Kaolin

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Kaolin:

(General first aid procedures)

Kaolin should be stored in a well-closed container in a cool, dry place.

Do not contaminate water. food or feed by storage and disposal. ... Store in a dry, sheltered location (away from food or feed). /Snow Plus/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Do not contaminate water when disposing or rinsing of equipment wash waters.

Container Disposal: Completely empty bag into application equipment. Dispose of empty bag in sanitary landfill or by incineration, or, if allowed by state and local authorities, by burning, If burned stay out of smoke. /Snow Plus/

Pesticide Disposal: Pesticide. spray mixture or rinsate that cannot be used according to label instructions must be disposed of according to Federal State and local procedures. /Snow Plus/

Use this product only in accordance with its labeling and with the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR part 170. /Snow Plus/

Users should: A) Wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco or using the toilet. B) Remove clothing/ PPE immediately if pesticide gets inside. Then wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing. C) Remove PPE immediately after handling this product. Wash the outside of gloves before removing. As soon as possible. wash thoroughly and change into clean clothing. /Snow Plus/

For terrestrial uses. do not apply directly to water, or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark. /Snow Plus/

Follow the manufacturer's instructions for cleaning/maintaining PPE. If no such instructions for washables. use detergent and hot water. Keep and wash PPE separately from other laundry. /Snow Plus/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for KAOLIN (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... Kaolin will /impair absorption/ when administered with erythromycin or digoxin.

Kaolin and pectin preparations may impair the absorption of oral lincomycin by up to 90% when the drugs are administered concomitantly.

The authors/ treated cultured tracheas from hamsters with Georgia kaolin (composition not indicated; diameter 3-5 um) and kaolin coated with 3-methylcholanthrene, implanted the tracheas after 4 weeks into syngeneic hamsters, and followed the animals until moribund at 105-110 weeks. Animals treated with kaolin did not develop tumors, but a high incidence of pulmonary tumors, often fatal, was observed in animals treated with kaolin coated with 3-methylcholanthrene. Animals treated with 3-methylcholanthrene coated hematite or carbon particles also developed a similar spectrum of tumors (carcinomas, sarcomas, undifferentiated tumors).

LC50; Species: Daphnia pulex (Water flea); Concentration: >1.1 g/L for 24 and 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LD50; Species: /Apis mellifera/ (Honeybee) dietary >100 ug/bee for 48 hr

Exposure mainly occurs via inhalation.

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact

Safe in the present practices of use and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and use information are available in documents discoverable at https://cir-reports.cir-safety.org

IDENTIFICATION: Kaolin is a mixture of different minerals. Its main component is kaolinite and it frequently contains quartz, mica, feldspar, illite and montmorlilonite. Kaolinite composition is tiny sheets of triclinic crystals with pseudohexagonal morphology. It is formed by rock weathering. Kaolin is used in paper production, in paints, rubber, plastic, ceramic, chemical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Kaolin is a natural component in soil and found in ambient air. Kaolin mining and refining involve considerable exposure and significant exposure is expected in paper, rubber and plastics production. Long term exposure to kaolin causes the development of radiologically diagnosed pneumoconiosis in an exposure related fashion. Reduced respiratory function and related symptoms been reported. Kaolin contains quartz and exposure to quartz is casually related to silicosis and lung cancer. Significant increases in the incidence of mortality from chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema have been reported after exposure to quartz. ANIMAL STUDIES: Kaolin instilled intratracheally produces storage foci, foreign body reaction and diffuse exudative reaction. After high doses of kaolin containing 8-65% quartz, fibrosis was noted. Kaolin has a low toxicity to aquatic species. Intratracheal instillation of kaolin to a guinea pig, stopped lung collagen production after a long exposure period. Nonsignificant LDH, protein or phospholipid leakage to the supernatant fraction observed in bronchioalveolar fluid 15-60 days after intratracheal instillation of kaolin in rats. Rats given ip administration of kaolin developed after 1-3 months reticulin fibers. Kaolin intratracheal administration has provided data indicating rats and guinea pigs were more susceptible to bacterial infections.[

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ No effect on the hatching success or egg development rate of four marine fish species - red seabream (Pagrus major), black porgy (Acanthopagrus schlegeli), striped knifefish (Oplegnathus fasciatus), and threeline grunt (Parapristipoma trilineatum) - was observed at kaolinite concentrations up to 10 g/L for 24 hr. Larvae were more sensitive to kaolinite: the 12-hr LC50 values were 170 and 710 mg/L for P. trilineatum and O. fasciatus, respectively; mortality was also observed for P. major at concentrations of 1000 mg/L and above.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Georgia kaolin caused <10% mortality of sea urchin (Strongylocentrosus purpuratus), Japanese clam (Tapes japonica), hermit crab (Pagurus hirsutiusculus), isopod (Sphaeroma pentodon), mud snail (Nassarius obsoletus), blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), and tunicates (Molgula manhattensis and Styela montereyensis) within 5-12 days.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ To evaluate the effects of suspended inert particles on the early life stages of the eggs and larvae of four marine fish species, Pagrus major (Red seabream), Acanthopagrus schlegeli (Japanese black porgy), Oplegnathus fasciatus (Striped beakfish) and Parapristipoma trilineatum were exposed to kaolinite suspensions up to 10,000 mg L-1. Hatching success and developmental rates of eggs all species were not significantly affected by 10,000 mg L-1 suspension over a 24-hr exposure period. Exposure of larvae of each species to suspensions ranging from 32 to 10,000 mg L-1 for 1, 3 and 12 hr, however, resulted in over 50% mortality at 1000 mg L-1 for 12 hr. Larvae were much less tolerant to kaolinite exposure than eggs probably due to their relatively larger and more delicate body surface compared to the tough outer membrane of eggs. Kaolinite particles adhered more readily to eggs and larvae of P. major than to those of the other species.

Redness.

Chronic pulmonary fibrosis, stomach granuloma

Kaolinite is found in most weathering zones and soil profiles. Montmoritllonites, which as chemically more complex than kaolinites, are common in the lower parts of weathering profiles, nearer the rock, where chemistry exerts a strong control on mineralogy. Water molecules are strongly attracted to clay mineral surfaces(1).

Kaolin related clays occur in several different types of deposits. Many kaolin deposits throughout the world are in the form of tabular lenses and discontinuous beds in sedimentary rock. Extensive sedimentary deposits of this type occur in the Georgia-South Carolina kaolin belt, Arkansas bauxite region and Ione district California.

Kaolins occur on every continent, but only a few countries (England, Brazil, Czechoslovakia, Eastern Germany, Spain, the former Soviet Union and Australia) and the state of Georgia in the USA can be mined and beneficiated to meet the rigid industrial specifications required for use as a filler, extender pigment, or ceramic raw material. Only those in Georgia, England, and Brazil can meet specifications for coating clays for paper(1).

The English kaolins occur in the southwest of England in Cornwall. A large sedimentary deposit of kaolin of Pliocene age is mined along the Jari River, a tributary of the Amazon, on the border of the states of Para and Amapa. Another large sedimentary kaolin area in Brazil is being mined and processed. This kaolin is coarse, somewhat similar to the Cretaceous kaolins in Georgia. Former Czechoslovakia is the principal producer of kaolin in eastern Europe. In Germany, both primary and secondary deposits are being mined. In the eastern part of Germany, near Dresden, are two large primary deposits at Caminau and Kemmlitz. Kaolin is mined in Spain in two locations. A primary kaolin is mined in the northwestern corner of Spain in Galicia. These deposit are residues resulting from the weathering of a large granitic body. A secondary or sedimentary kaolin of Cretaceous age is mined in the state of Guadalajara, east of Madrid. In the Ukraine, a large primary deposit is being mined and processed near Proyanovski. In China, several kaolin deposits are being mined. The largest is located near Suzhou, southwest of Shanghai. The Suzhou deposit is primary, resulting from both weathering and hydrothermal alteration of granites and other acid igneous rocks(1).

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Occupationally inhaled kaolin produced chronic pulmonary fibrosis /From table/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Kaolin and pectin preparations have essentially no adverse effects. Constipation may occur but is usually mild and transient; however, constipation may rarely lead to fecal impaction, especially in infants or debilitated geriatric patients.

/CASE REPORTS/ /The author/ reported in detail on six workers who had been working in the drying and bagging of kaolin /from Cornwall mines, in England/. ...Medical and radiological examinations /were performed/ of those occupationally exposed to kaolin. All had radiological pneumoconiosis, and two were further studied in autopsy. In one case, characteristic silicotic-type nodulation together with progressive tuberculosis were found. Large quantities of kaolinite and amorphous quartz were found in the lung. In another case, large quantities of pure kaolinite (as much as 20-40 g) were found in the lung without tuberculosis but with severe fibrosis. The disease was like the pneumoconiosis of coal miners and differed from classic silicosis. In the upper part of the lung, greyish or blue-greyish massive confluent lesions were described, which were not as hard on palpation as the silicotic conglomerates.

/CASE REPORTS/ A 62-year-old white male employed for 43 years in the polishing room of a cotton textile mill was admitted to a tertiary care center with progressive dyspnea and productive cough that had not responded to therapy for tuberculosis. In spite of aggressive antibiotic therapy and respiratory support, the patient died as a consequence of respiratory failure. Small rounded and irregular opacities had been noted on the chest radiograph. Review of job-site spirometry demonstrated a worsening restrictive pattern over a 4-year period prior to his death. Additional occupational history revealed long-term exposure to kaolin in the polishing room, and pathologic examination of lung tissue confirmed extensive fibrosis and substantial quantities of kaolin. Kaolinosis is a disease typically found among individuals involved in mining or processing this material rather than in user industries. This case illustrates the importance of obtaining a complete occupational history in reaching a diagnosis.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for KAOLIN (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Clay (kaolin) ... consists of hydrated aluminum silicate. The commercial products of clay (kaolin) contain varying quantities of alkalies and alkaline earths. Clay (kaolin) is a white to yellowish or grayish fine powder. There are at least three different minerals, kaolinite, dickite, and nacrite, classified as kaolin. Kaolinite or china clay is whiter, less contaminated with extraneous minerals, and less plastic in water. (b) In accordance with part 186.1(b)(1), the ingredient is used as an indirect human food ingredient with no limitation other than current good manufacturing practice. The affirmation of this ingredient as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) as an indirect human food ingredient is based upon the following current good manufacturing practice conditions of use: (1) The ingredient is used in the manufacture of paper and paperboard that contact food. (2) The ingredient is used at levels not to exceed current good manufacturing practice. (c) Prior sanctions for this ingredient different from the uses established in this regulation do not exist or have been waived.

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: kaolin, colloidal is included in digestive aid drug products.

(a) The biochemical pesticide kaolin is temporarily exempted from the requirement of a tolerance for residues of the insecticide Kaolin, when used on crops (apples, apricots, bananas, beans, cane berries, citrus fruits, corn, cotton, cranberries, cucurbits, grapes, melons, nuts, ornamentals, peaches, peanuts, pears, peppers, plums, potatoes, seed crops, small grains, soybeans, strawberries, sugar beets, and tomatoes) to control certain insect, fungus, and bacterial damage to plants. This temporary exemption from the requirement of a tolerance will permit the marketing of the food commodities in this paragraph when treated in accordance with the provisions of experimental use permit 70060-EUP-1, which is being issued under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), as amended (7 U.S.C. 136). This temporary exemption from the requirement of a tolerance expires and is revoked December 31, 1999. This temporary exemption from the requirement of a tolerance may be revoked at any time if the experimental use permit is revoked or if any experience with or scientific data on this pesticide indicate that the tolerance is not safe. (b) Kaolin is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance for residues when used on or in food commodities to aid in the control of insects, fungi, and bacteria (food/feed use).

Section 3(c)(5) of FIFRA provides for the registration of new active ingredients if it is determined that (A) its composition is such as to warrant the proposed claims for it; (B) its labeling and other materials required to be submitted comply with the requirements of FIFRA; (C) it will perform its intended function without unreasonable adverse effects on the environment; and (D) when used in accordance with widespread and commonly recognized practice it will not generally cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment. To satisfy criteria "A" above, kaolin is not expected to cause unreasonable adverse effects when used according to label instructions. Criteria "B" is satisfied by the current label and by the data presented in this document. It is believed that this new pesticidal active ingredient will not cause any unreasonable adverse effects, will aid in the control of damage to plants by insects, mites, fungi, and bacteria as claimed satisfying Criteria "C". Criteria "D" is satisfied in that the toxicological properties of this product are less toxic than any other conventional pesticide product currently in use. Therefore, kaolin is eligible for registration.