Naphtho[1,2,3,4-def]chrysen

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Dibenzo

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Dibenzo

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Recommended storage temperature 2 - 8 °C.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Dibenzo

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Dibenzo

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Dibenzo

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for DIBENZO(A,E)PYRENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Dibenzo

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Dibenzo

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Dibenzo

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Dibenzo

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for DIBENZO(A,E)PYRENE (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

8 Hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.2 mg/cu m. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-HP) in urine (with hydrolysis); Sampling Time: end of shift at end of workweek. BEI: None.; Biological monitoring should be considered for this compound based on the review; however, a specific BEI could not be determined due to insufficient data. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/

For more Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete) data for DIBENZO(A,E)PYRENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

30 [mg/m3]

330 [mg/m3]

2000 [mg/m3]

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Dibenzo

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Dibenzo

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Dibenzo

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Dibenzo

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for DIBENZO(A,E)PYRENE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Several well-documented examples of human exposure to carcinogens involve complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Although the biological properties of many pure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been investigated, less is known about their effects when present as components of mixtures. As the ability to form DNA adducts in vivo is generally indicative of carcinogenic activity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, we have compared the DNA binding potencies of dibenzo(a,e)pyrene (DB(a,e)P), dibenzo(a,h)pyrene (DB(a,h)P), dibenzo(a,i)pyrene (DB(a,i)P), dibenzo(a,l)pyrene (DB(a,l)P) and benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), when applied topically, either singly or in combination, to the skin of male Parkes mice. DNA isolated from the skin and lungs was analyzed by (32)P-postlabelling. The adducts formed by each polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exhibited markedly different chromatographic mobilities on polyethyleneimine-cellulose TLC plates. The relative binding potencies of the compounds in both skin and lungs were: dibenzo(a,l)pyrene > dibenzo(a,i)pyrene > dibenzo(a,e)pyrene, in good agreement with their reported carcinogenicities in mouse skin. The majority of adducts were removed from DNA within 21 days of treatment, but low levels of adducts were found to persist for at least 3 months in both tissues. When dibenzo(a,l)pyrene, dibenzo(a,e)pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene were applied together to mouse skin, a total binding 31% lower than expected was detected, while with a mixture of dibenzo(a,e)pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene the binding to DNA in skin was 65% higher than expected from the binding levels of the carcinogenes when applied singly. Other binary combinations of these three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons gave adduct levels similar to the sum of the binding levels of the individual components when applied singly. The results demonstrate the usefulness of (32)P-post-labelling for the assessment of the DNA binding potencies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mouse tissues, and for the detection of interactions between components of mixtures of carcinogens.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 6.5X10+6(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that dibenzo(a,e)pyrene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of dibenzo(a,e)pyrene from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.4X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 5.2X10-11 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2). Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene absorbs strongly at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis on soil surfaces exposed to sunlight(SRC). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2016). However, PAHs with five or more benzene rings may not biodegrade readily(3).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 6.5X10+6(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that dibenzo(a,e)pyrene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.4X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 9700(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 7.28(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). However, it may not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms which contain microsomal oxidase, such as fish, as this enzyme enables the rapid metabolism of certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(5). Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene absorbs strongly at wavelengths >290 nm(7) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis on water surfaces exposed to sunlight(SRC). Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2016). However, PAHs with five or more benzene rings may not biodegrade readily(6).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), dibenzo(a,e)pyrene, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 5.2X10-11 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist almost entirely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Based on an estimated super-cooled vapor pressure of 1.3X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), a small percentage of dibenzo(a,e)pyrene may exist in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere(1). Similar PAHs have been detected in the vapor phase in ambient air(3,4). Vapor-phase dibenzo(a,e)pyrene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7.7 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.0X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(2). Particulate-phase dibenzo(a,e)pyrene may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene has been detected in dry atmospheric deposition(5). Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene absorbs strongly at wavelengths >290 nm(6,7) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene was detected in beef (70% lean) patties at 1 ug/kg cooked over mesquite. It was not detected in beef patties (80% and 90% lean beef) cooked over mequite or hardwood charcoal. It was detected in the smoke condensate at 4 ug/kg of mesquite but not in the charcoal smoke(1). Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene was detected in canola and/or soya cooking oil at trace levels; soya oil, 0.3 ug/kg; corn oil, 0.3 ug/kg(2). Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene was detected at concentrations of 1.84-2.50 mg/kg in 3 of 5 olive pomace oil collected in Spain prior to 2001 to 2002(3).

Sources of PAHs in the diet (which includes dibenzo(a,e)pyrene) include barbecued, grilled, broiled, and smoke-cured meats; roasted, baked, and fried foods (prepared by high-temperature processing); breads, cereals, and grains (at least in part from gas or flame drying of grains); and vegetables grown in contaminated soil or with surface contamination from atmospheric deposition of PAH(1). /Polyaromatic hydrocarbons/

Eighteen nations in Europe submitted almost 10,000 results (9,714) for PAH levels in different food commodities(1). An evaluation of these data was performed in June 2007 and updated in June 2008. Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene was detected above detection limits (not reported) in 4.9% of 2,471 samples at lower and upper bound mean concentrations of 0.04 and 0.17 ug/kg(1). In a comparison of 1,375 food products for 15 priority PAHS, dibenzo(a,e)pyrene was detected above detection limits in 7.6% of all samples at lower and upper bound mean concentrations of 0.06 and 0.15 ug/kg(1).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene (DB(a,e)P) forms yellow crystals. It is used as experimental carcinogen. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: DB(a,e)P tested positive for mutagenicity in a forward mutation assay based on human B-lymphoblastoid cells. ANIMAL STUDIES: A group of 21 female mice received a single dermal application of 800 nmol (242 ug) DB(a,e)P. At the end of the experiment, 5/21 mice had developed seven skin papillomas (0.3 papillomas/mouse) and 2/23 mice in the control group had developed one skin papilloma (0.1 papilloma/mouse). The first skin papillomas appeared after 15 weeks in the DB(a,e)P-treated group compared with 20 weeks in the control group. D(a,e)P was mutagenic to the Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 (his-/his+) when added at a concentration of 100 ug/plate with metabolic activation.

Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene was detected as a minor constituent of a coal tar sample (SM 1597) from a medium crude coke oven tar at unreported concentrations(1). Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene has been detected in tobacco smoke, gasoline exhaust, diesel exhaust, and curing smoke(2,3). Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene was detected in the stack emissions of waste incinerators and in coal combustion stack emissions at unreported concentrations(4). Monitoring of indoor air for emissions from open-fire, unvented coal combustion detected dibenzo(a,e)pyrene in particulate collections (4.0 ug/cu m), but not in volatile gas collection(5). Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene was detected in the exhaust of two diesel and two gasoline-fuelled light-duty vehicles(6).

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of dibenzo(a,e)pyrene can be estimated to be 6.5X10+6(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that dibenzo(a,e)pyrene is expected to be immobile in soil.

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Dibenzopyrene was detected in urban air samples from Kokkola, Finland in the particulate phase (concentration = not detected to 0.7 ng/cu m)(1). Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene was detected as a particulate phase pollutant, concentrations of ng/cu m air, in Camden, NJ (summer max=1.35, winter max = 6.84), Elizabeth, NJ (summer max = 27.1, winter max = 16.7), Newark, NJ (summer max = 2.27, winter max = 17.4), and Ringwood, NJ (summer max = 2.77, winter max = 0.52) from the summer of 1981 to the winter of 1983(2). Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene was reported in samples of airborne particulates from Hamilton, Ontario at concentrations of 683 to 4159 ng/1000 cu m(3). Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene was detected in an air filter sample taken from the Baltimore Harbor Tunnel (May 1975, concentration found in particulate matter = 7 ng/cu m)(4). Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene was detected in aerosol samples collected at Kenmore Square (Boston, MA) in 1994 at a concentration of 0.133 ng/cu m(5). Air particulate samples collected at three different locations in Stockholm, Sweden in 2003 and 2005 contained dibenzo(a,e)pyrene levels 9.3-57 pg/cu m(6). One airborn particulate sample collected Washington DC in the late 1970s (SRM 1649) contained a dibenzo(a,e)pyrene concentration of 0.37 ug/g(7). Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene was detected in atmospheric air particulates collected in Beijing, China before, during and after the 2008 Beijing Olympic Gamse(8).

INDOOR AIR: Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene was detected in indoor air samples taken from residential homes in Xuan Wei, China which used smokey coal (4.9-18 ug dibenzo(a,e)pyrene/cu m air), smokeless coal (0.17-5.8 ug dibenzo(a,e)pyrene/cu m air), or wood (<0.01-0.55 ug dibenzo(a,e)pyrene/cu m air)(1). The concentration of dibenzo(a,e)pyrene in indoor air samples collected in Shimizu, Japan in the summer of 2000 and winter of 2001 was 0.042 and 0.039 ng/cu m respectively(8).

RURAL/REMOTE: The measured integrated anthropogenic deposition of dibenzo(a,e)pyrene for Sagamore Lake and Woods Lake in New York State's Adirondack Park was measured as 80 and 160 ng/sq cm, respectively(1).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Dibenzo(a,e)pyrene was not detected in air collected in Bahrain during the burning of oil wells in Kuwait (1991), with a study detection limit of 0.05 ng/cu m(1). Air samples collected in highway toll station booths had a mean dibenzopyrene concentration of 39.8 ng/cu m(2).

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (including benzanthracenes, benzopyrenes, benzofluoranthene, chrysenes, dibenz-anthracenes, and indenopyrenes)/

For the maximum protection of human health from the potential carcinogenic effects of exposure to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons through ingestion of contaminated water and contaminated aquatic organisms, the ambient water concentration should be zero, based on the nonthreshold assumption for this chemical. However, zero level may not be attainable at the present time. Therefore, the levels which may result in incremental increase of cancer risk over the lifetime are estimated at 1X10-5, 1X10-6, and 1X10-7. The corresponding recommended criteria are 28.0 ng/L, 2.8 ng/L, and 0.28 ng/L, respectively. If these estimates are made for consumption of aquatic organisms only, excluding consumption of water, the levels are 311.0 ng/L, 31.1 ng/L, and 3.11 ng/L, respectively. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/.