Dodine

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Recommendable methods: Incineration. Peer-review: Large amt: Incinerate in a unit equipped with effluent gas scrubbing. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

TRANSFER OR MIX /PRODUCT/ WITH ADEQUATE VENTILATION ... .

Tolerances are established for residues of the fungicide dodine (n-dodecylguanidine acetate) in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: apples, 5.0 ppm; cherries, sour, 5.0 ppm; cherries, sweet, 5.0 ppm; meat, 0 ppm; milk, 0 ppm; peaches, 5.0 ppm; pears, 5.0 ppm; pecans, 0.3 ppm; strawberries, 5.0 ppm; and walnuts, 0.3 ppm.

Tolerances with regional registration, as defined in 180.1(n), are established for residues of dodine in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: spinach, 12.0 ppm.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

Protective clothing: goggles, face shield, rubber gloves when handling.

MICE WERE TREATED INTRAGASTRICALLY DURING LAST WEEK OF PREGNANCY WITH DODINE & SODIUM NITRITE 0.05%. MALIGNANT LYMPHOMAS, LUNG ADENOMAS & HEPATOMAS OCCURRED IN 30-70%. IN PARENT GENERATION TUMORS APPEARED 4 MO AFTER DELIVERY & AT 6-7 MO IN F1 GENERATION. SPONTANEOUS TUMORS IN CONTROLS WERE 6%. DODINE ALONE HAD NO EFFECT ON CANCER INCIDENCE.

Dodine at 60 mg/kg for 8 days and sodium nitrite at 22.5 mg/kg alone or in combination altered liver structure in male rats. The liver alterations incl reduced granular endoplasmic reticulum, incr smooth endoplasmic reticulum, polymorphism and mitochondrial edema, incr lysosome numbers, glycogen reduction, collagen proliferation, incr Kupffer cell numbers. The alterations were more marked by the combination of the chemicals, the endoplasmic reticulum being particularly affected.

Oral admin of 1/10 LD50 sodium nitrite and dodine, individually or in combination, to rats enhanced the activity of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and succinate dehydrogenase, reduced the activity of cholinesterase, and decr the concn of total protein, all in the blood serum. Quant estimation of the results from liver functional investigations revealed a summation of the toxic effect, tending to potentiation with combined exposure of the two agents.

A single oral admin of 22.5 mg/kg of sodium nitrite (0.1 LD50) alone or in combination with 60 mg dodine (0.1 LD50) inhibited mixed-function oxidase of rat liver microsomes by 28.7-36 and 64-68.6%, respectively, whereas dodine alone was ineffective. The dodine addition also prolonged the enzyme depression. Within 30 days the enzyme activities approached the normal level. Only dodine-sodium nitrite lowered the microsomal protein by 15.5-21.6% on days 2, 4, and 15 after the administration. Nitrosation of dodine by sodium nitrite potentiates the effect of sodium nitrite.

Experiments were carried out on albino rats in which 1/10 LD50 sodium nitrite and dodecylguanidineacetate were given orally & in combination. The activity of mixed function oxidases was determined at 2 levels of biological organization: the intact organism after loading with aminopyrine & subsequent determination of its basic metabolites in the urine; subcellular level (microsomal liver fraction) by the velocity of N-demethylation of aminopyrine, hydroxylation of aniline and by the cytochrome p450 content. The combined action of the 2 agents caused considerable mixed function oxidases inhibition (63-67%) on the 1st, 2nd, 4th and 15th days at both levels. A new compound is apparently formed under the conditions of the experiment, probably through in vivo nitrosification of the pesticide. This is testified by the established qualitatively different effects of the preliminary induction of mixed function oxidases with phenobarbital on the acute toxicity of the noxae studied: lack of effect for dodecyclguanidineacetate, increase for sodium nitrite and decrease for their combination.

LC50 Gammarus fasciatus 1.1 mg/l/96 hr. Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l.

LD50 Mallard duck oral 1142 mg/kg

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 1X10+5 measured in soil(2), indicates that cyprex is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). The pKa of cyprex is 9(3), indicating that this compound will primarily exist as the cation in the environment. Cyprex is also a salt and will be dissociated in the environment. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process for cyprex because cations and salts are not expected to volatilize(SRC). When river mud from the Denver area was treated with 14C-labeled cyprex, only five percent of the fungicide was degraded in 68 days(4), which suggests biodegradation will occur slowly in soils(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 1X10+5 measured in soil(2), indicates that cyprex is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 9(4) indicates that cyprex will exist almost entirely in the ionized form at environmental pH values and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process, particularly in acid to neutral environments. In addition, cyprex is a salt and will exist in the dissociated form in the environment; therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to occur. According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 16(SRC), calculated from its water solubility of 630 mg/l(6) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low (SRC). When river mud from the Denver area was treated with 14C-labeled cyprex, only five percent of the fungicide was degraded in 68 days(7), which suggests biodegradation will occur slowly in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Since cyprex is an acetate salt of dodecylguanidine, it will not be found in the vapor phase in the atmosphere; cyprex will exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase cyprex may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition. (SRC)

Dodine

Endocrine

4 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

Cyprex is an organic base that has a pKa of 9(1), which indicates that cyprex will exist primarily as a cation in moist soils and cations adsorb strongly to soils(SRC). The Koc of cyprex measured in soil is 1X10+5(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this Koc value suggests that cyprex is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC).

INGESTION CAUSES VOMITING, DIARRHEA.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS INCL PESTICIDES CARRYING SECONDARY AND TERTIARY AMINO GROUPS ARE SUGGESTED TO BE A HEALTH HAZARD TO MAN SINCE POTENTIALLY CARCINOGENIC NITROSO COMPOUNDS MAY BE FORMED IN THE PRESENCE OF NITRITE AT LOW pH VALUES RESEMBLING CONDITIONS IN THE HUMAN STOMACH.

Cause severe irritation of the skin and eyes when there is contact with strong solutions.

Achromobacter and Flavobacterium species, both common to soil, can grow with cyprex as the sole source of carbon(1). When river mud from the Denver area was treated with 14C-labeled cyprex, five percent of the fungicide was degraded in 68 days(1).

Cyprex, an acetate salt of dodecylguanidine, is expected to exist in the dissociated form in aquatic environments. An estimated BCF value of 16 was calculated for non-dissociated cyprex(SRC), using a water solubility of 630 mg/l(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Dodine is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0161; Pesticide type: fungicide, antimicrobial; Registration Standard Date: 02/26/87; Case Status:OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Dodine; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 12/09/91, 06/16/92, 10/13/95; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

Tolerances are established for residues of the fungicide dodine (n-dodecylguanidine acetate) in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: apples; cherries, sour; cherries, sweet; meat; milk; peaches; pears; pecans; strawberries; and walnuts.

Tolerances with regional registration, as defined in 180.1(n), are established for residues of dodine in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: spinach.