1-Chloro-1-propene

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 44(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-chloro-1-propene is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-chloro-1-propene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.055 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). 1-Chloro-1-propene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 507 mm Hg(4). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2007).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 44(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-chloro-1-propene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.055 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1 hour and 3.5 days, respectively(SRC). Measured volatilization half-lives in dilute aqueous solution (depth of 6.5 cm) range from 16 to 20.1 minutes(5,6). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 7(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 2.9(8) and a regression-derived equation(9), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2007).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-chloro-1-propene, which has a vapor pressure of 507 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-chloro-1-propene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); half-lives for this reaction in air are estimated to be 1.3 and 1.2 days(SRC) for cis- and trans-isomers, respectively, calculated from rate constants of 1.2X10-11 and 1.4X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(for cis- and trans-isomers, respectively)(SRC) that were derived using a structure estimation method(3). Vapor-phase 1-chloro-1-propene is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone(SRC); half-lives for this reaction in air are estimated to be 14 and 7 days(SRC) for the cis- and trans-isomers, respectively, calculated from rate constants of 0.8X10-18 and 1.6X10-18 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C (for cis- and trans-isomers, respectively)(SRC) that were derived using a structure estimation method(3). 1-Chloro-1-propene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1-chloro-1-propene can be estimated to be 44(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-chloro-1-propene is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology: 1. A. Inhalation, high vapor concentration: gasping, refusal to breathe, coughing, substernal pain, and extreme respiratory distress at ... concentrations over 1500 ppm. Irritation of eyes and upper respiratory mucosa appears promptly after exposure to concentrated vapors. Lacrimation and headache are prominent. Coma may occur rapidly. B. Inhalation, low vapor concentrations: central nervous depression and moderate irritation of respiratory system. 2. Dermal: severe skin irritation with marked inflammatory response of epidermis and underlying tissues. 3. Oral: acute GI distress with pulmonary congestion and edema. CNS depression, perhaps even in absence of impaired oxygen uptake. 4. By any route, possible injuries to liver, kidneys and heart. /Dichloropropenes/

An estimated BCF of 7 was calculated in fish for 1-chloro-1-propene(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 2.0(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Measured half-lives for 1-chloro-1-propene in dilute (1 ppm, solution depth of 6.5 cm) aqueous solution ranged from 16 to 20.1 minutes(1). The time required for 50 and 90% evaporation of 1-chloro-1-propene from a dilute aqueous solution (depth of 6.5 cm) was 16 and 59 minutes, respectively(2). The Henry's Law constant for 1-chloro-1-propene is estimated as 0.055 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(3). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-chloro-1-propene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(4). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(4) is estimated as 1 hour(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3.5 days(SRC). 1-Chloro-1-propene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 1-Chloro-1-propene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 507 mm Hg(5).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Toxicological investigation of 1-chloropropene, 1-chloro-2-methyl-propene, 3-chloropropene, and 3-chloro-2-methyl-propene has shown that the 1-chloro compounds are less irritating to mucous membranes than are the 3-chloro compounds. All four compounds are anesthetic to mice when inhaled in low concentrations ... . All compounds increase blood pressure in rabbits. The increase is more pronounced and more prolonged with the 3-chloro than with the 1-chloro compounds. At high concentrations all four compounds produce death in mice within a very few minutes. At lower concentrations, 3-chloropropene and 3-chloro-2-methyl-propene commonly cause death many hours after exposure, and 1-chloropropene and 1-chloro-2-methyl-propene either kill rapidly or not at all. ...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ A series of 15 halogenated hydrocarbons of industrial & environmental importance were tested for carcinogenicity by chronic administration by 1 or more routes in HA:ICR Swiss mice. By intragastric intubation, 1-chloropropene & 2-chloropropanal induced significant numbers of stomach tumors.

Rate constants for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-chloro-1-propene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.2X10-11 and 1.4X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec (for cis- and trans-isomers, respectively) at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). These correspond to atmospheric half-lives of about 1.3 and 1.2 days, respectively, at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-chloro-1-propene with ozone has been estimated as 0.8X10-18 and 1.6X10-18 cu cm/molecule-sec (cis- and trans-isomers, respectively) at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(1). These correspond to atmospheric half-lives of about 14 and 7 days, respectively at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(2). 1-Chloro-1-propene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). 1-Chloro-1-propene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 145 workers (3 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 1-chloro-1-propene in the USA(1). The general population may be exposed to 1-chloro-1-propene via ingestion of drinking water and dermal contact with vapors and products containing 1-chloro-1-propene(SRC). Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation or dermal contact at workplaces where 1-chloro-1-propene is produced or used(SRC).

1-Chloro-1-propene's production during the manufacture of allyl chloride may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 507 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1-chloro-1-propene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-chloro-1-propene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be approximately 1 day for both cis- and trans-isomers. Vapor-phase 1-chloro-1-propene will also be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone molecules; half-lives for this reaction in air are estimated to be 14 and 7 days for the cis- and trans-isomers, respectively. 1-Chloro-1-propene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 1-chloro-1-propene is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 44. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.055 atm-cu m/mole. 1-Chloro-1-propene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data were not available. If released into water, 1-chloro-1-propene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1 hour and 3.5 days, respectively. Measured volatilization half-lives in dilute aqueous solution (average depth of 6.5 cm) ranged from 16-20.1 minutes. An estimated BCF of 7 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation or dermal contact at workplaces where 1-chloro-1-propene is produced. The general population may be exposed to 1-chloro-1-propene via ingestion of drinking water and dermal contact with vapors and products containing 1-chloro-1-propene. (SRC)

1-Chloropropylene

1

10000

Flammable chemical that can be released at a facility.