Nonan-1-ol

AEROBIC: Nonyl alcohol degraded fast in aerobic biodegradation screening tests(1-3). In one 5-day BOD test using acclimated mixed cultures, 47.9% of theoretical BOD was consumed(1). In the other test which used an activated sludge inoculum, nonyl alcohol's half-life was 1.2 days(SRC), calculated from a biodegradation rate of 2.36X10-2/hr(3). In a third test, 62% of its theoretical BOD in a grab sample of freshwater incubated at 18-19 °C was expended in 4 days(2).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

30 [mg/m3]

120 [mg/m3]

710 [mg/m3]

... Maximum permeation of MT was observed when fatty alcohol carbon chain length was 10. As the level of unsaturation increased from one to two double bonds, there was an increase in the permeation of MT both in porcine and human skin. However, a decrease in the permeation was observed with three double bonds. Regression analysis using the steady state flux data showed a significant positive correlation between porcine and human skin for saturated fatty alcohols (r(2)=0.8868, P=0.0005).

LC50 Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow, weight 0.12 g) 5.7 mg/L 96 hr flow-through bioassay, water hardness 45.5 mg/L CaCO3, temp: 25 +/- 1 °C, pH 7.5, dissolved oxygen >60% of saturation

LC50 Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow, age 30-31 days, mean weight 0.124 g, mean length 20.0 mm) 5.7 mg/L/96 hr (95% confidence limit: 5.4-6.0 mg/L); flow through bioassay, temp 24.8 °C, pH 7.63, dissolved oxygen 7.2 mg/L, hardness 44.3 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 43.0 mg/L CaCO3 /purity 97%/

LC50 Alburnus alburnus (Bleak) 18 mg/L/96 hr (95% confidence limit: 16-20 mg/L); static /formulated product/

LC50 Nitocra spinipes (Harpacticoid copepod) 25 mg/L/96 hr (95% confidence limit: 21-30 mg/L); static /formulated product/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 1-NONANOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 290(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 140 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1-nonanol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-nonanol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.08X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.27X10-2 mm Hg(4) and water solubility(2). 1-Nonanol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). 1-Nonanol has been demonstrated to be readily biodegradable in aerobic screening tests(5-7) and therefore may readily biodegrade in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 290(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 140 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1-nonanol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.08X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.27X10-2 mm Hg(4), and water solubility(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.6 days and 15 days, respectively(SRC). 1-Nonanol has been demonstrated to be readily biodegradable in aerobic screening tests(5-7) and therefore may biodegrade in natural water(SRC). According to a classification scheme(8), an estimated BCF of 160(SRC), from a log Kow of 3.77(9) and a regression-derived equation(10), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-nonanol, which has a vapor pressure of 2.27X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-nonanol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 28 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.4X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3).

1-Nonanol has been identified in a variety of foods including nectarines(1), oil of orange(7), cassava(2), duck(3), peanut oil(4), earth almonds (Cyperus esculentus L.)(5), and a French mountain cheese(6). Unspecified nonyl alcohol isomers have been identified in pork and beef(7,8).

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

The existing information was reviewed by the independent Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety and supports the use of nonyl alcohol as described in this fragrance ingredient safety assessment. Data from read-across analog heptyl alcohol (CAS # 111-70-6) show that nonyl alcohol is not expected to be genotoxic and provide a calculated Margin of Exposure (MOE) >100 for the repeated dose toxicity and reproductive toxicity endpoints. Data from read-across analog 1-decanol (CAS # 112-30-1) provided nonyl alcohol a No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) of 10000 μg/cm2 for the skin sensitization endpoint. The photoirritation/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectra; nonyl alcohol is not expected to be photoirritating/photoallergenic. The local respiratory toxicity endpoint was evaluated using the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material, and the exposure to nonyl alcohol is below the TTC (1.4 mg/day).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ /In flow through acute toxicity testing using Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) exposed to concentrations of 0, 0.56, 1.0, 2.3, 4.7, and 8.2 mg/L 1-nonanol for 96 hr,/ affected fish first became sluggish in movement and stopped schooling. Some fish swam at water surface and equilibrium was lost prior to death.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ ... All the tested alcohols showed knockdown effect at 10 min and mortality 18 h after treatment. The highest activity was found for the 1-dodecanol (KC50 2.55%, LC50 2.28%) and the lowest for 1-octanol (KC50 8%, LC50 4.46%). Toxicity to head lice systematically increased with increase in carbon atoms in the n-aliphatic alcohol moiety, and with the octanol:water coefficient (r2 = 0.94). The pediculicidal activity of 1-dodecanol was not correlated with resistance to permethrin.

An estimated BCF of 160 was calculated for 1-nonanol(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.77(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC), provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC).

1-Nonanol (CAS # 142-08-8) was evaluated for acute oral toxicity. The test substance was administered by gavage to Sprague-Dawley albino rats. Dosage and mortality data are as follows: 2,000 mg/kg (0/3 M, 0/2 F); 2,510 mg/kg (0/2 M, 2/3 F); 3,160 mg/kg (0/3 M, 2/2 F); 3,980 mg/kg (0/2 M, 3/3 F); 5,010 mg/kg (3/3 M, 2/2 F); and 6,310 mg/kg (2/2 M, 3/3 F). Signs of intoxication included weight loss, increasing weakness, ocular discharge, collapse, and death. Gross autopsy revealed hemorrhagic lungs, liver discoloration, and acute gastrointestinal inflammation.

1-Nonanol (CAS # 142-08-8) was evaluated for acute dermal toxicity. The test substance was administered to New Zealand albino rabbits. Dosage and mortality data are as follows: 398 mg/kg (0/1 M); 631 mg/kg (0/1 F); 1,000 mg/kg (0/1 M, 1/1 F); 1,260 mg/kg (1/1 F); 2,000 mg/kg (0/1 M); 3,160 mg/kg (1/1 F); and 5,010 mg/kg (1/1 M). Signs of intoxication included weight loss, increasing weakness, ocular discharge, collapse, and death. Gross autopsy revealed hemorrhagic areas of the lungs, discoloration of the liver and kidneys, enlarged gall bladder, darkened spleen, and gastrointestinal inflammation.

1-Nonanol (CAS # 143-08-8) was evaluated for dermal sensitization using standard methods. The test substance was administered to 10 guinea pigs with an initial reaction rating of slight to very slight in 2 animals and a final patch rating of slight in 1 animal. The test substance was determined to be a non-sensitizer. No further information was available.

1-Nonanol (CAS # 142-08-8) was evaluated for primary dermal irritation. The test substance was administered to 6 New Zealand albino rabbits receiving 0.5 ml of undiluted test substance for a 24 hour exposure period. Average irritation score was 5.8/8.0. Irritation consisted of a defatting effect (skin sloughed off in 10-14 days). There was no in depth injury.

1-Nonanol (CAS # 142-08-8) was evaluated for primary eye irritation. The test substance was administered to 6 New Zealand albino rabbits receiving 0.1 ml of undiluted test substance for a 24 hour exposure period. Average irritation score was 33.3/110. Immediate discomfort was moderate with eyes tightly closed. Irritation consisted of slight erythema, copious discharge, and corneal dullness.

Nonyl alcohol is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and 2) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part.