1-Chlor-1,1,2,2-tetrafluorethan

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic vapors of /hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen chloride/.

Under certain conditions, /chlorofluorocarbon/ vapors may decompose on contact with flames or hot surfaces, creating the potential hazard of inhalation of toxic decomposition products. /Chlorofluorocarbon/

The appearance of toxic decomposition products serves as warning of the occurrence of thermal decompositon and detection of a sharp acrid odor warns of the presence of these products. /Fluorocarbons/

1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is a colorless odorless nonflammable gas.

Colorless, odorless gas; [HSDB]

PMN - indicates a commenced PMN (Pre-Manufacture Notices) substance.

1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane: Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), after consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), is amending FDA's regulation on the use of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) in selfpressurized containers to remove the essential-use designations for flunisolide, triamcinolone, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, albuterol and ipratropium in combination, cromolyn, and nedocromil used in oral pressurized metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). The Clean Air Act requires FDA, in consultation with the EPA, to determine whether an FDA-regulated product that releases an ODS is an essential use of the ODS. FDA has concluded that there are no substantial technical barriers to formulating flunisolide, triamcinolone, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, albuterol and ipratropium in combination, cromolyn, and nedocromil as products that do not release ODSs, and therefore they will no longer be essential uses of ODSs as of the effective dates of this rule. MDIs for these active moieties containing an ODS may not be marketed after the relevant effective date. DATES: Removal of Part 2.125(e)(2)(iii) and 2.125(e)(4)(vii) is effective June 14, 2010. Removal of Part 2.125(e)(1)(v) and 2.125(e)(4)(iv) is effective December 31, 2010. Removal of Part 2.125(e)(1)(iii) is effective June 30, 2011. Removal of 2.125(e)(2)(iv) and Part 2.125(e)(4)(viii) is effective December 31, 2013. /Ozone-Depleting Substances/

Use of ozone-depleting substances in foods, drugs, devices, or cosmetics. (a) As used in this section, ozone-depleting substance (ODS) means any class I substance as defined in 40 CFR part 82, appendix A to subpart A, or class II substance as defined in 40 CFR part 82, appendix B to subpart A. (b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, any food, drug, device, or cosmetic that is, consists in part of, or is contained in an aerosol product or other pressurized dispenser that releases an ODS is not an essential use of the ODS under the Clean Air Act. (c) A food, drug, device, or cosmetic that is, consists in part of, or is contained in an aerosol product or other pressurized dispenser that releases an ODS is an essential use of the ODS under the Clean Air Act if paragraph (e) of this section specifies the use of that product as essential. For drugs, including biologics and animal drugs, and for devices, an investigational application or an approved marketing application must be in effect, as applicable. ... (e) The use of ODSs in the following products is essential: ... (2) Metered-dose short-acting adrenergic bronchodilator human drugs for oral inhalation. Oral pressurized metered-dose inhalers containing the following active moieties: ... (iv) Pirbuterol. ... (4) Other essential uses. (iii) Anesthetic drugs for topical use on accessible mucous membranes of humans where a cannula is used for application. ... (vi) Metered-dose atropine sulfate aerosol human drugs administered by oral inhalation. ... (viii) Metered-dose ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate, in combination, administered by oral inhalation for human use. (ix) Sterile aerosol talc administered intrapleurally by thoracoscopy for human use. /Ozone-Depleting Substances/

Production and Consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances under the Montreal Protocol 1986 - 2004[UNEP; Ozone Secretariat UNEP November 2005, Available from, as of march 11, 2013: http://ozone.unep.org/Publications/Production_and_consumption2005.pdf]

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer[UNEP; Ozone Secretariat United Nations Environment Programme, The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Available from, as of March 11, 2013: http://ozone.unep.org/pdfs/Montreal-Protocol2000.pdf]

Achievements in Stratospheric Ozone Protection Progress Report: This report covers the important and substantial achievements of the people, programs, and organizations that are working to protect the Earth's ozone layer. As impressive as these accomplishments are, our work is not done. Even though we have reduced or eliminated the use of many ozone-depleting substances, some still remain. Additionally, since ozone-depleting substances persist in the air for long periods of time, the past use of these substances continues to affect the ozone layer today. We must also continue to ensure that the alternatives being brought to the market support the country's long-term environmental goals in a cost-effective manner.[EPA; Achievements in Stratospheric Ozone Protection Progress Report, Available from, as of March 11, 2013: http://www.epa.gov/ozone/downloads/spd-annual-report_final.pdf]

UNEP; Ozone Secretariat. Twenty Questions and Answers about the Ozone Layer: 2010 Update. The questions address the nature of atmospheric ozone, the chemicals that cause ozone depletion, how global and polar ozone depletion occur, the success of the Montreal Protocol, and what could lie ahead for the ozone layer.[Available from, as of May 21, 2013: http://ozone.unep.org/Assessment_Panels/SAP/Scientific_Assessment_2010/]

USEPA; Ozone Layer Protection - Alternatives/SNAP Program. List of Substitutes. Substitutes are reviewed on the basis of ozone depletion potential, global warming potential, toxicity, flammability, and exposure potential as described in the final SNAP rule (59 FR 13044). Lists of acceptable and unacceptable substitutes are updated several times each year.[Available from, as of May 21, 2013: www.epa.gov/ozone/snap/lists/index.html]

1-CHLORO-1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE is chemically inert in many situations, but can react violently with strong reducing agents such as the very active metals and the active metals. They suffer oxidation with strong oxidizing agents and under extremes of temperature.

All fluorocarbons will undergo thermal decomposition when exposed to flame or red-hot metal. Decomposition products of the chlorofluorocarbons will include hydrofluoric & hydrochloric acid along with smaller amounts of phosgene & carbonyl fluoride. The last compound is very unstable to hydrolysis & quickly changes to hydrofluoric acid & carbon dioxide in the presence of moisture. /Fluorocarbons/

In contact with open flame or very hot surface fluorocarbons may decomp into highly irritant & toxic gases: chlorine, hydrogen fluoride or chloride, & even phosgene. /Fluorocarbon Refrigerant & Propellants/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Sufficient exhaust & general ventilation should be provided to keep vapor concn below recommended levels. /Fluorocarbons/

Eye washer and instant shower facilities should be located near the work areas where spills and splash hazards exist. /Fluorocarbons/

Inhalation of vapors should be avoided. /Chlorofluorocarbon/

Forced air ventilation at the level of vapor concentration together with the use of individual breathing devices with independent air supply will minimize the risk of inhalation. Lifelines should be worn when entering tanks or other confined spaces. /Chlorofluorocarbon/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

Many of the fluorocarbons are good solvents of skin oil, so protective ointment should be used. /Fluorocarbons/

Forced air ventilation and level of vapor concentration together with the use of individual breathing devices with independent air supply will minimize risk of inhalation. Lifelines should be worn when entering tanks or other confined spaces. /Chlorofluorocarbon/

Neoprene gloves, protective clothing, and eye protection minimize risk of topical contact. /Chlorofluorocarbon or Hydrochlorofluorocarbon/

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was designed to reduce the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances in order to reduce their abundance in the atmosphere, and thereby protect the earth's fragile ozone Layer. The original Montreal Protocol was agreed on 16 September 1987 and entered into force on 1 January 1989. The Montreal Protocol includes a unique adjustment provision that enables the Parties to the Protocol to respond quickly to new scientific information and agree to accelerate the reductions required on chemicals already covered by the Protocol. These adjustments are then automatically applicable to all countries that ratified the Protocol. Since its initial adoption, the Montreal Protocol has been adjusted five times. Specifically, the Second, Fourth, Seventh, Ninth, Eleventh and Nineteenth Meetings of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol adopted, in accordance with the procedure laid down in paragraph 9 of Article 2 of the Montreal Protocol, certain adjustments and reductions of production and consumption of the controlled substances listed in the Annexes of the Protocol. These adjustments entered into force, for all the Parties, on 7 March 1991, 23 September 1993, 5 August 1996, 4 June 1998, 28 July 2000 and 14 May 2008, respectively. In addition to adjusting the Protocol, the Parties to the Montreal Protocol have amended the Protocol to enable, among other things, the control of new chemicals and the creation of a financial mechanism to enable developing countries to comply. Specifically, the Second, Fourth, Ninth and Eleventh Meetings of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol adopted, in accordance with the procedure laid down in paragraph 4 of Article 9 of the Vienna Convention, four Amendments to the Protocol - the London Amendment (1990), the Copenhagen Amendment (1992), the Montreal Amendment (1997) and the Beijing Amendment (1999). Unlike adjustments to the Protocol, amendments must be ratified by countries before their requirements are applicable to those countries. The London, Copenhagen, Montreal and Beijing Amendments entered into force on 10 August 1992, 14 June 1994, 10 November 1999 and 25 February 2002, respectively, only for those Parties which ratified the particular amendments. In addition to adjustments and amendments to the Montreal Protocol, the Parties to the Protocol meet annually and take a variety of decisions aimed at enabling effective implementation of this important legal instrument. Through the 22nd Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, the Parties have taken over 720 decisions.

If inhalation occurs, epinephrine or other sympathomimetic amines & adrenergic activators should not be admin since they will further sensitize heart to development of arrhythmias. /Fluorocarbons/

... The combination of fluorocarbon with a sympathomimetic bronchodilator is potentially dangerous for the treatment of bronchial asthma. For the same reason, sympathomimetic drugs are contraindicated in cardiac resuscitation of patients suffering from fluorocarbon poisoning. /Fluorocarbon poisoning/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 140(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.54 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2600 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2012).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 140(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.54 atm-cu m/mol(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1 hour and 5 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), a estimated BCF of 7.8(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 1.86(6) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2012).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 2600 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.0X10+4 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.0X10-8 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to undergo direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). As a result of its long half-life, 1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane will slowly diffuse to the stratosphere. Once in the upper stratosphere, halogenated hydrocarbons are dissociated through photolysis, reaction with hydroxyl radical and excited atomic oxygen resulting in the release of chlorine. These chlorine atoms then become part of a catalytic process that contributes to the destruction of the ozone layer(5).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane can be estimated to be 140(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is expected to have high mobility in soil.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ /Propellant /fluorocarbon/ gases were generated ... from a distance of 50 cm for periods of 15 to 60 seconds. At a measured concentration of 95,000 mg/cu m (1700 ppm), there was biphasic change in ventilatory capacity, the first reduction occurring within few min after exposure, & second delayed until 13 to 30 min after exposure. Most subjects developed bradycardia, & inversion of the t-wave. /Propellant gases/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Early ... human experience indicated that high vapor concn (eg, 20%) may cause confusion, pulmonary irritation, tremors & rarely coma, but that these effects were generally transient & without late sequelae. Cause of death /from abuse of fluorocarbons/ is in considerable doubt. Freezing of airway soft tissues can probably be eliminated as a cause of death except in cases where the product was sprayed directly into the mouth from its container or from a balloon containing some liquid. Laryngeal spasm or edema, oxygen displacement, or sensitization of myocardium to endogenous catecholamines with subsequent ventricular fibrillation appear to be reasonable possibilities. /Fluorocarbon Refrigerants & Propellants/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Non-occupational exposure and accidental or abusive inhalation of aerosols /due to Fluorocarbon propellants/ have also been documented, the main symptoms being CNS depression and cardiovascular reactions. Cardiac arrhythmia, possibly aggravated by elevated levels of catecholamines due to stress or by moderate hypercapnia, is suggested as the cause of these adverse response, which may lead to death. /Fluorocarbon propellants/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... High vapor concn (eg, 20%) may cause confusion, pulmonary irritation, tremors & rarely coma ... but ... these effects were generally transient & without late sequelae. /Fluorocarbon refrigerants & propellants/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane's production and use as an refrigerant(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). As a result of the 1987 Montreal Protocal agreement and individual country regulations of HCFCs, the global fluorocarbons market continues to undergo major transformation toward greater use of more environmentally benign HFCs and nonfluorocarbon alternatives(2). Class II controlled substances are compounds that have an ozone depletion potential (ODP) less than 0.2, and are all hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). HCFCs were developed as transitional substitutes for Class I substances and are subject to a later phase-out schedule than Class I substances. As a Party to the Montreal Protocol, the U.S. must incrementally decrease HCFC consumption and production, culminating in a complete HCFC phase-out in 2030(3).

An estimated BCF of 7.8 was calculated in fish for 1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 1.86(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is estimated as 0.54 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 1 hour(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 5 days(SRC). 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2600 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Early animal ... work indicated that high vapor concn (eg, 20%) may cause confusion, pulmonary irritation, tremors & rarely coma, but that these effects were generally transient & without late sequelae. /Fluorocarbon refrigerants & propellants/

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 5.3X10-8 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.0X10+4 days (55 yrs) at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Partly halogenated hydrocarbons, such as 1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, are less stable than fully halogenated hydrocarbons. They react with hydroxyl radicals and are thus largely removed by tropospheric OH-reactions. Only a fraction of the amounts emitted into the troposphere reaches the stratosphere and can thereby augment the source of halogen catalysts. The global release rates are such that despite tropospheric removal reactions, they nevertheless contribute to the chlorine budget of the stratosphere(2). 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to/may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Halocarbon sinks chemically transform or physically remove halogen-containing source species from the atmosphere after release. Known atmospheric sinks for halocarbon source gases include photolysis, reaction with hydroxyl radical (OH) in both the troposphere and stratosphere, reaction with electronically excited atomic oxygen (O(1D)) and atomic chlorine (Cl) chiefly in the stratosphere, uptake in oceanic surface waters through chemical and biological degradation processes, biological degradation in soils, and possibly surface reactions on minerals. Not all halocarbon source gases become degraded by all of these sink processes. The quantitative determinations of trace gas sink strengths are of interest because the sinks control both the atmospheric lifetimes and the location of halogen release from source gases. The important sink processes for atmospheric lifetime are those that have significant strength on a mass or molecule basis, that is, where loss frequency and atmospheric abundance are co-located. A simple definition of lifetime is the sum of the integrals over the entire atmosphere of the product of the first-order sink process frequencies (the local instantaneous lifetimes) and the normalized source gas mass or concentration distribution(1). /Hydrohalocarbons/

Occupational exposure to 1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is produced or used. Due to its long atmospheric residence time, the general population is exposed to 1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane through inhalation of ambient air. (SRC)

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), after consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), is amending FDA's regulation on the use of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) in selfpressurized containers to remove the essential-use designations for flunisolide, triamcinolone, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, albuterol and ipratropium in combination, cromolyn, and nedocromil used in oral pressurized metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). The Clean Air Act requires FDA, in consultation with the EPA, to determine whether an FDA-regulated product that releases an ODS is an essential use of the ODS. FDA has concluded that there are no substantial technical barriers to formulating flunisolide, triamcinolone, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, albuterol and ipratropium in combination, cromolyn, and nedocromil as products that do not release ODSs, and therefore they will no longer be essential uses of ODSs as of the effective dates of this rule. MDIs for these active moieties containing an ODS may not be marketed after the relevant effective date. DATES: Removal of Part 2.125(e)(2)(iii) and 2.125(e)(4)(vii) is effective June 14, 2010. Removal of Part 2.125(e)(1)(v) and 2.125(e)(4)(iv) is effective December 31, 2010. Removal of Part 2.125(e)(1)(iii) is effective June 30, 2011. Removal of 2.125(e)(2)(iv) and Part 2.125(e)(4)(viii) is effective December 31, 2013. /Ozone-Depleting Substances/

Use of ozone-depleting substances in foods, drugs, devices, or cosmetics. (a) As used in this section, ozone-depleting substance (ODS) means any class I substance as defined in 40 CFR part 82, appendix A to subpart A, or class II substance as defined in 40 CFR part 82, appendix B to subpart A. (b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, any food, drug, device, or cosmetic that is, consists in part of, or is contained in an aerosol product or other pressurized dispenser that releases an ODS is not an essential use of the ODS under the Clean Air Act. (c) A food, drug, device, or cosmetic that is, consists in part of, or is contained in an aerosol product or other pressurized dispenser that releases an ODS is an essential use of the ODS under the Clean Air Act if paragraph (e) of this section specifies the use of that product as essential. For drugs, including biologics and animal drugs, and for devices, an investigational application or an approved marketing application must be in effect, as applicable. ... (e) The use of ODSs in the following products is essential: ... (2) Metered-dose short-acting adrenergic bronchodilator human drugs for oral inhalation. Oral pressurized metered-dose inhalers containing the following active moieties: ... (iv) Pirbuterol. ... (4) Other essential uses. (iii) Anesthetic drugs for topical use on accessible mucous membranes of humans where a cannula is used for application. ... (vi) Metered-dose atropine sulfate aerosol human drugs administered by oral inhalation. ... (viii) Metered-dose ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate, in combination, administered by oral inhalation for human use. (ix) Sterile aerosol talc administered intrapleurally by thoracoscopy for human use. /Ozone-Depleting Substances/

... Main factor affecting fate of fluorocarbons is body fat, where they are concentrated & slowly released into blood @ concn that should not cause any risk of cardiac sensitization. /Fluorocarbons/

There is a significant accumulation of fluorocarbons in brain, liver & lung compared to blood levels, signifying a tissue distribution of fluorocarbons similar to that of chloroform. /Fluorocarbons/

Abosrption of fluorocarbons is much lower after oral ingestion (35-48 times) than after inhalation. ... The lung generally has the highest fluorocarbon concentrations on autopsy. /Fluorocarbons/

Although fluorocarbons cause cardiac sensitization in certain animal species, rapid elimination prevents the development of cardiotoxic concentrations from aerosol bronchodilator use except at exceedingly high doses (12 to 24 doses in 2 minutes). /Fluorocarbons/

Fluorocarbon compounds are lipid-soluble and thus are generally well absorbed through lung. Absorption after ingestion is 35 to 48 times lower than after inhalation. Fluorocarbons are eliminated by way of lung. Fluorocarbon compounds/

Used as alternatives to CFCs in applications such as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning agents, and fire extinguishers; [HSDB]

Metal Degreasing [Category: Clean]

The HCFCs are used as alternatives to CFCs in applications such as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning agents, and fire extinguishant. /Alternatives to CFCs; from table/

Chlorofluoroalkanes (and also the alternative HCFCs and HFCs) produced on an industrial scale are subject to stringent standards. Impurities must not exceed the following limits (vol %): acids, 0; moisture, <0.001; higher-boiling fractions, <0.05; and other gases, 2. /Chlorofluoroalkanes/

Refrigeration/air conditioning, 43%; foam blowing agents, 20%; polymer precursors, 13%; solvent cleaning, 12%; aerosol propellants, 2%; medical equipment sterilization, 3%; other, 7% /Fluorocarbons/

Refrigeration/air conditioning, 46%; fluoropolymer precursors, 28%; foam blowing agents, 20%; solvent cleaning, 3%; miscellaneous, including aerosol propellants, medical equipment sterilization, food freezing and halon manufacture, 3% /Fluorocarbons/

The most important commercial method for manufacturing CFCs and HCFCs is the successive replacement of chlorine by fluorine using hydrogen fluoride. The traditional, liquid-phase process uses antimony pentafluoride or a mixture of antimony trifluoride and chlorine as catalysts. Continuous vapor-phase processes that employ gaseous hydrogen fluoride in the presence of heterogenous chromium, iron, or fluorinated alumina catalysts also are widely used. Carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and hexachloroethane (or tetrachloroethylene plus chlorine) are commonly used starting materials for one- and two-carbon chlorofluorocarbons. The extent of chlorine exchange can be controlled by varying the hydrogen fluoride concentration, the contact time, or the reaction temperature. /CFCs and HCFCs/

Ethane, 1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-: ACTIVE

SRP: The EPA has organized groups of chemicals into two classes according to their ozone-depletion potential. Class I controlled substances are those with an ozone-depletion potential of 0.2 or higher. Class II controlled substances are those with an ozone-potential of less than 0.2. Class II controlled substances are all hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).

Class II controlled substances are compounds that have an ozone depletion potential (ODP) less than 0.2, and are all hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). HCFCs were developed as transitional substitutes for Class I substances and are subject to a later phaseout schedule than Class I substances. ... Although there are currently 34 controlled HCFCs, only a few are commonly used. The most widely used have been HCFC-22 (usually a refrigerant), HCFC-141b (a solvent and foam-blowing agent), and HCFC-142b (a foam-blowing agent and component in refrigerant blends). ... As a Party to the Montreal Protocol, the U.S. must incrementally decrease HCFC consumption and production, culminating in a complete HCFC phaseout in 2030. The major milestones that are upcoming for developed countries are a reduction in 2010 to at least 75 percent below baseline HCFC levels and a reduction in 2015 to at least 90 percent below baseline. Section 605 of the Clean Air Act sets the U.S. phaseout targets for Class II substances. In 1993, the EPA established the phaseout framework and the "worst-first" approach that focused first on HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, and HCFC-142b because these three HCFCs have the highest ODPs of all HCFCs. To meet the required 2004 reduction, the EPA phased out HCFC-141b in 2003 and froze the production and consumption of HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b. In 2009, EPA reduced the production and import of virgin HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b and limited the use of those compounds to meet the Montreal Protocol's 2010 milestones.

The numbers in the "ODP1" column are from the Montreal Protocol. Some numbers have been updated as per amendments to the protocol. The "ODP2" column numbers are from the stratospheric ozone protection regulations at 40 CFR Part 82, as required by Title VI of the Clean Air Act amendments. These numbers include the amendments of July 18, 2003 (68 FR 42892). Data in the "ODP3" column come from WMO's /World Meteorological Organization/ Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006. ODP values listed are semi-empirical and can be found in Table 8-1 of the document. All GWP values represent global warming potential over a 100-year time horizon. The numbers in the "GWP1" column are from Table 1-6 of The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002, a report of the World Meteorological Association's Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project. The GWPs in the "GWP1" column that were not provided Table 1-6 of the 2002 report have not been updated since 1998 and are from The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 1998. "GWP2" column numbers are from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Third Assessment Report: Climate Change 2001, and "GWP3" column numbers are from 40 CFR Part 82, stratospheric ozone protection regulations required by Title VI of the Clean Air Act amendments. The data in the "GWP4" column come from the IPCC Special Report on Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System: Issues related to Hydrofluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbons ("SROC"). The values listed are for direct radiative forcing and can be found in Table 2.7 in the document. The numbers in the "GWP5" column come from the WMO's Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006. The values listed are for direct radiative forcing and can be found in Table 8-2 of the document.

EPA ensures that HCFC consumption in the U.S. is 75% below the U.S. baseline (as required under the Montreal Protocol) by issuing allowances to producers and importers of HCFCs. The "2010 HCFC Allocation Rule" allocated allowances for each year between 2010 and 2014. To meet the stepdown, the number of allowances for HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b were less than for the 2003-2009 control periods. EPA also issued allowances for HCFC-123, HCFC-124, HCFC-225ca, and HCFC-225cb. The rules also limited the use of virgin HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b to existing refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment. The "Pre-Charted Appliances Rule" banned the sale or distribution of air-conditioning and refrigeration products containing HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, or blends containing one or both of these substances, beginning January 1, 2010. ... The "2010 HCFC Allocation Rule" was challenged in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit in Arkema v EPA. In August, 2010, the court decided against EPA. EPA interprets the Court's decision as vacating the portion of the rule that establishes company-by-company production and consumption baselines and calendar-year allowances for HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b. All other aspects of the rule are intact. On August 5, 2011, EPA issued an interim final rule that establishes new company-by-company HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b baselines and allocates production and consumption allowances for 2011.

For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.