Niclosamide ethanolamine salt

This compound is not very flammable but any fire involving this compound may produce dangerous vapors. You should evacuate the area. All firefighters should wear full-body protective clothing and use self-contained breathing apparatuses. You should extinguish any fires involving this chemical with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam, or halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

THE CHEMICALS 3-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL OR A COMBINATION OF 3-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL & CLONITRALIDE CAUSE SOME MORTALITIES OF OLIGOCHAETA & HIRUDINEA, IMMATURE FORMS OF EPHEMEROPTERA, & CERTAIN TRICHOPTERA, SIMULIIDAE, & AMPHIBIA. THE COMBINATION OF 3-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL & CLONITRALIDE MAY AFFECT SOME PELECYPODA & GASTROPODS, BUT ITS OVERALL EFFECTS ON INVERTEBRATES ARE PROBABLY LESS THAN THOSE OF 3-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL ALONE. GRANULAR CLONITRALIDE IS LIKELY TO INDUCE MORTALITIES AMONG OLIGOCHAETES, MICROCRUSTACEANS, CHIRONOMIDS, & PELECYPODS. NO EVIDENCE EXISTS THAT THE LAMPRICIDES HAVE CAUSED THE CATASTROPHIC DECLINE OR DISAPPEARANCE OF ANY SPECIES. THE OVERALL IMPACT OF CHEMICAL CONTROL OF SEA LAMPREYS ON AQUATIC COMMUNITIES HAS BEEN MINOR COMPARED WITH THE BENEFITS DERIVED.

LC50 GAMMARUS PSEUDOLIMNAEUS 2400 UG/L/96 HR @ 21 °C (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 1800-3100 UG/L), MATURE, STATIC BIOASSAY WITHOUT AERATION, PH 7.2-7.5, WATER HARDNESS 40-50 MG/L AS CALCIUM CARBONATE AND ALKALINITY OF 30-35 MG/L. /70%/

LC50 ORCONECTES 25000 UG/L/96 HR @ 21 °C (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 19000-33000 UG/L), EARLY INSTAR, STATIC BIOASSAY WITHOUT AERATION, PH 7.2-7.5, WATER HARDNESS 40-50 MG/L AS CALCIUM CARBONATE AND ALKALINITY OF 30-35 MG/L. /70%/

LC50 PALAEMONETES 10000 UG/L/96 HR @ 21 °C (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 7000-15000 UG/L), MATURE, STATIC BIOASSAY WITHOUT AERATION, PH 7.2-7.5, WATER HARDNESS 40-50 MG/L AS CALCIUM CARBONATE AND ALKALINITY OF 30-35 MG/L. /70%/

LC50 PTERONARCYS 200 UG/L/96 HR @ 15 °C (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 130-300 UG/L), SECOND YEAR CLASS, STATIC BIOASSAY WITHOUT AERATION, PH 7.2-7.5, WATER HARDNESS 40-50 MG/L AS CALCIUM CARBONATE AND ALKALINITY OF 30-35 MG/L. /70%/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CLONITRALIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 350(SRC), determined from an experimental water solubility(2) and a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that clonitralide will have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of clonitralide will not be important from moist soil surfaces(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant less than 3.8X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), calculated from experimental values of water solubility(2) and vapor pressure(4), or from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based on an experimental vapor pressure less than 7.5X10-8 mm Hg(4,SRC). Dissociation of the ethanolamine salt of clonitralide should produce ethanolamine and niclosamide(SRC). Based on the UV absorption spectra of m-acetoacetanilide(5), a structurally similar compound, the clonitralide should absorb sunlight and therefore may undergo some direct photolysis on soil surfaces(SRC). However, clonitralide was found to retain its toxicity for 8 weeks when exposed to full sunlight(6). The fact that the clonitralide persisted over a year in muds(6) suggests it is not readily biodegraded under water-saturated conditions(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 350(SRC), determined from an experimental water solubility(2) and a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that clonitralide may adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC) in the water. Clonitralide will be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces based on an estimated Henry's Law constant less than 3.8X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), calculated from experimental values for vapor pressure(5) and water solubility(2). An estimated BCF value of 46(3,SRC), from an experimental water solubility(2), suggests that bioconcentration of clonitralide will be moderate, not high in aquatic organisms(SRC) according to a classification scheme(6). Dissociation of ethanolamine salt of clonitralide in water should produce ethanolamine and niclosamide(SRC). Hydrolysis of clonitralide should not be important in environmental waters (pHs 5-9)(7). Based on the absorption spectra of the structurally similar m-acetoacetanilide, which shows a weak UV absorption at wavelengths at and above 290 nm(8), direct photolysis of the niclosamide fragment may be important in clear surface water(SRC). The observed lack of biotransformation of the free amide in soil(9) suggests that biotransformation in water may not be important(SRC). However, clonitralide is rapidly degraded in pond sediment with a half-life of 1.1-2.9 days(2).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a suggested classification scheme(1), an experimental vapor pressure of less than 7.5X10-8 mm Hg at 20 °C(2) indicates that clonitralide will exist primarily in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase clonitralide is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 4.5 hours(3,SRC). Particulate-phase clonitralide may be physically removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Because of the presence of a phenolic group, clonitralide may also react quickly in the atmosphere with nitrate radicals(4,SRC). Based on the absorption spectra of the structurally similar m-acetoacetanilide, which shows a weak UV absorption at wavelengths at and above 290 nm(5), direct photolysis of the niclosamide fragment may be important(SRC).

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=1420-04-8]

The Koc of clonitralide is estimated as approximately 350(SRC), using an experimental water solubility of 100 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2,SRC). According to a recommended classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that clonitralide has medium mobility in soil(SRC).

In laboratory experiments, the free amide was found to be persistent in muds for over a year under tropical conditions (full sunlight, heavy rainfall, temperature 20-30 °C, and relative humidity of 70-95%)(1). However, clonitralide is rapidly degraded in pond sediment with a half-life of 1.1-2.9 days(2).

Clonitralid

TR-091: Bioassay of Clonitralid for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 1420-04-8) (1978 )

06/29/78

No Evidence

Equivocal Evidence

Inadequate Experiment

An estimated BCF value of 46 was calculated for clonitralide(SRC), using an experimental water solubility of 100 mg/l(1) and a recommended regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF value suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms will bemoderate, not high(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for clonitralide is estimated to be less than 3.8X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its experimental values for vapor pressure, less than 7.5X10-8 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 100 mg/l(2). This value indicates that clonitralide will be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3,SRC). Clonitralide's low vapor pressure(1) and low Henry's Law constant(1,2,SRC) indicate that volatilization from dry and moist soil may not occur(SRC).

Classified for restricted use, limited to use by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. Clonitralid formulated as wettable powders 70% and greater are restricted for all uses. The criterion influencing the restriction is acute inhalation toxicity.

Classified for restricted use, limited to use by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. Clonitralid formulated as granulars and wettable powders are restricted for molluscicide uses. The criteria influencing the restriction are effects on aquatic organisms.

Classified for restricted use, limited to use by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. Clonitralid formulations (pressurized sprays 0.55% and less) used as hospital antiseptics are unclassified.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Niclosamide is found on List B. Case No: 2455; Pesticide type: Insecticide; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): 2-Aminoethanol salt of 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicyanalide; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 06/09/92; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.