2-Butoxyethyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate

Pharmaceuticals

Pharmaceuticals -> Listed in ZINC15

Warning

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 6 reports by companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Despite the fact that topical nicoboxil and nonivamide products been available to use in some parts of Europe since the 1950s to treat discomfort of the muscuoskeletal system, the effects of nicoboxil and nonivamide have not been investigated in detail and a lack of detailed studies on nicoboxil pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics remains ongoing. Readily accessible data regarding the protein binding of nicoboxil is subsequently not available.

Topical applications consisting of the individual active ingredients of nicoboxil and nonivamide at doses considered to be therapeutic are generally not considered readily available commercially. Subsequently, the pharmacodynamics of nicoboxil are considered useful in commercially available combination products largely because they combine with those of nonivamide to offer a synergistic effect from the unique complementary actions of these two agents. Subsequently, nonivamide is a synthetic capsaicin analog with analgesic properties which are assumed to result from the depletion of Substance P in the peripheral nociceptive C-fibres and A-delta nerve fibers upon repetitive topical application. Resultant stimulation of afferent nerve endings in the skin evidently causes a dilatory effect on the surrounding blood vessels accompanied by an intense, long-lasting sensation of warmth associated with the nonivamide use. Given the proposed effect of nonivamide, it is believed that nicoboxil is a vitamin of the B complex that possesses vasodilating properties facilitated by prostaglandin. The observed hyperaemic increased blood flow effect of nicoboxil occurs earlier and is described as being more intense than the nonivamide hyperaemic effect. Nicoboxil and nonivamide are consequently generally indicated as a combination product because the pharmacodynamics of nicoboxil are considered useful as a complement to those of nonivamide, and vice versa. In essence, both compounds induce vasodilation by different effects and therefore have complementary abilities inducing increased blood flow, thus hastening the hyperaemic skin reaction.

In particular, nicoboxil is considered a rubefacient. However, the specific mechanism of action by which rubefacients like nicoboxil elicit pharmacologic effects has not yet been formally elucidated. Nevertheless, it is generally proposed that rubefacients cause irritation of the skin when applied topically, and are believed to alleviate pain in muscles, joints, tendons, and other musculoskeletal pains in the extremities by counter-irritation. This specific term, 'counter-irritant', derives from the fact that rubefacients can cause a reddening of the skin by causing the blood vessels of the skin to dilate, which gives a soothing feeling of warmth. In essence, the term largely refers to the notion that irritation of the sensory nerve endings alters or offsets pain in the underlying muscle or joints that are innervated by the same nerves. In fact, the vasodilation effect of rubefacients like nicoboxil has been considered the result of nerve conduction mechanisms as early as the late 1950s when certain studies demonstrated that the concomitant application of xylocaine could counteract or prevent the vasolidator response to rubefacients in 50% of such related experiments.