Benzo[k]fluoranthen

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Recommended storage temperature 2 - 8 °C. Storage class (TRGS 510): Non-combustible, acute toxic Cat.3 / toxic hazardous materials or hazardous materials causing chronic effects.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEP) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If a spill of this chemical occurs, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with acetone and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with acetone to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with acetone followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds. Specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for BENZO(K)FLUORANTHENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.[Sigma-Aldrich; Safety Data Sheet for Benzo

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for BENZO(K)FLUORANTHENE (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Benzo(k)fluoranthene was not detected (detection limit 1.5 ng/g lipid weight) in the adipose tissue of 43 Korean women; samples were collected May 2007 to May 2008(1). The median benzo(k)fluoranthene blood concentration of 56 children (ages 2-12 years) was 4.0 ppb; samples were collected in Lucknow, India Sep 2005 to Aug 2006(2).

Benzo(k)fluoranthene concentrations were measured in human milk, placenta and umbilical cord blood collected 2005 to 2006 from 40 non-smoking mothers living in Beijing, China for at least 6 years, with the following results(1):[Table#5598]

In this study we evaluated the exposure effects of mixtures of five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); namely, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene and chrysene on zebrafish embryos. Supplementation of the exposure media with 0.45% dimethyl sulfoxide and 50 ppm of Tween 20 could guarantee the solubilization and stabilization of the PAHs up to 24 hr without affecting the embryos development. The exposure effects were tested by detecting the differential expression of a number of genes related to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor gene battery. Effects were detectable already after 6 hr of exposure. After 24 hr of exposure, all PAHs, except for benzo[a]anthracene, acted as potent inducers of the gene cyp1a1. Benzo[k]fluoranthene was the major inducer; the effect caused by the mixture at the lower concentration tested (1 ng/mL) was dominated by its presence. However, in the mixture at the highest concentration tested (10 ng/mL) it caused less induction and was not dominant. No significant bioaccumulation values were detected on embryos exposed to the PAHs tested in this study; however, the results obtained, indicated that PAHs undergo a very rapid metabolization inside the embryos, and that those biotransformation products yield changes on the expression of genes involved in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway. Future work should focus on identification of the PAH metabolization products and on the effect of these metabolites on toxicity.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the interactive effects of the metals lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF) on crucian carp (Carassius carassius). To this end, various biomarkers in the fish [7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD); superoxide dismutase (SOD); malondialdehyde (MDA) and metallothioneins (MT)] were measured after 96 h of exposure. When compared to either treatment with Pb and Zn mixtures or BkF-only treatment, the treatment with BkF combined with Pb and Zn resulted in lower responses of EROD and MT synthesis activity, and higher SOD and MDA increases. These results indicated that the co-exposure of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may cause more severe oxidative stress on fish. However, the effect of these interactions on EROD and MT may lead to an underestimation of the actual exposure in the field and thereby should be carefully considered.

The toxicity of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or phytoestrogen is relatively well characterized. However, the toxicity of combined exposure to PAHs and phytoestrogen is not well investigated. In the present study, benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and benzo(k)fluorathene (B(k)F), genistein, along with 17 beta-estradiol (E2), were investigated for their single and combined developmental toxicity using zebrafish embryos as model system. We demonstrated that two representative PAHs, both B(a)P (>/= 1 uM) and B(k)F (>/= 10 uM), can cause significant malformation and mortality in developing zebrafish embryos. The toxicity effect of B(a)P was in general higher than that of B(k)F. Developmental exposure to high level of genistein (> 20 uM) or E2 (> 10 uM), also caused significant malformation and mortality in zebrafish larvae at 120 hours post fertilization (hpf). However, different toxic effects were observed for the combined exposure to PAHs and phytoestrogen in zebrafish. Lower doses of genistein (1 and 10 uM) and E2 (0.1 and 1 uM), when used in combination with high concentration of B(a)P (1 uM) or B(k)F (20 uM), can significantly suppress the toxicity effect of B(a)P and B(k)F in developing zebrafish embryos. The beneficial effect of genistein may be due to the inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes via directly interacting with aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway, or disturbing the AhR pathway through interacting with estrogen receptor pathway.

The above-ground parts of celery plants were exposed to two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): 3-ring anthracene (ANT) and 5-ring benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), and the combination of ANT and BkF. After 43 days of exposure (overall dose of 1325 ug/plant), celery plants retained only 1.4% of the total dose of ANT and 17.5% of the total dose of BkF. After exposure to a combination of ANT and BkF (1325 ug of each compound per plant), the average ANT concentrations were more than twofold higher in/on leaf blades, whereas BkF levels were insignificantly higher. Under natural photoperiod conditions equivalent to a normal day, the combined application of ANT and BkF to the above-ground parts of celery plants slowed down physicochemical transformations of ANT. A similar effect was observed when PAHs were applied to glass surfaces. The combination of both PAHs probably led to stacking interactions, which decreased volatilization, in particular of ANT. Phytotoxicity of ANT and BkF could not be unambiguously established based on the results of this study. In all analyzed treatments, the chlorophyll content of leaf blades remained unchanged. Foliar application of ANT reduced ascorbic acid levels in all analyzed plant parts and increased the total acidity of celery leaves. In all experimental treatments, the total phenolic content of leaves increased up to 15%. Interestingly, ANT and BkF did not produce cumulative effects when applied in combination (when total PAH concentrations per plant were twofold higher).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), log Koc values of 6.81-7.91(2), indicate that benzo(k)fluoranthene is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of benzo(k)fluoranthene from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 5.84X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(3). Benzo(k)fluoranthene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9.65X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). The half-life of benzo(k)fluoranthene in soil has been reported to range from 65 to 1400 days(5-6). In a long-term study in which polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated sludge was applied to agricultural soils, mean half-lives for benzo(k)fluoranthene were calculated to be 8.7 and 2.9 years; biodegradation was suspected to be the most important loss process in these soils(7).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: The degradation of benzo(k)fluoranthene was monitored for 12 months in soil with a starting concentration of 40.8 mg/kg. The following concentrations (mg/kg) were reported(1):[Table#5602]

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), log Koc values of 6.81-7.91(2), indicate that benzo(k)fluoranthene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 5.84X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(4). Benzo(k)fluoranthene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF range of 3415-6465(SRC), from a log Kow range of 5.86-6.28(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high(SRC). Marine organisms which lack a metabolic detoxification enzyme system, tend to accumulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(8). The benzo(b,k)fluoranthene concentration was reduced to 1.7 ug/mL from an initial concentration of 2.9 ug/mL following 2 weeks incubation in contaminated groundwater; the final concentration in a sterile control was 2.8 ug/mL, indicating biodegradation had occurred(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), benzo(k)fluoranthene, which has a vapor pressure of 9.65X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase benzo(k)fluoranthene may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Benzo(k)fluoranthene contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Benzo(k)fluoranthene was not detected in moderate dark roasted coffee, but was found at 0-0.8 and 70-140 ppb in dark roasted coffee and coffee soots, respectively(1). Benzo(k)fluoranthene was detected in mesquite grilled beef patties at 14, 10, and 8 ug/kg for 70% lean, 80% lean, and 90% lean beef, respectively; it was not detected in hardwood charcoal grilled patties(2). Benzo(b,j,k)fluoranthene was detected at <0.05-6.3 ug/kg fresh weight in 23 lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) samples grown in private gardens Sept 1984 in southern Finland(3). Benzo(b,j,k)fluoranthene was detected in the following Finnish fat samples, ug/kg: 80% butter and vegetable oil mixture, 0.15; cooking margarines, 0.05-4.5; table margarines, not detected to 5.0; margarine, 7.2; cold pressed sunflower oil, 0.41; corn oil, 0.09; cold pressed corn oil, 2.5; rapeseed and turnip rapeseed oil, 0.66; soybean oil, 1.3 to 2.4; and coconut fat, 0.15; crude coconut oil, 91; and deodorized coconut oil, 1.0(4). Benzo(k)fluoranthene was qualitatively detected in frankfurters and Frankisch black smoked ham(5). Benzo(k)fluoranthene was detected in uncooked, cooked, caned and frozen carrots, purchased from local markets, at 0.7, 1.8, 0.3 and 0.6 ug/kg dry weight, respectively(6). The core of carrots, grown in soil amended with sewage sludge, contained benzo(k)fluoranthene at <0.1-0.1 ug/kg fresh weight(7). Honey collected May-Oct 2007 from eight sample locations in Italy did not contained benzo(k)fluoranthene (detection limit 0.01 ng/g wet weight)(8). Benzo(k)fluoranthene was not detected in Chinese cabbage (Brassica parachinensis, paitsai (Brassica chinensis), water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), edible amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor), mustard (Brassica juncea), lettuce (Loctuca satira), asparagus bean (Vigna sesquipedalis), shallot (Allium asclonicum), Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum), balpear (Momordica charantia) or cucumber (Cucumis sativus) samples collected from nine farms located in the Pearl River Delta, South China(9). Benzo(k)fluoranthene was detected at <0.010-0.201 and <0.01-0.142 ug/kg in the skin and core, respectively, of four varieties of potato and at 0.278-1.194 and 0.094-0.187 ug/kg in the skin and core, respectively, of three varieties of carrot; all vegetables were grown on organic farms in England(10).

In foods obtained from supermarkets in a survey conducted 1985 to 1988 in Milan, Italy, benzo(k)fluoranthene was detected at the following concentrations(1):[Table#5610]

In domestic and imported foods purchased from retail outlets and fast food chains in Toronto, Canada, benzo(k)fluoranthene was not detected (detection limit 0.002 ug/kg) in puffed rice or puffed oat cereal, or powdered milk(1). Benzo(k)fluoranthene was detected in the following products(1):[Table#5611]

Benzo(k)fluoranthene concentrations were measured in food samples collected in the United Kingdom in 1979 with the following results(1):[Table#5612]

For more Food Survey Values (Complete) data for BENZO(K)FLUORANTHENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and through the skin.

Oral (L10) ; inhalation (L10)

ENVIRONMENTAL: Benzo(k)fluoranthene was reported at 0.023 and 0.018 ug/kg in milk/yogurt and cheese, respectively, obtained from supermarkets in a survey conducted 1985 to 1988 in Milan, Italy(1). Benzo(k)fluoranthene concentrations were measured at a range of 0.002-0.005 ppb, average 0.003 ppb in milk samples collected in the United Kingdom in 1979(2). Benzo(k)fluoranthene was not detected (detection limit 0.002 ug/kg) in powdered milk purchased form retail outlets in Toronto, Canada(3). Benzo(k)fluoranthene was reported at a range of not detected-35.3 (mean 8.62 and median 3.92) ng/g fat in human milk, collected 2005 to 2006 from 40 nonsmoking mothers living in Beijing, China for at least 6 years(4).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Benzo(k)fluoranthene (B(k)F) is a solid. There is no commercial production or known use of this compound. Benzo(k)fluoranthene occurs ubiquitously as a product of incomplete combustion. It also occurs in fossil fuels. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a group of chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, or other organic substances, such as tobacco and charbroiled meat. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: It is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. In human breast cancer cells, exposure to 0.1 to 1 uM B(k)F induced CYP1A1/1B1-catalyzed 17 beta-estradiol (E(2)) metabolism, whereas B(k)F levels greater than 1 uM inhibited E(2) metabolism. ANIMAL STUDIES: Intraperitoneal injection of 2.1 umol benzo[k]fluoranthene into newborn mice induced lung adenomas in 6.3% and 16.7% of males and females, respectively, and liver hepatomas and adenomas in 18.8% of males. Benzo(k)fluoranthene produced tumors after lung implantation in mice and when administered with a promoting agent in skin painting bioassays. Intrapulmonary injection of benzo[k]fluoranthene caused lung cancer (squamous-cell carcinoma) in female rats, and subcutaneous injection of benzo[k]fluoranthene caused cancer at the injection site (sarcoma) in mice of both sexes. Benzo(k)fluoranthene was reported to induce mutations in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 (his-/his+) at a concentration of 10 ug/plate and in strain TA98 at a concentration of 5 ug/plate in the presence of an exogenous metabolic system. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Benzo(k)fluoranthene was not phototoxic and presented no toxicity for the three organisms tested up to 300 mg/kg, concentration rarely found in the environment (tested in Daphnia magna, Hyalella azteca, and Chironomus riparius).

The ability of PAH's to bind to blood proteins such as albumin allows them to be transported throughout the body. Many PAH's induce the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, especially CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1, by binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor or glycine N-methyltransferase protein. These enzymes metabolize PAH's into their toxic intermediates. The reactive metabolites of PAHs (epoxide intermediates, dihydrodiols, phenols, quinones, and their various combinations) covalently bind to DNA and other cellular macromolecules, initiating mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. (L10, L23, A27, A32)

The average daily intake of benzo(k)fluoranthene in the United Kingdom in 1979 was 0.06 ug/person/day, based on total daily consumption of 1.46 kg food and beverages(1). The average daily respiratory intake of benzo(k)fluoranthene in Osaka, Japan was 15 ng/day/man from ambient air, based on atmospheric samples collected in 1981 and 1982(2).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The time-course and dose dependent formation of DNA adducts in juvenile northern pike (Esox lucius) following a single exposure to a mixture of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF) and 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC) were investigated by use of the (32)P-postlabelling assay. A complex adduct pattern was detected in liver and intestine of exposed fish. For the time-course studies fish were exposed either by oral administration or by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Following a single i.p. injection of the mixture (40 umole/kg body weight of each substance) significantly elevated DNA adduct levels were detected in the liver after 1 day. Adduct levels were higher in liver than in intestine, in which significant elevation were detected from day 3 to 12. Following exposure via food (80 umole/kg body weight of each substance), adduct levels were detected in both liver and intestine 1 day after exposure, and continued to increase until day 3 in liver and day 6 in intestine. Calculation of a binding index, which compensates for differences in dosage, resulted in much higher adduct formation (five times in liver and 22 times in intestine) following oral exposure. Pikes receiving single oral doses of 12.5, 50, 100 or 200 umole/kg body weight of each substance exhibited significantly higher adduct levels in both liver and intestine compared to controls. Hepatic adduct levels were also higher in fish given 100 and 200 umole/kg compared to 12.5 umole/kg. Results from this study show that DNA adducts are rapidly formed in juvenile northern pike following both i.p. injection and feeding of a mixture of BaP, BkF and DBC. A maximum level was reached within a few days, which then persisted at approximately the same level for at least 9-12 days. The results also shows that higher levels of adducts were obtained following oral administration compared to i.p. injection, particularly in the intestine.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The effects of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF) and their mixture on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels of hemolymph of scallop (Chlamys ferrari) were studied. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of 0.5 ug/L and 1.0 ug/L were significantly higher than controls (P<0.05), while it increased at beginning and then dropped (lower than controls) in the end at 10.0 ug/L and 50.0 ug/L PAHs groups. The catalase (CAT) activities were very little during the whole experimental time. The glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in each PAHs group all increased significantly (P<0.05). LPO levels all increased significantly (P<0.05) with time at each PAHs group except for the 0.5 ug/L group of less than hour 12. The toxicity of PAHs in a descending order was BaP>BkF>mixture of BaP and BkF. The changes in antioxidant enzyme activities and LPO level in hemolymph could reflect the detoxification functions and damage levels of whole organism.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Scallops (Chlamys ferrari) were cultured for 30 days in seawater containing benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF) at 0.5, 1.0 and 10.0 ug/L. No effects were noted on 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity in digestive gland at low concentrations (0.5 and 1 ug/L) of BkF, but BkF increased the glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity. At 10 ug/L BkF increased EROD activity significantly, and depressed GST activity. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in digestive gland increased significantly in 0.5 and 1 ug/L BkF. In 10 ug/L concentrations of BkF, the activity of three antioxidant enzymes increased first and reached a peak after a few days, before tapering off towards the end of the 30 day exposure. In high concentrations of BkF, activity of three antioxidant enzymes in gill showed an early peak (12 hr), before dropping off. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels increased along with sampling times, and there were time- and concentration-effects between LPO levels and BkF. The responses of the gills and the digestive gland were not always parallel which can be explained by differences in the bioavailability of the toxicant. The performance of each biomarker is assessed in the context of the role and advantages of selecting a battery of biomarkers for detecting contamination problems. The use of C. ferrari as a sentinel species for biomonitoring potential toxic effects in situ is discussed as well as mechanisms of BKF toxicity and alexipharmic strategies of C. ferrari.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (including benzanthracenes, benzopyrenes, benzofluoranthene, chrysenes, dibenz-anthracenes, and indenopyrenes)/

For the maximum protection of human health from the potential carcinogenic effects of exposure to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons through ingestion of contaminated water and contaminated aquatic organisms, the ambient water concentration should be zero, based on the nonthreshold assumption for this chemical. However, zero level may not be attainable at the present time. Therefore, the levels which may result in incremental increase of cancer risk over the lifetime are estimated at 1X10-5, 1X10-6, and 1X10-7. The corresponding recommended criteria are 28.0 ng/L, 2.8 ng/L, and 0.28 ng/L, respectively. If these estimates are made for consumption of aquatic organisms only, excluding consumption of water, the levels are 311.0 ng/L, 31.1 ng/L, and 3.11 ng/L, respectively. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/.

Not commercially used or produced; [HSDB] Benzo(k)fluoranthene is present as a component of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) content in the environment usually resulting from the incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of organic matters, especially fossil fuels and tobacco. [ICSC]

There is no ... known use of this compound.

PAHs are generally not produced commercially in the United States except as research chemicals. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/

Substance listed with specific concentration in tattoo ink and/or permanent make up according to EU Commission Regulation 2020/2081. The concentration limit (by weight) is 0.00005%.

PAHs are released into the environment via the combustion of fossil fuels, coke oven emissions and vehicle exhausts, as well as naturally from forest fires and volcanic eruptions. PAHs from these sources may contaminate nearly water systems. They are also found in coal tar and charbroiled food. (L10)

Benzo(k)fluoranthene occurs ubiquitously as a product of incomplete combustion. It also occurs in fossil fuels.

PAHs are a group of chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, or other organic substances, such as tobacco and charbroiled meat. There are more than 100 different PAHs. PAHs generally occur as complex mixtures (for example, as part of combustion products such as soot), not as single compounds. PAHs usually occur naturally, but they can be manufactured as individual compounds for research purposes; however, not as the mixtures found in combustion products. ... Others are contained in asphalt used in road construction. They can also be found in substances such as crude oil, coal, coal tar pitch, creosote, and roofing tar. They are found throughout the environment in the air, water, and soil. They can occur in the air, either attached to dust particles or as solids in soil or sediment. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/