Paraquat
METHYL VIOLOGEN · TOTAL · METHYL VIOLOGEN DICHLORIDE · esgram · PARAQUA · GRAMOXONE · Paraquat dichlorid · PARAQUAT DICHLORIDE TETRAHYDRATE
Identifiers & Physical Properties
| CAS No. | 1910-42-5 |
|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C12H14N2+2 |
| Average molar mass | 186.25 g/mol |
| Monoisotopic mass | 186.11460129 g/mol |
| SMILES | C[n+]1ccc(-c2cc[n+](C)cc2)cc1 |
| InChIKey | INFDPOAKFNIJBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 15939 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL74469 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:34905 |
| EC No. | 225-141-7 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID3034799 |
Chemical & Physical Properties
| XLogP | 1.7 |
|---|---|
| Topological polar surface area | 7.8 |
| Hydrogen bond donors | 0 |
| Hydrogen bond acceptors | 0 |
| Rotatable bonds | 1 |
| Heavy atoms | 14 |
| Formal charge | 2 |
| Complexity | 145 |
| Chemical classes | Carcinogens |
| Pesticides | Pesticide -> EPA IRISHerbicidesActive substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approvedPesticides -> Herbicides, Bipyridyl |
| LogP (partition coefficient) | log Kow = -4.22 at pH 7.4 |
| Odor | OdorlessPeculiar odor (technical grade) |
| Density | 1.241.24 @ 20°C1.25 |
| Color/Form | Yellow solidOff-white powder...a liquid in various strengths... The form marketed in the U.S. has a blue dye to keep it from being confused with beverages, a sharp odor to serve as a warning, and an agent to cause vomiting if someone drinks it.Yellow-white hygroscopic powder |
| Solubility | In water, 6.2X10+5 mg/L at 20 °CPractically insoluble in organic solvents.Methanol (Sligthly) |
| Corrosivity | Paraquat is corrosive to metals. |
| Endocrine Disruptors | Potential endocrine disrupting compound |
| Boiling point | Boiling point (760 mm Hg): Decomposes at 175-180 °C (347-356 °F)403.89°C (rough estimate) |
| Decomposition | When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitric oxides/. |
| Melting point | Colorless crystalsmp: 300 °C (decomposes)very soluble in water, slightly soluble in lower alcohols. Insoluble in hydrocarbons. Hydrolyzed by alkali. Inactivated by inert clays and anionic surfactantscorrosive to metalnon-volatile /Paraquat dichloride/A solid. MP: 300 °C (approximate decomposition) /Paraquat dimethyl sulfate/572 °F (decomposes)>300 °C(lit.) |
| Vapor pressure | 0Pa at 25℃ |
| Refractive index | 1.6400 (estimate) |
| Storage conditions | Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature |
| Physical state | Crystals or Crystalline Powder |
| Color | Beige or pink to brown |
| Merck | 7031 |
| Stability | Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. |
| LogP (partition coefficient) | -4.5 at 20℃ |
| CAS DataBase Reference | 1910-42-5(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| EWG's Food Scores | 4 |
| FDA UNII | 2KZ83GSS73 |
| Pesticides Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) | Paraquat dichloride |
| EPA Substance Registry System | Paraquat dichloride (1910-42-5) |
| GHS pictogram | GHS08,GHS09,GHS06 |
| Signal word | Danger |
| GHS hazard statements | H301-H335-H311-H410-H372-H330-H315-H319 |
| GHS precautionary statements | P260-P271-P284-P304+P340-P310-P320-P403+P233-P405-P501-P260-P264-P270-P314-P501-P264-P270-P301+P310-P321-P330-P405-P501-P264-P280-P302+P352-P321-P332+P313-P362-P264-P280-P305+P351+P338-P337+P313P-P280-P302+P352-P312-P322-P361-P363-P405-P501-P273-P391-P501 |
| Hazard symbols | T+,N |
| Risk statements (R) | 24/25-26-36/37/38-48/25-50/53 |
| Safety statements (S) | 22-28-36/37/39-45-60-61-28A |
| UN transport number | UN 2811 6.1/PG 1 |
| Occupational exposure band (OEB) | D |
| Occupational exposure limit (OEL) | TWA: 0.1 mg/m3 (resp) [skin] |
| Water hazard class (WGK) | 3 |
| RTECS number | DW2275000 |
| Hazard class | 6.1(a) |
| Packing group | II |
| Customs code | 29333990 |
| Toxicity | LD50 orally in rats: 125 mg/kg (Conning) |
| Immediately dangerous to life or health concentration | 1 mg/m3 |
| REACH registrations | Active |
Safety & Regulations
| GHS classification | DangerH290 (100%): May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]P234, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P390, P391, P403+P233, P405, P406, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 28 reports by companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral] |
|---|---|
| Regulatory information | Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 (amended)2003/112/ECParaquat: HSNO Approval: HSR003041 Approved with controlsThe New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.) |
| Other safety information | IMAP assessments - 4,4'-Bipyridinium, 1,1'-dimethyl-: Human health tier I assessment |
| Fire potential | This chemical is a combustible solid.Non-flammable in aqueous formulations. |
| Hazards summary | Contact injuries in workers include skin rashes, burns, eye damage from splashes, nail damage, and nasal bleeding. Parquat absorption through the skin can contribute to systemic toxicity, especially when contacting damaged skin or sensitive areas like the buttocks and genitalia. Toxic ingestion: low doses (<20 mg/kg) cause local irritation to oral and GI mucosamoderate doses (20-40 mg/kg) cause renal, liver and lung damage with respiratory failure within 2-3 weekshigh doses (>40 mg/kg) cause pulmonary fibroplasia, respiratory failure, and death within 1-7 days. [ACGIH] Highly toxic via ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption[Hawley] See Paraquat dichloride. |
| Special Reports | FAO/WHOPesticide Residues in Food - Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues: Paraquat (2003) provides documentation of the evaluation by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues to establish an adi for paraquat.[Available from, as of March 11, 2010: http://www.inchem.org/documents/jmpr/jmpmono/v2003pr08.htm] |
Applications & Uses
Description
Paraquat dichloride is a dark blue liquid, non-combustible, stable herbicide chemical. It is incompatible with strong oxidising agents. On contact with fire paraquat decomposes gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases), nitrogen oxides, and hydrogen chloride. Paraquat dichloride contact and storage destroys metal. Paraquat dichloride hydrolyses in alkaline media and reacts with aluminium to produce hydrogen gas. Paraquat (N,N′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride) is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. Paraquat dichloride is a herbicide currently registered to control weeds and grasses in many agricultural and non-agricultural areas. It is used preplant or preemergence on vegetables, grains, cotton, grasses, sugar cane, peanuts, potatoes, and tree plantation areas; post-emergence around fruit crops, vegetables, trees, vines, grains, soybeans, and sugar cane. It is also used on non-crop areas such as public airports, electric transformer stations, and around commercial buildings to control weeds. It has been reported that about seven pesticide products are registered which contain the active ingredient paraquat dichloride and classified as restricted use pesticides (RUPs). Paraquat dichloride and the products are primarily intended for ‘Occupational Use’. In the United States, Paraquat is classified as ‘restricted commercial use’, and people must obtain a license to use the product.
Uses
Paraquat dichloride acts as an electron acceptor and transfer catalyst in redox reactions.
General Description
Colorless to yellow crystalline solid. Used as a contact herbicide and desiccant.