Pentadecane

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.；SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.；INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.；INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas.; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with alcohol followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.；STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:；IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.；LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).；FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

11 [mg/m3]

130 [mg/m3]

760 [mg/m3]

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter.；RECOMMENDED GLOVE MATERIALS: Permeation data indicate that latex gloves may provide protection from contact with this compound. Latex over latex gloves is recommended. However, if this chemical makes direct contact with your gloves, or if a tear, hole or puncture develops, remove them at once. (NTP, 1992)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

n-Pentadecane was detected in 2 of 12 samples of mothers breast milk from the cities of Bayonne NJ, Jersey City NJ, Bridgeville PA and Baton Rouge LA(1). n-Pentadecane was detected in expired air collected from 62 non-smoking subjects (20 controls, 14 prediabetics, and 28 diabetics), concentration unknown(2).

... The present study is an ongoing approach to assess the dose-related percutaneous absorption of a number of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The first treatment (1X) was comprised of mixtures containing undecane (4.1%), dodecane (4.7%), tridecane (4.4%), tetradecane (3%), pentadecane (1.6%), naphthalene (1.1%), and dimethyl naphthalene (1.3% of jet fuels) in hexadecane solvent using porcine skin flow through diffusion cell. Other treatments (n = 4 cells) were 2X and 5X concentrations. Perfusate samples were analyzed with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) using head space solid phase micro-extraction fiber technique. We have standardized the assay to have a good linear correlation for all the tested components in media standards. Absorption parameters including diffusivity, permeability, steady state flux, and percent dose absorbed were estimated for all the tested hydrocarbons. This approach provides a baseline to access component interactions among themselves and with the diluent (solvents). A quantitative structure permeability relationship (QSPR) model was derived to predict the permeability of unknown jet fuel hydrocarbons in this solvent system by using their physicochemical parameters. Our findings suggested a dose related increase in absorption for naphthalene and dimethyl naphthalene (DMN).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 29,200(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that n-pentadecane is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of n-pentadecane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 34.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.00492 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 4X10-5 mg/L(4). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). n-Pentadecane is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(SRC). A 54.8% of theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(5) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). Other screening tests have also found n-pentadecane to be readily biodegradable(6). In a soil degradation study at 20 °C, n-pentadecane (at 13 ppm) degraded below detection limits within 5 days(7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 29,200(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that n-pentadecane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 34.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.00492 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 4X10-5 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hours and 5.6 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column(SRC). The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 30 months if adsorption is considered(6). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 1520(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 7.71(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high(SRC). n-Pentadecane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). A 54.8% of theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(8) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). Other screening tests have also found n-pentadecane to be readily biodegradable(9). Loss of 6 and 40% of n-pentadecane was observed within 5 and 15 days, respectively, from crude oil added to a seawater solution collected at Fukae of Kobe harbor, Japan(10).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), n-pentadecane, which has a vapor pressure of 0.00492 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-pentadecane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 19 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.07X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Based upon data for similar alkanes(4), n-pentadecane does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

FIELD STUDY: Westerly winds arriving at the Australian Clean Air Baseline Station Cape Grim, Tasmania, have exceedingly long trajectories over the Indian Ocean. In these air masses the n-alkanes C9-C28 were always present in the gas phase and also in the aerosols. In aerosols the total organic matter and its general composition were also measured. All these concentrations agree fairly well with earlier data in marine air over the North Atlantic Ocean. Calculations of the life time of the gas phase n-alkanes must be of oceanic origin in Indian Ocean air and, to a large extent, also in the North Atlantic air. This also applies to the organic component in aerosols. Water analyses show that the n-alkanes C9-C28 may be normal constituents of the oceans.

The mean concentration of n-pentadecane in salt-fermented anchovy and shrimp pastes was determined to be 1204 and 390 ng/g, respectively(1). n-Pentadecane was qualitatively identified as a volatile component of peanut oil (heated from 150 to 200 °C)(2), Beaufort cheese(3), mussels (0.057-8.37 ug/g)(4), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seed(5), kiwi fruit flowers (Actinidia chinensis Planch.)(6), and mutton, chicken, and beef volatiles(7). The aroma concentrates of uncured beef were found to contain 0.17 mg/kg n-pentadecane(8). n-Pentadecane was identified as a volatile component of frankfurters(9). n-Pentadecane was detected in Australian honeys at levels of 0.1-1.8 mg/kg(10). n-Pentadecane was detected in paprika oleoresin at a concentration of <0.1 mg/kg(11).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Pentadecane is a colorless liquid. It is used in organic synthesis and as solvent. It is also used for the production of both ionic and nonionic detergents. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Pentadecane may be harmful by inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption during industrial use. ANIMAL STUDIES: Pentadecane, when aspirated into the lungs, is an asphyxiant. Pentadecane incubated in vitro with rabbit heart mitochondrial protein did not cause significant effects on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of the heart mitochondria. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Fertile mallard duck eggs were treated with petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures, applied to the eggshell surface. The petroleum hydrocarbon mixture consisted of aromatics (26% wt/wt) and aliphatics (74% wt/wt). The aliphatic mixture included pentadecane. Application of the petroleum hydrocarbon mixture alone had a minimal effect on embryo survival.

The concentration of n-pentadecane in plankton collected from the North Central Adriatic Sea was determined to range from 0.7-11.1% in the spring and 0.8-12.0% in the summer(1). Samples collected between December 1990 and August 1991 from the Gulf of Trieste contained n-pentadecane ranging in concentration from traces to 0.8%(2).

n-Pentadecane was detected in the Myrtus communis (Myrtle, Myrtaceae) plant at a concentration of 2 ppm. It was detected, not quantified in the following plants(1):[Table#5529]

The concentration of n-pentadecane in tissue samples collected from 12 wolves of Northern Spain /Canis lupus signatus/ was determined to be 2.24, 2.08 and 1.65 mg/kg lipid weight in suprarenal capsules, muscle, and spleens, respectively(1). The concentration of n-pentadecane in blubber collected from walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) in six locations of the Pacific Ocean was determined to range from 0 to 0.03 ppm wet weight(2).

EPA has released the first beta version (version 0.5) of the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The beta version of the iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays; Click on the "Chemical Explorer" button on the tool bar to see the data./[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of October 14, 2015: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

An average n-pentadecane concentration of 580 ng/uL was identified in an industrial wastewater survey in which samples collected between November 1, 1979 to November 1, 1981 were analyzed for organic pollutants other than Priority Pollutants(1). n-Pentadecane was detected in 37 filter samples of exhaust air from the ventilating system of Elbtunnel, Hamburg, Germany, as having concentrations ranging from 1.54 to 2.86 g/cu m(2). Air pollution measurements taken from the Craeybeckx highway tunnel in Antwerp, Belgium during April 1991 were found to contain n-pentadecane at a concentration of 0.026 g/kg(3). n-Pentadecane was identified as a stack emission and a component of fly ash from municipal waste incinerators(4). Data from Sept 2, 1979 identified n-pentadecane as a gaseous emission of the vehicle traffic through the Allegheny Mountain Tunnel of the Pennsylvania Turnpike(5). Data from Aug 25 to Sept 7, 1979 showed for a speed of 80 km/hr on straight and level highway, gasoline powered vehicles emitted n-pentadecane at an average rate of 0.4 mg/km and diesel trucks emitted n-pentadecane at an average of 19.7 mg/km(6). The emission rate of n-pentadecane from motor vehicles in a Los Angeles roadway tunnel in 1993 was 585.7 ug/L(7). The n-pentadecane emission factor from a diesel-powered medium duty truck was 398 ug/km and the n-pentadecane content of the diesel fuel was 10500 ug/g(8). The n-pentadecane emission factor from the tailpipe of gasoline-powered California vehicles was reported as 6.2 ug/km for a catalyst-equipped vehicle and 112 ug/km for a non-catalyst-equipped vehicle for a gasoline containing 14.2 ug/g n-pentadecane(9).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of n-pentadecane can be estimated to be 29,200(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that n-pentadecane is expected to be immobile in soil. In a study conducted to mimic a spill of 1.27 L/sq-m, n-pentadecane (present in JP-4 jet fuel) was transported to a depth of 50 cm; at the end of the study (134 days), it was still detected(3).

Chemical: Pentadecane

Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 (Repealed by Com. Implementing Reg. (EU) No 872/2012)

Pentadecane is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Pentadecane are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 28-12-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/10589

Pentadecane: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

Used as a solvent for inks and degreasing; Used as an intermediate for chemical synthesis; [HSDB]

Metal Degreasing [Category: Clean]；Pulp and Paper Processing [Category: Industry]；Textiles (Printing, Dyeing, or Finishing) [Category: Industry]

It is used in organic synthesis and as solvent.

CHEM INT FOR CHLORINATED PARAFFINS (C10-C30 N-PARAFFINS)

FEEDSTOCK FOR CITRIC ACID PRODN BY FERMENTATION (AS MIXT)

SOLVENT, ESP FOR PRINTING INKS & DEGREASING APPLICATIONS

2023: 21,112,173 lb；2022: 26,231,681 lb；2021: 25,506,539 lb；2020: 20,547,946 lb

(1977) AT LEAST 4.54X10+8 GRAMS

(1981) 3.16X10+11 G (TOTAL, N-PARAFFINS)

By far the largest amount of saturated hydrocarbons is obtained from the natural sources natural gas and petroleum, either by isolation, e.g., fractional distillation, or by suitable conversion reactions. Additional sources include various products derived from coal processing or biomass conversion reactions, e.g., Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Saturated hydrocarbons that are unavailable from natural sources or for laboratory purposes are produced by special synthesis or by conversion processes. /Saturated hydrocarbons/

Pentadecane is produced by isolation of n-paraffins (C9-C17) from kerosene and gas oil fractions of crude oil by selective adsorption and fractional distillation.

ISOLATION OF N-PARAFFINS (C9-C17) FROM KEROSENE & GAS OIL FRACTIONS OF CRUDE OIL BY SELECTIVE ADSORPTION WITH MOLECULAR SIEVES OR ADDUCTION WITH UREA FOLLOWED BY FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION TO PRODUCE THE DESIRED MIXT OF N-PARAFFINS

All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing；All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing；Other (requires additional information)；Machinery Manufacturing；Petroleum Lubricating Oil and Grease Manufacturing；Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing

Pentadecane: ACTIVE