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Nicotinsure
NIACIN · VITAMIN B3 · VB3 · nicotinic · Vitamin PP · NICO · PYRIDINE-3-CARBOXYLIC ACID · 3-PICOLINIC ACID
Identifikatoren & physikalische Daten
| CAS No. | 59-67-6 |
|---|---|
| Summenformel | C6H5NO2 |
| Durchschnittliche Molmasse | 123,11 g/mol |
| Monoisotopische Masse | 123,0320284 g/mol |
| SMILES | O=C(O)c1cccnc1 |
| InChIKey | PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 938 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL573 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:15940 |
| EC No. | 200-441-0 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID1020932 |
| Lokaler Name | Nicotinsure |
Chemische & physikalische Eigenschaften
| XLogP | 0,4 |
|---|---|
| Polarare Oberfläche (TPSA) | 50,2 |
| H-Brücken-Donoren | 1 |
| H-Brücken-Akzeptoren | 3 |
| Frei drehbare Bindungen | 1 |
| Schwere Atome | 9 |
| Formalladung | 0 |
| Komplexität | 114 |
| pH | pH = 2.7 (saturated aq soln)2.7 (18g/l, H2O, 20℃) |
| LogP (Verteilungskoeffizient) | 0.147log Kow = 0.36-2.43 |
| LogS | -0.84 |
| Geruch | Odorless |
| Geschmack | Sour taste |
| Dichte | 1.473 (NTP, 1992) - Denser than waterwill sink1.473 g/cu cm at 25 °C1.5 g/cm³ |
| Color/Form | Needles from alcohol or waterColorless needles |
| Löslichkeit | 10 to 50 mg/mL at 63 °F (NTP, 1992)18000In water, 1.8X10+4 mg/L at 20 °CSlightly soluble in waterSlightly soluble in ethanol, ethyl etherSoluble in alcohol, insoluble in most lipid solvents18g/l1-5 g/100 mL at 17 ºC |
| Flammpunkt | 193 °C (379 °F) - closed cup193 °C c.c.193°C |
| Siedepunkt | Sublimes (NTP, 1992)292.4260C |
| Decomposition | Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions - Carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides (NOx).When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/. |
| Schmelzpunkt | 457 °F (NTP, 1992)236-239237 °CMol wt: 139.11. NeedlesMP: 254-255 °C. Slightly soluble in cold water, more soluble in hot water, hot glacial acetic acid, hot methanol, less soluble in ethanol. Insoluble in light petroleum, benzene, chloroform. UV max (0.1N H2SO4): 220, 260 nm (epsilon 22400, 10200) /Nicotinic acid, 1-oxide/236.6 °C236-239 °C(lit.) |
| Brechungsindex | 1.5423 (estimate) |
| Lagerbedingungen | 2-8°C |
| pKa (Säurekonstante) | 4.85(at 25℃) |
| Aggregatzustand | Powder |
| Farbe | White to off-white |
| Geruch | odorless to sl. odor, sour taste |
| Biologische Quelle | synthetic (organic) |
| Merck | 14,6525 |
| BRN | 109591 |
| Henry-Konstante | 2.5×104 mol/(m3Pa) at 25℃, Abraham and Jr. (2019) |
| BCS Class | 3 |
| Stabilität | Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. May be light sensitive. |
| Hauptanwendungen | agriculture |
| Kosmetik-Inhaltsstoffe Funktionen | SMOOTHINGANTISTATIC |
| InChI | 1S/C6H5NO2/c8-6(9)5-2-1-3-7-4-5/h1-4H,(H,8,9) |
| InChIKey | PVNIIMVLHYAWGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| SMILES | OC(=O)c1cccnc1 |
| LogP (Verteilungskoeffizient) | 0.360 |
| CAS Datenbank | 59-67-6(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NIST chemische Informationen | Niacin(59-67-6) |
| EPA chemische Informationen | Nicotinic acid (59-67-6) |
Sicherheit & Vorschriften
| GHS-Einstufung | WarningH319 (99.8%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]P264+P265, P280, P305+P351+P338, and P337+P317 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 554 reports by companies from 12 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website. |
|---|---|
| Regulatorische Informationen | Chemical: 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 25-07-2018 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/10726Status: Active Update: 17-07-2018 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/20155Niacin: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard |
| Weitere Sicherheitsinformationen | Evaluation - Chemicals that are unlikely to require further regulation to manage risks to human healthEvaluation - Chemicals that are unlikely to require further regulation to manage risks to environment |
| Brandgefahren | Flash point data for this chemical are not availablehowever, it is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air. |
| Gesundheitsgefahren | SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound include impaired liver function, dryness of the skin, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, activation of peptic ulcers, hepatic disease, hyperuricemia and circulatory collapse (after rapid intravenous injection). It may cause temporary flushing and a feeling of warmth, temporary headache, itching, tingling, skin rash and allergies. It may also cause burning of the skin, face and upper trunk and elevation of serum bilirubin. Other symptoms include mild irritation of upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal disturbances. It may cause dyspepsia, hyperpigmentation, decrease in excretion of bromosulfophthalein, increase of plasma transaminase activities, incidence of acute gouty arthritis, acanthosis nigricans, hyperglycemia, increased vasodilation and cystoid edema of the macula. It may also cause furunculosis and other skin lesions, hypotension, abdominal cramps, mild diabetes and urticaria. Other symptoms include pruritus, toxic amblyopia, jaundice and decreased glucose tolerance.ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: This compound may cause mild irritation to the upper respiratory tract. When heated to decomposition it may emit toxic fumes of NOx. (NTP, 1992) |
| Gefahrenübersicht | A mild eye irritant[ICSC] Flushing of the skin accompanied by itching, tingling, and warmness have been observed following occupational exposure[IUCLID] Ingestion of large amounts, e.g., by drug abusers attempting to mask drugs in the urine, can cause vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, and hypoglycemia followed by persistent hyperglycemia, acidosis, hypotension, and coagulopathyAlso, chronic, excessive use may cause hepatitis[Olson, p. 445-6] May cause mild upper respiratory tract irritation[NTP] An irritant that may cause severe eye irritation[Sigma-Aldrich MSDS] See Nicotinamide. |
| FDA-Anforderungen | Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).Niacin used as a nutrient and/or dietary supplement in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations identifies currently marketed prescription drug products, including niacin, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. |
| Reaktive Gruppe | Acids, CarboxylicAmines, Phosphines, and Pyridines |
| Special Reports | Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert PanelFinal Report of the Safety Assessment of Niacinamide and NiacinIntl J of Toxicology 24 (Suppl 5): 12 (2005) |
| Reactivity Profile | NICOTINIC ACID is incompatible with strong oxidizers. It is also incompatible with sodium nitrite. (NTP, 1992) |
| Chemical Dangers | On combustion, forms toxic gases including nitrogen oxides. Reacts with oxidants, strong acids and bases. |
| Physical Dangers | Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air. |
| Air and Water Reactions | Water soluble. |
| Brandbekämpfung | Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. A water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992)Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide. |
| Erste-Hilfe-Maßnahmen | Fresh air, rest.Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. |
| Erste Hilfe | EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated areatake deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be usedif not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992) |
| Sichere Lagerung | Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Separated from strong acids, bases and oxidants. |
| Brandbekämpfungsverfahren | Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary. |
| Lagerbedingungen | Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Light sensitive.Niacin should be stored in well-closed, light-resistant containers at 20-25 °C. When stored under these conditions, Niaspan extended-release and Niacor immediate-release tablets are stable for 3 and 2 years, respectively, after the date of manufacture. The fixed-combination preparation containing extended-release niacin and lovastatin (Advicor) should be stored at room temperature (20-25 °C). |
| Reinigungsverfahren | ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal. |
| Freisetung ohne Brand | SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material under ambient temperatures. (NTP, 1992) |
| Entsorgungsverfahren | SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in air, soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this materialContaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product. |
| Verschüttetes entsorgen | Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. |
| Preventive Measures | ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker. |
| Eye Prevention | Wear safety goggles. |
| Körperbelastung | Nicotinic acid is widely distributed in nature and is the precursor to coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)(1). An antipellagra vitamin, it is essential to many animals for growth and health. In humans, niacin is believed necessary, along with other vitamins, for the prevention and cure of pellagra. It functions in protein and carbohydrate metabolism. As a component of two important enzymes, coenzymes I and II, it functions in glycolysis and tissue respiration(2). Nicotinic acid has been reported in humans at 1.47 mg/L(3). |
| Treatment | Supportive measures should be undertaken in the event of an overdose. (L1712) |
| Wechselwirkungen | Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients is strongly associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and prevalent abnormal lipid metabolism. The AIM-HIGH trial examined the benefits of adding extended-release niacin (ERN) to simvastatin in patients with established coronary heart disease. Here we conducted a post hoc analysis of the AIM-HIGH trial examining whether participants derived cardiovascular or renal benefits when stratified by renal function. Of 3414 participants, 505 had stage 3 CKD at baseline. Among the CKD subset, demographics and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors were well balanced in the ERN and placebo arms. Compared with placebo, CKD participants receiving ERN had a significant decrease in triglycerides by a median of 59.0 mg/dL, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly increased by a mean of 11.3 mg/dL over a mean follow-up of 3 years. CVD events were similar between CKD participants in both arms. However, all-cause mortality was significantly higher in the ERN group (hazard ratio of 1.73). Mean change in eGFR among ERN-treated CKD participants was not significantly different between study arms. Thus, among AIM-HIGH participants with CKD, the addition of ERN to simvastatin for secondary prevention of CVD improved triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations but did not improve cardiovascular outcomes or kidney function, and was associated with higher all-cause mortality.The risk of developing myopathy and rhabdomyolysis is increased in patients receiving niacin (particularly at antilipemic dosages [exceeding 1 g daily]) concomitantly with statins. ... Myopathy or rhabdomyolysis has occurred in some patients receiving certain statins concomitantly with antilipemic dosages of niacin. However, some manufacturers state that no cases of rhabdomyolysis were reported in 124 patients receiving extended-release niacin (Niaspan) concomitantly with various statinsrhabdomyolysis also was not reported in 1079 patients receiving extended-release niacin in fixed combination with lovastatin (Advicor) for up to 2 years. Other severe adverse effects, including disturbances in glycemic control requiring hospitalization, development of diabetes mellitus, adverse GI effects, myopathy, gout, rash, skin ulceration, infection, and bleeding, have been reported in patients with established cardiovascular disease following concomitant use of extended-release niacin with statin-based therapy. ... Therefore, the potential benefits (e.g., further alterations in lipid concentrations) of concomitant use of antilipemic dosages of niacin with statins should be weighed carefully against the possible risks of severe adverse effects, and caution is advised if such concomitant therapy is employed. The manufacturer of atorvastatin states that lower initial and maintenance dosages of this statin should be considered during concomitant therapy with antilipemic dosages of niacin, and patients should be carefully monitored for manifestations of muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness, particularly during the initial months of therapy and following an increase in dosage of either drug. The manufacturers of fluvastatin, pitavastatin, and pravastatin state that dosage reduction of these statins should be considered when used concomitantly with antilipemic dosages of niacin.Concomitant use of aspirin may decrease the metabolic clearance of niacinthe clinical relevance of this interaction has not been fully elucidated.Niacin reportedly potentiates the hypotensive effects of ganglionic blocking and vasoactive drugs, resulting in postural hypotension.For more Interactions (Complete) data for Nicotinic acid (25 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Gesundheitliche Auswirkungen | Niacin at extremely high doses can have life-threatening acute toxic reactions. Extremely high doses of niacin can also cause niacin maculopathy, a thickening of the macula and retina which leads to blurred vision and blindness. This maculopathy is reversible after stopping niacin intake. Side effects of hyperglycemia, cardiac arrhythmias and birth defects have also been reported. (A729) |
| Hepatotoxicity | Niacin in doses above 500 mg daily causes transient, asymptomatic elevations in serum aminotransferase levels in up to 20% of people. The elevations are rarely greater than 3 times the upper limit of the normal range and usually resolve spontaneously even with continuation of the drug. The effect is partially dose related and is more common with doses above 3 g/day. In some patients, there is an overall decrease in serum proteins synthesized by the liver and, in some instances, coagulopathy with an increase in prothrombin time and decline in serum albumin, coagulation factors and apolipoproteins. These changes resolve rapidly upon stopping therapy and may not recur with lower doses.Niacin can also cause serious hepatotoxicity, but this is uncommon. Significant hepatotoxicity is particularly common with high doses of sustained release niacin. In many cases, the injury becomes apparent after a dose increase or after switching from the regular crystalline to a sustained release form. The pattern is primarily hepatocellular, although cases with a cholestatic pattern have been described. The patients present with jaundice, itching, nausea, vomiting and fatigue. When the injury is the result of switching from the crystalline to the sustained release form, the injury may present acutely within days or a few weeks with a prodromal period of nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, that is followed by jaundice and pruritus. Early during the injury serum aminotransferase levels are very high and then usually fall rapidly with discontinuation or dose lowering. The clinical phenotype resembles acute hepatic necrosis, suggesting a direct toxic effect. Imaging studies of the liver may reveal areas of hypodensity ("starry sky liver") interpreted as focal fatty infiltration that resolves after stopping the drug. Liver biopsy typically shows varying degrees of centrolobular necrosis with only mild inflammation.Likelihood score: A[HD] (well known cause of clinically apparent liver injury when given in high doses). |
| Ökotoxizitätswerte | LD50Species: Coturnix coturnix (Quail) oral > 1000 mg/kgEC50Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea)Concentration: 77 mg/L for 48 hrEffect: immobilization /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green algae)Concentration: 89.93 mg/L for 72 hrEffect: Growth inhibition /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/LC50Species: Salmo trutta (Brown trout)Conditions: staticConcentration: 520 mg/L for 96 hr /Technical material, 99.8%/ |
| Umweltverhalten | TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that nicotinic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of nicotinic acid is 4.75(3), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Nicotinic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 9.4X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2). In aqueous, aerobic soil suspensions, nicotinic acid was completely degraded after 2 to 4 days of incubation(5), suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that nicotinic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 4.75(3) indicates nicotinic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of 0.36(5) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). In aqueous, aerobic soil suspensions, nicotinic acid was completely degraded after 2 to 4 days of incubation(6), suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), nicotinic acid, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 9.4X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase nicotinic acid is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC)the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.72X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Particulate-phase nicotinic acid may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Nicotinic acid absorbs UV light at wavelength 263 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis since sunlight consists of wavelengths above 290 nm(SRC). |
| Lebensmitteluntersuchungswerte | Substantial amounts of nicotinic acid are found in fish, yeast and ceral grains(1). The compound is especially concentrated in brewer's yeast, wheat germ and liver(2). The average cup of coffee contains between 1-2 mg nicotinic acid, depending on roasting conditions(2). The nicotinic acid content of several nuts has been reported (in mg/kg) as follows: chestnut, 200hazel nut, 600almond, 1600and sunflower seed, 5000(3).Nicotinic Acid and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) Foodstuff Content(1). [Table#4461]Nicotinic Acid and Nicotinamide (Vitamin B3) in Coffee(1). [Table#4462] |
| Unerwünschte Wirkungen | Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.Hepatotoxicity: The most severe adverse effect is niacin hepatotoxicity. Mild elevation of hepatic transaminase levels, up to double the upper limit of the normal range, is common.Flushing: Niacin causes vasodilation of small subcutaneous blood vessels, leading to cutaneous flushing and an uneasy sensation of pruritus and warmth. Severe flushing may lead to hypotension and dizziness. To reduce the occurrence of flushing, recommendations include avoiding alcohol, hot beverages, and spicy foods with niacin administration.Flushing appears about 30 minutes after dosing with IR niacin and is delayed for SR niacin (2 to 4 hours). Patients should avoid hot showers immediately after a dosepretreatment with aspirin or ibuprofen is helpful.Laropiprant is a selective prostaglandin D2 receptor antagonist that can decrease niacin-induced flushing. However, while laroprepitant was previously approved by the FDA as an adjunct to niacin for flushing side effects, it has been withdrawn from the US market. This decision was based on concerns regarding its effectiveness and risk-benefit profile, resulting in the drug's discontinuation in clinical practice in the United States.Peptic ulcers: Niacin therapy may aggravate peptic ulcer disease. Therefore, niacin should be used cautiously with active or chronic gastrointestinal disorders.Hyperglycemia: Decreased glucose tolerance and hyperglycemia can occur in individuals with diabetes. These effects appear to result from insulin resistance consequent to the free fatty acid rebound after moderately-sized doses.Arrhythmia: Patients with supraventricular tachycardias may experience unusual chest sensations and palpitations even when these aberrant rhythms are under control via concomitant antiarrhythmic therapy.Visual symptoms: There are also reports of retinal edema or toxic amblyopia, resulting in blurred vision.Hyperuricemia: Niacin is known to cause hyperuricemia. Therefore, niacin is avoided in patients with a history of gout.Drug-Drug InteractionsGiven the high binding capacity of bile acid-binding resins for niacin, the recommendation is to maintain a time interval of 4 to 6 hours, or as long as feasible, between the consumption of bile acid-binding resins and niacin extended-release.Niacin may increase the effects of ganglionic blocking agents and vasoactive drugs, potentially resulting in postural hypotension.Exercise caution when prescribing niacin (≥1 g/d) combined with statins due to the increased risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis.Caution should be exercised when administering niacin due to its potential to cause small, dose-dependent reductions in platelet count. This vigilance is crucial when niacin is combined with anticoagulant medications.Drug-Laboratory IntereferencesNiacin may produce false elevations in specific fluorometric determinations of plasma or urinary catecholamines. The drug may also yield false-positive reactions in urine glucose tests using a cupric sulfate solution.No conclusive scientific evidence supports the claim that niacin can affect the results of a urine drug screen. However, information on the internet suggests that niacin has the potential to alter urine drug tests for cocaine and cannabis and may be used to avoid the detection of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).In clinical trials, niacin extended-release tablets have been associated with dose-dependent reductions in phosphorus levels. Monitoring phosphorus levels is recommended for at-risk patients. |
| Expositionspfade | Oral (L1436)Intramuscular (L1436). Both nicotinic acid and nicotinamide are efficiently absorbed from the stomach and small intestine. |
| Milk Concentrations | Nicotinic acid has been reported in the milk of various mammals (in mg/L) as follows: cow, 0.85goat, 1.87sheep, 4.27horse, 0.58human, 1.47pig, 8.35whale, 20.40(1). |
| Toxizitätsübersicht | Safe in the present practices of use and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and use information are available in documents discoverable at https://cir-reports.cir-safety.orgIDENTIFICATION AND USE: Nicotinic acid (Niacin) is a solid. It is a part of the vitamin B complex. Niacin and niacinamide (also known as nicotinamide) are similarly effective as a vitamin because they can be converted into each other within the organism. The blanket term vitamin B(3) is used for both. Niacinamide is a component of important coenzymes involved in hydrogen transfer. Niacin is used in medicine as a cholesterol-lowering agent, nutrition, feeds, enriched flours, and as a dietary supplement. It is also an electroplating bath ingredient. HUMAN STUDIES: A deficiency of this vitamin causes pellagra, a disease characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia that is endemic today in parts of India and China, and may result in death in severe cases. Niacin deficiency is rare in the United States but may still be seen in alcoholics, dietary cultists, and patients with malabsorption syndrome. In single doses of 50 mg niacin, intense flushing and pruritus have been reported. When the practice of giving niacin in doses ranging upward to 30 g or more a day was advocated, more serious toxicity was noted. These effects included intense flushing and unbearable pruritus, skin rash, heartburn, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, ulcer activation, abnormal liver function, hypotension, tachycardia, fainting, hyperglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice, dermatoses, hyperuricemia, elevated serum enzymes, and hyperkeratosis of the skin. A greater incidence of atrial fibrillation and other cardiac arrhythmias is seen in persons taking niacin. One of the most significant adverse reactions of niacin is the hepatotoxicity seen in dosages exceeding 3 g/day. Sensitivity to the skin flush effect of niacin is reduced in a portion of patients with schizophrenia. As a precursor of pyridine nucleotides (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), niacin participates in the function of numerous enzymatic pathways, which are critical fSigns and Symptoms of OverdoseSymptoms of toxicity include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, flushing, dizziness, and palpitations.Management of OverdoseTreatment of toxicity involves supportive care, including gastric lavage. According to reports from the American College of Medical Toxicology, niacin is involved in overdose and resultant toxicity.Niacin binds to Nicotinate D-ribonucleotide phyrophsopate phosphoribosyltransferase, Nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase, Nicotinate N-methyltransferase and the Niacin receptor. Niacin is the precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), which are vital cofactors for dozens of enzymes. The mechanism by which niacin exerts its lipid lowering effects is not entirely understood, but may involve several actions, including a decrease in esterification of hepatic triglycerides. Niacin treatment also decreases the serum levels of apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B), the major protein component of the VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) and LDL fractions. |
| F | 8 |
| Wassergefährdungsklasse (WGK) | 1 |
| TSCA-Inventar-Status | TSCA listed |
| UN-Transportnummer | UN1230 - class 3 - PG 2 - Methanol, solution |
| Zollcode | 29362990 |
| RTECS-Nr. | QT0525000 |
| R-Sätze (R) | 36/37/38-36-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-11 |
| Toxizität | LD50 s.c. in rats: 5 g/kg (Brazda, Coulson) |
| Gefahrensymbole | Xi,T,F |
| Sicherheitshinweise (S) | 26-36-24/25-45-36/37-16-7 |
| Lagerklasse | 11 - Combustible Solids |
| Gefahrstoffdaten | 59-67-6(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| Gefahrenklasse | Eye Irrit. 2 |
| Selbstentzündungstemperatur | >365 °C Dust |
Anwendungen & Verwendung
Beschreibung
Niacin is an additive to food on the basis of its nutrient supplement qualities as a vitamin (as an enzyme co-factor). This water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurs in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. A deficiency of niacin results in the disease, pellagra.
History
Huber first synthesized nicotinic acid in 1867. In 1914, Funk isolated nicotinic acid from rice polishings. Goldberger, in 1915, demonstrated that pellagra is a nutritional deficiency. In 1917, Chittenden and Underhill demonstrated that canine blacktongue is similar to pellagra. In 1935, Warburg and Christian showed that niacinamide is essential in hydrogen transport as diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN). In the following year, Euler et al. isolated DPN and determined its structure. In 1937, Elvhehjem et al. cured blacktongue by administration of niacinamide derived from liver. In the same year, Fouts et al. cured pellagra with niacinamide. In 1947, Handley and Bond established conversion of tryptophan to niacin by animal tissues.
Verwenden
Nicotinic acid is also known as niacin and vitamin B3. It is a water-soluble conditioning agent that improves rough, dry, or flaky skin, helping smooth the skin and improve its suppleness. niacin enhances the appearance and feel of hair, by increasing body, suppleness, or sheen, or by improving the texture of hair that has been damaged physically or by chemical treatment. When used in the formulation of skin care products, niacinamide and niacin enhance the appearance of dry or damaged skin by reducing flaking and restoring suppleness.