahren | Powder, water spray, foam, carbon dioxide.Melanine itself does not burn. Use any extinguishing agent suitable for surrounding fire. Poisonous gases including carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia are produced in fire. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained and equipped in OSHA 1910.156. |
| Lagerbedingungen | Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well vented area away form strong oxidizers and strong acids. Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums or other storage containers to process containers. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA standard 1910.1045. |
| Reinigungsverfahren | Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Use HEPA vacuum or wet method to reduce dist during clean-up. Do not dry sweep. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean-up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped. OSHA 1910.120(q) may be applicable.Sweep spilled substance into sealable containersif appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place (extra personal protection: P2 filter respirator for harmful particles).DISSOLVED CYANURIC ACID, CYANURATES, & OTHER DERIVATIVES (0.2-3.0%) CONTAINED IN WASTE WATER FROM THE MFR OF CHLORINATED CYANURIC ACIDS ARE REMOVED BY SLURRYING WITH POWDERED OR GRANULATED ACTIVE CARBON FOR 0.5-3 HR & FILTRATION.ACID WASTEWATERS FROM MFR OF CYANURIC ACID & ITS CHLORINATED DERIVATIVES WHICH CONTAIN CYANURIC ACID, MELAMINE, AMMELINE, & AMMELIDE & HAVE PH 0-6, ARE HEATED TO 245-270 °C UNDER EVOLVED PRESSURE, WHICH MAY BE 1-30 ATM & ARE HYDROLYZED COMPLETELY. |
| Freisetung ohne Brand | SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. |
| Entsorgungsverfahren | SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic, and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations. |
| Verschüttetes entsorgen | Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. |
| Eye Prevention | Wear safety spectacles. |
| Fire Prevention | NO open flames. Closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent deposition of dust. |
| Inhalation Risk | A nuisance-causing concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered. |
| Wechselwirkungen | The major pet food recall associated with acute renal failure in dogs and cats focused initially on melamine as the suspect toxicant. In the course of the investigation, cyanuric acid was identified in addition to melamine in the offending food. The purpose of this study was to characterize the toxicity potential of melamine, cyanuric acid, and a combination of melamine and cyanuric acid in cats. In this pilot study, melamine was added to the diet of 2 cats at 0.5% and 1%, respectively. Cyanuric acid was added to the diet of 1 cat at increasing doses of 0.2%, 0.5%, and 1% over the course of 10 days. Melamine and cyanuric acid were administered together at 0%, 0.2%, 0.5%, and 1% to 1 cat per dose group. No effect on renal function was observed in cats fed with melamine or cyanuric acid alone. Cats dosed with a combination were euthanized at 48 hours after dosing because of acute renal failure. Urine and touch impressions of kidneys from all cats dosed with the combination revealed the presence of fan-shaped, birefringent crystals. Histopathologic findings were limited to the kidneys and included crystals primarily within tubules of the distal nephron, severe renal interstitial edema, and hemorrhage at the corticomedullary junction. The kidneys contained estimated melamine concentrations of 496 to 734 mg/kg wet weight and estimated cyanuric acid concentrations of 487 to 690 mg/kg wet weight. The results demonstrate that the combination of melamine and cyanuric acid is responsible for acute renal failure in cats. |
| Gesundheitliche Auswirkungen | Studies ranging from skin irritation to carcinogenicity are available. Melamine is not genotoxic but it causes carcinomas of the urinary bladder at high doses. Melamine is not irritating to skin and eye, not sensitising and not teratogenic. (L1777) |
| Umweltverhalten | TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 5(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -1.37(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that melamine is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of melamine from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.8X10-14 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 3.59X10-10 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 3.23 mg/L(5). Melamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). No biodegradation using a standard 5-day BOD test(6) suggests that biodegradation may not be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 5(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -1.37(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that melamine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.84X10-14 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 3.59X10-10 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 3.23X10+3 mg/L(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is(SRC). No biodegradation using a standard 5-day BOD test was observed(8), suggesting that biodegradation may not be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), melamine, which has a vapor pressure of 3.59X10-10 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase melamine may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). |
| Lebensmitteluntersuchungswerte | On March 15, 2007, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) learned that certain pet foods were sickening and killing cats and dogs. FDA found contaminants in vegetable proteins imported into the United States from China and used as ingredients in pet food(1). Melamine was found in wheat gluten imported from China and used in pet food made by Menu Foods, which recalled 60 million cans and pouches of dog and cat food in mid-March of 2007. A portion of the tainted pet food was used to produce farm animal feed and fish feed. FDA and the U.S. Department of Agriculture discovered that some animals that ate the tainted feed had been processed into human food. All tainted pet food, animal and fish feed, and vegetable proteins continue to be recalled and destroyed (2007)(1). |
| Unerwünschte Wirkungen | Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation. |
| Expositionspfade | Oral (L1775)inhalation (L1775)dermal (L1775) |
| Toxizitätsübersicht | IDENTIFICATION: Melamine is a monoclinic prismatic substance that is slightly soluble in water and ethanol. It is insoluble in diethyl ether. Melamine forms synthetic resins with formaldehyde. It is used in the manufacture of melamine resins, laminates, surface coating resins, plastic molding compounds, textile resins, bonding resins, gypsum melamine resin mixtures, orthopedic casts, rubber additives and paper products. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Occupational exposure to melamine may occur during its production and use in manufacture of synthetic resins with formaldehyde. ANIMAL STUDIES: Melamine was tested for its carcinogenicity by oral diet in mice and rats and for initiating activity by skin application in mice. No neoplasm related to treatment was observed after oral administration in mice. Male rats fed diets containing melamine developed transitional cell tumors in the urinary bladder, with one exceptionall tumor bearing animals had bladder stones probably containing melamine. The incidence of urinary bladder hyperplasia associated with toxicity in male mice treated with melamine in the diet was observed. Groups of 20 male Fisher 344 rats, six weeks old were fed diets containing melamine with a purity of 99.4% with or without 10% NaCl for a total of 36 weeks and were sacrificed at week 40. Urinary bladder carcinomas were observed in all dose groups given melamine alone and melamine with NaCl. No carcinomas were observed in the melamine and NaCl groups. The incidences of papillomas were significantly decreased by NaCl. In contrast to the incidence of papillomas in the group given high dose melamine alone and in rats receiving high dose melamine and NaCl respectively, developed papillomas. Papillomas developed in rats receiving lower dose melamine alone. The occurrence of tumors correlated with calculus (melamine uric acid salt) formation and papillomatosis. Male and female Fisher 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice were fed melamine in the diet for 103 weeks. Twenty percent of the males at high dose and only 2% at the low dose and none of the controls had bladder stones. Seven of the eight urinary bladders with transitional cell carcinomas and three of the remaining 41 bladders without neoplasms had stones. There was statistically significant correlation between the bladder stones and bladder tumors. Fifty percent of a single oral dose of melamine was recovered in the urine of rats within 6 hr. After administration of a single dose of (14)-C-melamine to adult Fisher 344/N rats, 90% of the dose was excreted in the urine within the first 24 hr. Most of the radiolabel was concentrated in the kidney and bladder and negligible amounts were detected in exhaled air and feces. The radiolabelled material found in the plasma and urine indicated that melamine was not metabolized in rats. Melamine induced lambda prophage in Escherichia coli (WP2s-lambda) but did not induce reverse mutation in Salmonella typhimurium in presence or absence of an exogenous metabolic activation system . Sex linked recessive lethal mutations were not induced in Drosophila melanogaster. Melamine did not induce gene linked mutation in Salmonella typhimurium or sister chromatid exchange in Chinese hamster cells in vitro or micronuclei in mouse bone marrow in vivo. Melamine by oral administration has produced urinary bladder and ureteral carcinomas in male rats but only urinary hyperplasia in male mice. The occurrence of urinary tumors in male rats correlated strictly with calculus formation and exposure to higher doses. The dose dependence was confirmed by other studies in male rats in which concomitant administration of sodium chloride to increase urinary output resulted in a decreased tumor yield.Melamine causes carcinomas of the urinary bladder at high doses (in male rats). Formation of bladder stones occurred and these calculi are necessary for the induction of tumours. Carcinomas are induced by continuous irritation of the bladder epithelium by the calculi, so that melamine acts only indirectly as a non-genotoxic carcinogen. (L1777) |
| Ökotoxizitätsauszüge | /AQUATIC SPECIES/ EXPOSURE OF BIOMPHALARIA GLABRATA FOR 45 DAYS TO SUBLETHAL CONCN (500, 1000 & 2000 MG/L) OF MELAMINE IN WATER CAUSED A CONCN-DEPENDENT DECREASE IN REPRODUCTIVE ABILITY./AQUATIC SPECIES/ MELAMINE AT 500 & 1000 MG/L LOWERED THE RATE OF SALMO GAIRDNERI EGG HATCHABILITY & AT 125 & 250 MG/L IT INCREASED THE INCIDENCE OF MALFORMATION IN EXPOSED LARVAE. |
| Ongoing Test Status | The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=108-78-1] |
| Soil Adsorption/Mobility | The Koc of melamine is estimated as 50(SRC), using a log Kow of -1.37(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that melamine is expected to have very high mobility in soil. Aromatic amines may bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(4,5), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC). Adsorption of melamine to suspended clay sediment was reported from pH 1 to 6.5, with a maximum absorption of 500X10-6 mols/g at pH 4.0(6). |
| TSCA Test Submissions | in Male Weanling Fischer 344 Rats (Final Report) [3 Parts] W-Attachments & Letter Dated 01/09/9202/28/83EPA Doc. No. 88-920000641Fiche No. OTS0535236] Melamine (CAS# 108-78-1) was evaluated for subchronic dietary toxicity. The test substance was administered in the diet of male weanling Fischer 344 rats (40/group, except for 19 animals in the 2,000 ppm group) at concentrations of 0, 2,000, 4,000, 7,000, 10,000, 13,000, 16,000, or 19,000 ppm for 4-weeks. At the 16,000 and 19,000 ppm dose-level, treatment-related effects included a significant decrease in body weight gain. All dose levels exhibited increased water intake and decreased food consumption early in the exposure period, an increase midway through the exposure period, and a decrease in the latter part of the exposure period. Clinical signs included a dose-related increase in piloerection, lethargy, bloody urine spots in the cage and on the pelage of animals, and chromodacryorrhea. Necropsy findings concluded a treatment-related incidence of urinary bladder calculi at 4,000 ppm and above, and urinary bladder hyperplasia at 1,000 ppm and above. It was concluded that the NOEL was estimated to be 2,000 ppm.[AMER CYANAMID COInitial Submission: Evaluation of Urolithiasis Induction by Melamine |
| Human Toxicity Excerpts | /HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ HUMAN SUBJECTS WERE GIVEN PATCH TESTS WITH MELAMINE. NO EVIDENCE OF EITHER PRIMARY IRRITATION OR SENSITIZATION WAS FOUND./SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ SUMMARY TOXICITY STATEMENT: ACUTE... MODERATE VIA ORAL ROUTE. MODERATE= MAY CAUSE REVERSIBLE OR IRREVERSIBLE CHANGES TO EXPOSED TISSUE, NOT PERMANENT INJURY OR DEATHCAN CAUSE CONSIDERABLE DISCOMFORT./CASE REPORTS/ DERMATITIS HAS BEEN REPORTED FROM MFR OF MELAMINE FORMALDEHYDE RESINS & GLUES. IT IS PROBABLE THAT THESE CASES WERE CHIEFLY DUE TO FORMALDEHYDE OR INTERMEDIATE REACTION PRODUCTS OF FORMALDEHYDE & MELAMINE. |
| Wassergefährdungsklasse (WGK) | 1 |
| TSCA-Inventar-Status | TSCA listed |
| UN-Transportnummer | 3263 |
| Zollcode | 29336980 |
| RTECS-Nr. | OS0700000 |
| R-Sätze (R) | 43-44-20/21 |
| Toxizität | LD50 orally in Rabbit: 3161 mg/kg LD50 dermal Rabbit > 1000 mg/kg |
| Gefahrensymbole | Xi,Xn |
| Sicherheitshinweise (S) | 36/37 |
| Verpackungsgruppe | III |
| Lagerklasse | 11 - Combustible Solids |
| Gefahrstoffdaten | 108-78-1(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| Gefahrenklasse | Carc. 2Repr. 2STOT RE 2 |
| Selbstentzündungstemperatur | >600 °C |
Anwendungen & Verwendung
Beschreibung
Melamine-formaldehyde resin (MFR) is an active ingredient of strong (reinforced) plasters. Sensitization was reported in a plaster-room technician, who applied resin-reinforced pIaster casts, and in dental technicians. MFR was contained in a strong dental pIaster used for mouldings. Used as a textile finish res in, it was also found to be an allergen in a women who replaced clothes in a store. MFR also releases formaldehyde, which may be the sensitizer.
Verwenden
It is used to make high-pressure laminating resins (e.g., decorative countertops), molded compounds (e.g., dinnerware), and surface coating resins (e.g., appliance finishes and automotive topcoats). Additional major products are textile and paper treatment resins. Miscellaneous uses include adhesive resins for gluing lumber, plywood, and flooring, and resins for leather tanning agents. Melamine, melamine cyanurate, other melamine salts, and guanidine compounds are currently the most used group of nitrogencontaining flame retardants. Melamine is used as a flame retardant additive for polypropylene and polyethylene. Melamine cyanurate is employed commercially as a flame retardant for polyamides and terephthalates.
Herstellung & Synthese
synthetische
The standard route to melamine is from urea. Urea is heated in the presence of ammonia at 250-350C and 4--20 MPa. The reaction probably involves the simultaneous dehydration and hydration of urea to form cyanamide and ammonium carbamate; trimerization of the cyanamide then leads to melamine:Thus only 50% of the urea used gives melamine in one step and ammonium carbamate has to be separated and converted to urea for recycling. Despite this limitation, the urea route is the most economical of currently available routes.