1,1,1-Trifluoroethane

PFAS -> PFAS identified in REACH Regulation EC No. 1272/2008

PFAS -> PFAS with analytical method available

Danger

H220 (79.5%): Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

P203, P210, P222, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P280, P303+P361+P353, P370+P378, P377, P381, P403, P403+P235, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 190 reports by companies from 9 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Danger

H220: Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

Chemical: Ethane, 1,1,1-trifluoro-

Ethane, 1,1,1-trifluoro- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Ethane, 1,1,1-trifluoro- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

PMN - indicates a commenced PMN (Pre-Manufacture Notices) substance.

Status: Active Update: 03-02-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15086

Ethane, 1,1,1-trifluoro- (Refrigerant gas R143A): HSNO Approval: HSR001013 Approved with controls

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

· EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE.

Extremely flammable. Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.

Trifluoroethane is a flammable gas.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

· Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning, especially when in closed or confined areas.

Evaporating liquid can cause frostbite; Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. [CAMEO] Evaporating liquid can cause frostbite; Inhalation of high concentrations can cause CNS depression and cardiac arrhythmias; In confined space spill, may displace air and act as simple asphyxiant; [MSDSonline]

Halogenated aliphatic compounds, such as 1,1,1-TRIFLUOROETHANE, are moderately or very reactive. Halogenated organics generally become less reactive as more of their hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen atoms. Low molecular weight haloalkanes are highly flammable and can react with some metals to form dangerous products. Materials in this group are incompatible with strong oxidizing and reducing agents. Also, they are incompatible with many amines, nitrides, azo/diazo compounds, alkali metals, and epoxides.

/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Fire or Explosion: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Will form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Methane (UN1971) are lighter than air and will rise. Hydrogen and Deuterium fires are difficult to detect since they burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.) Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.

/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Some may be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.

/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas.

/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

General First Aid:

Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.

Poisonous gases, including hydrogen fluoride, are produces in fire.

DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED. ... Small fire: Dry chemical or CO2. Large fire: Water spray or fog. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Fire involving tanks: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. ... If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame-- consider evacuation of one-half (1/2) mile radiud.

Use dry chemical, /carbon dioxide/, water spray, or foam extinguishers. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. ... Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume or pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

Store separately from all other flammable materials. ... Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area. Outdoor or detached storage is recommended. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where trifluoroethane is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard.

As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Large spill: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile). Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, isolate for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of leak to disperse the gas. Stop the flow of gas if it can be sone safely. If source of leak is a cylinder and the leak cannot be stopped in place, remove leaking cylinder to a safe place in the open air, and repair leak or allow cylinder to empty. Keep this chemical out of confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of leak to disperse the gas. Stop the flow of gas if it can be sone safely. If source of leak is a cylinder and the leak cannot be stopped in place, remove leaking cylinder to a safe place in the open air, and repair leak or allow cylinder to empty. Keep this chemical out of confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations.

Non-Fire Response: Eliminate all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and are likely to break without warning.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personal hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Avoid breathing vapors. Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. Avoid bodily contact with the material.

If material leaking (not on fire) consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location and weather conditions.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

Immediate precautionary measure

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 44(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,1,1-trifluoroethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.77 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(2). 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) because it is a gas with a vapor pressure of 9465 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). Based on the analog data for 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane is considered to be not readily biodegradable(4).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 44(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,1,1-trifluoroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.77 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.7 hours and 3.6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 6.5(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 1.74(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Based on the analog data for HCFC-141b, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane is considered to be not readily biodegradable(5). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(5).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane, which has a vapor pressure of 9465 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase 1,1,1-trifluoroethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 36 years(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.20X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). When released into the environment, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane is expected to volatilize almost entirely into the atmosphere, where it will be slowly degraded via trifluoroacetaldehyde to HF and CO2 as final products(4). 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane has no effect on stratospheric ozone depletion(6). The 100-year global warming potential of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane has been estimated as 3800 (compared with 1 for CO2) and the atmospheric lifetime has been estimated as 48.3 years(6).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (HFC-143a) is a colorless gas. It is used to make other chemicals and may be used as a refrigerant. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: There was no significant increase in chromosome aberrations when human lymphocytes were exposed to the substance in vitro. ANIMAL STUDIES: HFC-143a has a very low acute inhalation toxicity potential as shown by a 4-hr LC50 of > 540,000 ppm in rats. HFC-143A has a low potential to induce cardiac sensitization in experimental screening studies in dogs; only the highest concentration tested--300,000 ppm--elicited a cardiac sensitization response. In one study, a 3% solution of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane in corn oil was given to rats by gavage in doses of 300 mg/kg body weight, 5 days/week for 52 weeks. The animals were killed on week 125. Males had significantly lower body weights from week 28 to week 88. No other exposure-related effects were observed: there was no significant increase of cancer incidence in any organ. One study reports that 1,1,1-trifluoroethane had mutagenic effects on two of four strains of Salmonella typhimurium when tested in vitro, both with and without metabolic activation. Another study reports that mutagenic effects could not be observed when the substance was tested, either with or without addition of metabolizing systems, on a total of six strains of Salmonella typhimurium and two strains of E coli. In cell transformation tests on mammalian cells in vitro, 1,1,1- trifluoroethane had no observed mutagenic effect. Further, there was no significant increase of micronuclei in bone marrow cells of mice that had been exposed to 40,000, 10,000 or 2000 ppm 1,1,1-trifluoroethane 6 hours/day for two days. No maternal or developmental toxicity was noted after exposure to HFC-143a even at 40,000 ppm in rats or rabbits. No evidence of teratogenicity was noted in rats or rabbits.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane can be estimated to be 44(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,1,1-trifluoroethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The aim of this study was to determine the toxicokinetics and some effects of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a) in humans. Nine male volunteers were experimentally exposed to 500 ppm HFC-143a for 2 hr during light physical exercise (50W) in an exposure chamber. ... No effects of exposure were seen either in the electrocardiographic monitorings or as symptom ratings on the visual analogue scale.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Some may be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases.

/GENOTOXICITY/ There was no significant increase in chromosome aberrations when human lymphocytes were exposed to the substance in vitro.

1,1,1-Trifluoroethane's production and use as a refrigerant(1), blend component for air conditioning systems(2) and intermediate for the manufacture of vinylidene fluoride(3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). When released into the environment, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane is expected to volatilize almost entirely into the atmosphere(2).

AEROBIC: Based on the analog data for 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane is considered to be not readily biodegradable. In general, low molecular weight halocarbons are not readily degradable(1).

PURE CULTURE: No degradation of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane was observed in biodegradation tests using the bacterial strain Methylosinus vaccae JOB5(1).

An estimated BCF of 6.5 was calculated in fish for 1,1,1-trifluoroethane(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 1.74(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,1,1-trifluoroethane is estimated as 0.77 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,1,1-trifluoroethane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 2.7 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3.6 days(SRC). 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9465 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). The water-air partition coefficient of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane in saline solution under physiologically based conditions was measured as 0.15(4) which corresponds to a Henry's Law constant of about 0.2 atm-cu m/mole(SRC).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ In an initial 4-week nose-only inhalation study, male and female rats were exposed 6 hr/day, 5 days/week at concentrations of 0, 2000, 10,000, or 40,000 ppm. Females showed no evidence of toxicity at any exposure level; male rats did exhibit degenerative changes only in the tests at all exposure levels. However, because of exposure system irregularities, which resulted in excessive temperature conditions and stress in the HFC-143a-exposed groups, the study was repeated in male rats exposed by whole-body inhalation. In this repeat study no toxicity was observed at < or = 40,000 ppm. Moreover, a subsequent 90-day whole-body inhalation study in rats exposed 6 hr/day, 5 days/week at 0, 2000, 10,000, or 40,000 ppm resulted in no evidence of toxicity at any exposure concentration. The results of the second 4-week and the 90-day studies using whole-body exposures indicate that the findings from the first 4-week study were related to the stress induced by excessive temperatures and nose-only restraint. Therefore, the no-observed-effect level (NOEL) for rats repeatedly exposed up to 90 days was considered to be 40,000 ppm.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ In one study, a 3% solution of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane in corn oil was given to rats (36 of each sex) by gavage in doses of 300 mg/kg body weight, 5 days/week for 52 weeks. The animals were killed on week 125, and routine histopathological examinations of lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys and brain were made, and other organs were also examined if they looked abnormal. Males had significantly lower body weights from week 28 to week 88. No other exposure-related effects were observed: there was no significant increase of cancer incidence in any organ, for example.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ The present paper summarizes data on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), including pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), difluoromethane (HFC-32) and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa), used as refrigerants, published in openly available scientific literature. ... No maternal or developmental toxicity was noted after exposure to HFC-143a even at 40,000 ppm in rats or rabbits ... . No evidence of teratogenicity for these HFCs was noted in rats or rabbits.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ In developmental toxicity studies with rats and rabbits, an increase in visceral variations or skeletal malformations was observed, respectively, at HFC-143a concentrations of 2000, 10,000 or 40,000 ppm (rat) or at the low and high concentrations (rabbit). Because of the unusually low control incidence of variations (1.6% per litter in the control versus 6.8-16.8% for historical control values), the lack of a clear dose-response relationship, and the lack of other developmental effects, these findings were not considered related to HFC-143a exposure. ...

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been experimentally determined as 1.2X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 36 years at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). A photochemical trajectory model has calculated a photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) of 0.0 for 1,1,1-trifluoroethane, thus 1,1,1-trifluoroethane should make a negligible contribution to photochemical ozone production(3). Due to the absence of chlorine and bromine atoms, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane has no effect on stratospheric ozone depletion(3). The 100-year global warming potential of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane has been estimated as 3800 (compared with 1 for CO2) and the atmospheric lifetime has been estimated as 48.3 years(3). The slow degradation in the atmosphere is reported to proceed via production of trifluoroacetaldehyde to HF and CO2 as final products(4). 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 4 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (CAS 420-46-2) in the United States may be as low as <10 workers and as high as 100-499 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

Occupational exposure to 1,1,1-trifluoroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,1,1-trifluoroethane is produced or used. Consumer exposure to 1,1,1-trifluoroethane is considered to be negligible(1). Environmental exposure through air is possible but will be very low/considered negligible(1). However, atmospheric release from uses in air conditioning and refrigeration systems(2) may result in inhalation exposure(SRC).

The aim of this study was to determine the toxicokinetics and some effects of 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a) in humans. Nine male volunteers were experimentally exposed to 500 ppm HFC-143a for 2 hr during light physical exercise (50W) in an exposure chamber. Blood, urine and exhaled air were sampled before, during and up to 19 hr after exposure and analyzed for HFC-143a by gas chromatography. These data were described by a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model. The electrocardiograms of the volunteers were monitored during exposure. Before, during and after exposure the volunteers rated symptoms related to irritation and CNS-symptoms on a visual analogue scale. Inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A protein, D-dimer, fibrinogen) and uric acid were analyzed in plasma collected before and 21 hr after exposure. The exposures were performed after informed consent and ethical approval. The plasma concentration of HFC-143a increased promptly at start of exposure, and decreased in the same manner post-exposure. A stable level of 4.8+/-2.0 microM (mean+/-S.D.) was reached within 30 min of exposure. The HFC-143a concentration in plasma and exhaled air decreased fast and in parallel when exposure was stopped. The urinary excretion of HFC-143a after exposure was 0.0007% of the inhaled amount. The half-time in urine, calculated from pooled data, was 53 min. The experimental and simulated time courses in blood and exhaled air were in agreement. The simulated relative uptake during the exposure was 1.6+/-0.3%. The fibrinogen level in plasma had increased by 11% 1 day post-exposure. No statistically significant increase was seen for the other inflammatory markers or for uric acid. No effects of exposure were seen either in the electrocardiographic monitorings or as symptom ratings on the visual analogue scale.

Various hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have replaced the ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons during the last decades. The objective of this study was to examine the usefulness of blood and breath for exposure biomonitoring of HFCs. We compared data on blood and exhaled air from a series of experiments where healthy volunteers were exposed to vapors of four commonly used HFCs; 1,1-difluoroethane, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane. All four HFCs had similar toxicokinetic profiles in blood with a rapid initial increase and an apparent steady-state reached within a few minutes. For all HFCs, the inhalation uptake during exposure was low (less than 6%), most of which was exhaled post-exposure. No metabolism could be detected and only minor amounts were excreted unchanged in urine. The observed time courses in blood and breath were well described by physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Simulations of 8-hr exposures show that the HFC levels in both blood and breath drop rapidly during the first minutes post-exposure, whereafter the decline is considerably slower and mainly reflects washout from fat tissues. We conclude that blood and exhaled air can be used for biological exposure monitoring. Samples should not be taken immediately at the end of shift but rather 20-30 min later.

Refrigerant

Blend component for air conditioning systems

Intermediate for the manufacture of vinylidene fluoride

... used to make other chemicals and may be used as a refrigerant.

2023: 4,000,000 - <5,500,000 lb

Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: Ethane, 1,1,1-trifluoro-. National Production Volume: 17,846,459 lb/yr.

Higher temperatures and higher hydrogen fluoride-to-substrate ratios are necessary to achieve complete replacement of all chlorine atoms in the starting chloro compounds by fluorine. Both liquid-phase halogen exchange in the presence of catalysts, such as antimony(V) or tin(IV) chlorofluorides and vapor phase reactions using solid-phase catalysts based on chromium are employed. Preferred starting materials are chloroform for HFC 23, dichloromethane for HFC 32, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane for HFC 143a. The conversion of tetrachloroethylene to HFC 125 and trichloroethylene to HFC 134a involves initial HF-addition across the double bond followed by a series of chlorine-fluorine exchange reactions.

All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing

Ethane, 1,1,1-trifluoro-: ACTIVE