Decanal

Suitable extinguishing media: For small (incipient) fires, use media such as "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. For large fires, apply water from as far as possible. Use very large quantities (flooding) of water applied as a mist or spray; solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Recommended storage temperature: 2-8 °C.

Accidental Release Measures. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Waste treatment methods: Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

11 [mg/m3]

120 [mg/m3]

740 [mg/m3]

Protective clothing and chemical goggles. (USCG, 1999)

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Eye/face protection: Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Body Protection: Impervious clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Expired air samples, obtained from an urban population of 28 normal healthy humans, contained decaldehyde at 0.4 ng/L in approximately 63% of the samples(1). Expired air samples were collected from 62 human subjects (20 controls, 14 prediabetics, and 28 diabetics); decaldehyde was identified only in the samples from prediabetic sources(2). 43 of 46 human adipose tissue samples contained decaldehyde at unreported concentrations(3). Decaldehyde was found in 15 of 15 personal air samples at a mean concentration of 1.2 ppb from samples taken in Helsinki, Finland, tested May to September 1997(4). Decaldehyde was detected in 2 of 8 human mother's milk samples (unreported concentrations) collected in Bayonne, NJ, Jersey City, NJ, Pittsburgh, PA, Baton Rouge, LA, and Charleston, WV(5).

Environment-selective synergistic toxicity using combinations of aldehydes and hydrazine derivatives was demonstrated in two different model systems in vitro. Combinations of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde with semi-carbazide and of 2-hydrazinopyridine with pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde, which can react in situ to form antimicrobial hydrazones, demonstrated greater degrees of synergism against the intracellular pathogen, Salmonella typhimurium, at pH 5 relative to pH 7.4. Combinations are more selectively toxic at pH 5 (vs pH 7.4) than individual precursors and preformed hydrazone products because acid catalysis of hydrazone formation plays a role only for the combinations. A combination of decanal and N-amino, N'-octylguanidine (AOG) exhibited more pronounced synergistic cytolytic activity against erythrocytes in 0% serum than in 1% serum. Serum protein binding of decanal inhibited the formation of the more cytotoxic hydrazone, N-decylidenimino,N'-1-octylguanidine (DIOG), from the less cytotoxic AOG and decanal, and serum protein binding of DIOG prevented this cytotoxin from reaching the cell membrane. Because decanal binding cannot play a role in the cytotoxicity of preformed DIOG, it was less selective for cells in 0% serum than the combination of AOG and decanal. The pH 5 and 0% serum environments represent very simple models for macrophage phagolysosomal compartments and poorly vascularized solid tumor interiors respectively. If environment-selective synergism can be used as a basis for target-selective synergism in other in vitro model systems and in vivo, self-assembling combinations could provide a basis for rational introduction of target-selective synergism into chemotherapeutic drug design.

Decanal and N-amino-N'-1-octylguanidine (AOG), combined at 28 microM each, mediated erythrocyte lysis within 80 minutes under physiological conditions. By contrast, no lysis was observed after 20 hours with either decanal (56 microM) or AOG (100 microM) alone. The pronounced synergism observed for these chemicals and similar reactive pairs of chemicals is due to the self-assembly of more cytotoxic hydrazones in situ. Decanal and AOG also exhibit synergistic activity against cultured human cells (HeLa) and bacteria (Escherichia coli J96). This synergism may be useful in the design of cytotoxins that would self-assemble selectively from nontoxic precursors within tumors, while sparing normal tissue.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 70(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that decaldehyde is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of decaldehyde from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.8X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(3). Decaldehyde is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.103 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). Utilizing the BOD5 screening test, decaldehyde reached 22% theoretical BOD in 5 days using a sewage inoculum(5), suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 70(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that decaldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.8X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 hours and 5 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 140(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 3.76(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Utilizing the BOD5 screening test, decaldehyde reached 22% theoretical BOD in 5 days using a sewage inoculum(6), suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), decaldehyde, which has a vapor pressure of 0.103 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase decaldehyde is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1 day(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Decaldehyde does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Hamburger (15.5% fat), which had been fried, had a fine aerosol emission rate of 1.9 mg decaldehyde/kg meat(1). Extra lean and regular hamburger, which had been char broiled, had a fine aerosol emission rate of 8.9 and 12.4 mg decaldehyde/kg meat, respectively(1). Decaldehyde was identified as a volatile component of raw beef(2) and roasted filberts(3). Decaldehyde was identified in concentrated aqueous orange essences(5), in fresh-squeezed orange and pineapple juice at concentrations from 0.016-0.50 ppm(6), in kiwi fruit flowers(8), and in a steam distillate of Kogyoku apple juice(10). Bisbee Delicious apples from Washington State emitted increasing concentrations of decaldehyde through the end of August (to 992.7 pL/kg-hr); concentrations decreased in apples harvested after this point (to 77.9-208.3 pL/kg-hr) but increased in apples harvested in early October (to 910.3 pL/kg-hr)(4). Decaldehyde is present, at unreported concentrations, as a volatile component of aroma of cooked beef, mutton, chicken, and pork(7). Cold-pressed oils from Florida and California citrus (oranges, tangerines, grapefruits) contained decaldehyde from 0.131-0.415 wt%(9). Decaldehyde was found in popcorn using dry extraction method at 29 ug/kg(11). Decaldehyde was identified as a volatile component in unpasteurized, fresh orange juice samples at concentrations of 0.16-0.45, 0.50, and 0.18 ppm in mechanically pressed valencia, pineapple, and ambersweet oranges, respectively(10); concentrations of 0.016, 0.022, 0.019-0.021, 0.057-0.29, 0.057, and 0.043 ppm were measured in hand pressed valencia, pineapple, hamlin, navel, pera, and ambersweet oranges, respectively(12).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Decaldehyde (Decanal) is a colorless to light-yellow liquid. The main use of decanal is for citrus tones and for the manufacture of synthetic citrus oils. In addition, the C10 aldehydes have value as intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and in the polymer and pesticide fields. In the aircraft cabin, decanal was produced in the presence of ozone from surface reactions with occupants and their clothing, consistent with the inference that occupants were responsible for the removal of >55% of the ozone in the aircraft cabin. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Decanal was cytotoxic to Hela cells with IC50 less than 20 ug/mL. ANIMAL STUDIES: Decanal demonstrated antifungal and bactericidal properties. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Decanal did not significantly affect survival or hatching success of the brine shrimp Artemia salina.

Uremic toxins such as decanal are actively transported into the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Increased levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This seems to be mediated by the direct binding or inhibition by uremic toxins of the enzyme NADPH oxidase (especially NOX4 which is abundant in the kidneys and heart) (A7868). Reactive oxygen species can induce several different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) which are involved in the silencing of a protein known as KLOTHO. KLOTHO has been identified as having important roles in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. A number of studies have indicated that KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced during acute or chronic kidney diseases in response to high local levels of reactive oxygen species (A7869).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Water soluble algal extracts, the aldehydes 2E,4E-decadienal, decanal, undecanal and the fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were assayed for toxicity to hatching success and larval mortality of the brine shrimp Artemia salina. ... Decanal did not significantly affect survival or hatching success at the concentrations tested. Undecanal and EPA showed a limited toxic effect in naupliar mortality trials. We suggest that 72 hr Artemia exposure trials represent an acceptable bioassay for diatom toxicity where alternative bioassays are unavailable.

Decaldehyde was detected in the emissions from 4 of 19 vegetation species from the Fernbank Forest in Atlanta, GA(1). Emission rates of 0.3, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 ugC/hr-gram dry weight from Basswood, Eastern hemlock, American Beech, and Slippery Elm, respectively, were reported(1). Decaldehyde has been detected in emissions from the oak species Quercus ilex at Castel Porziano, Rome, Italy on June 1993 between the hours of 11 am to 1 pm(2). In northeast Spain decaldehyde was detected in the volatiles of Pinus halepensis during the 1997 spring and summer seasons at emission rates of 0.55 and 2.80 ug/gDM/hr, respectively, and in Bupleurum fruiticosum during the 1997 summer season at an emission rate of 1.97 ug/gDM/hr(3).

Decaldehyde detections in plants(1).[Table#986]

Synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants /for human consumption/ that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, withn the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Decanal is included on this list.

Synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants /for animal drugs, feeds, and related products/ that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, within the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Decanal is included on this list.

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date: 9/30/91; Reporting date: 11/27/91.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Decanal is included on this list. Effective date: 9/30/91; Sunset date: 6/30/98.