| GHS-Einstufung | DangerH301 (92.7%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]H310 (100%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]H411 (100%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 41 reports by companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website. |
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| Hazard Classes and Categories | Acute Tox. 3 (92.7%)Acute Tox. 2 (100%)Aquatic Chronic 2 (100%) |
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| Treatment | Other supportive measures include diazepam or barbiturates for seizures, atropine for excessive bronchial secretions or diarrhea, respiratory support for respiratory failure, and vigorous fluid support for hypotension and cardiovascular collapse. (L1712) |
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| Gesundheitliche Auswirkungen | Nicotine has mood-altering effects that may include relaxation, sharpness, calmness, and alertness. It may act as a stimulant or sedative/pain killer, depending on the dosage. (L327) |
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| Expositionspfade | Oral (L327)Inhalation (L327)
Absorption of nicotine through the buccal mucosa is relatively slow and the high and rapid rise followed by the decline in nicotine arterial plasma concentrations seen with cigarette smoking are not achieved with the inhaler. About 10% of absorbed nicotine is excreted unchanged in urine. |
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| Toxizitätsübersicht | Nicotine is a stimulant drug that acts as an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These are ionotropic receptors composed up of five homomeric or heteromeric subunits. In the brain, nicotine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on dopaminergic neurons in the cortico-limbic pathways. This causes the channel to open and allow conductance of multiple cations including sodium, calcium, and potassium. This leads to depolarization, which activates voltage-gated calcium channels and allows more calcium to enter the axon terminal. Calcium stimulates vesicle trafficking towards the plasma membrane and the release of dopamine into the synapse. Dopamine binding to its receptors is responsible the euphoric and addictive properties of nicotine.
Nicotine also binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. Binding opens the ion channel allowing influx of sodium, causing depolarization of the cell, which activates voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium triggers the release of epinephrine from intracellular vesicles into the bloodstream, which causes vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, and increased blood sugar. |
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| Signs and Symptoms | Symptoms of overdose include nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, diaphoresis, flushing, dizziness, disturbed hearing and vision, confusion, weakness, palpitations, altered respiration and hypotension. |
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| Carcinogen Classification | No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC). |
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| Toxicity Data | LD50: 140 mg/kg (Dermal, Rat)
LD50: 25 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Rat)
LD50: 5900 ug/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse)
LD50: 2.8 mg/kg (Intravenous, Rat) (T80)
LD50: 24 mg/kg (Oral, Mouse) (T18) |
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