C.I. Basic Yellow 2

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for AURAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... Clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for AURAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

0.81 [mg/m3]

8.9 [mg/m3]

53 [mg/m3]

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Dispensers of liq detergent /should be available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... Gowns ... /should be/ of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Screening studies show that biodegradation is slow(1,2). Based on the UV spectrum(3), photolysis may be an important removal process if auramine hydrochloride is spilled on soil surfaces. By analogy to other aromatic amines(4), when released to soil, auramine hydrochloride may undergo covalent chemical bonding with humic materials which can result in its chemical alteration to a latent form and tight adsorption. When covalently bound in this latent form, leaching in soil systems is not expected to occur. This covalent bonding proceeds in two steps; a rapid and reversible bonding followed by a slower and much less reversible reaction(4). Based on estimated Koc values of 50,000 for auramine hydrochloride and 25,000 for the parent compound, auramine(5,SRC), auramine hydrochloride is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC), based upon a suggested classification scheme(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on analogy to other aromatic amines(1), auramine hydrochloride may undergo covalent bonding with humic materials in the water column and in sediment; partitioning from the water column to sediment and suspended material is, therefore, important. Auramine hydrochloride may be susceptible to photooxidation via hydroxyl and peroxy radicals based on analogy to other aromatic amines(2,SRC). According to the UV spectrum(4), photolysis may be important in near-surface water. A BCF range of 3.8-16(3) suggests that auramine hydrochloride will not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms(SRC). Aquatic hydrolysis and volatilization do not appear to be environmentally important removal processes of auramine hydrochloride from water(SRC). Based on two screening studies(5,6), biodegradation does not appear to be important(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Based on a modified regression-derived equation(1), the vapor pressure for auramine hydrochloride can be estimated to be 1.7X10-11 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC). According to a suggested classification scheme(2), this vapor pressure value suggests that auramine hydrochloride will exist primarily in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Particulate phase auramine hydrochloride will probably be removed from air via dry deposition, or degraded in air by photolysis(SRC) based on its UV spectrum(3).

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Aromatic amines have been observed to undergo rapid and reversible covalent bonding with humic materials in aqueous solution; the initial bonding reaction is followed by a slower and much less reversible reaction believed to represent the addition of the amine to quinoidal structures followed by oxidation of the product to give an amino-substituted quinone; these processes represent pathways by which aromatic amines may be converted to latent forms in the biosphere(4). In the absence of covalent bonding, one can estimate the adsorption potential based on the Koc value. Based on an experimental water solubility of 10,000 mg/L(2) and a recommended regression-derived equation(1), the Koc value for auramine hydrochloride can be estimated to be 27(SRC). According to a suggested classification scheme(3), this Koc value indicates that auramine hydrochloride will have very high soil mobility. However, using a structure estimation method(5), Koc values of 50,000 and 25,000 can be estimated for auramine hydrochloride and its parent compound, respectively, and these Koc values indicate that auramine hydrochloride will be immobile in soil(3,SRC).

DNA DAMAGE WAS INDUCED AFTER TREATMENT IN VITRO OF A HUMAN CELL LINE. PURIFIED AURAMINE WAS NEGATIVE REGARDING DNA DAMAGE & SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGE INDUCTION. COMMERCIAL AURAMINE USED IN THE STUDY HAD MICHLAR'S KETONE AS A MAJOR CONTAMINANT. /AURAMINE/

Using an initial concn of 100 mg/L auramine hydrochloride, 0 %BOD was observed after a 2 week period in a biodegradation screening test using 30 mg/L sludge(1). Based on a five-day BOD value of 0.038 g/g determined in an aerobic aqueous screening test utilizing municipal waste activated sludge, a theoretical BOD value of 1.3% can be calculated for auramine hydrochloride(2,SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for auramine hydrochloride can be estimated to be 2.8X10-16 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C using a chemical structure estimation method(1). The Henry's Law constant for auramine, the parent compound, can be estimated to be 3.6X10-9 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C using a chemical structure estimation method(1). According to a suggested classification scheme(2), these Henry's Law constant values suggest that auramine hydrochloride and its parent compound are essentially nonvolatile from water.

ALTHOUGH AURAMINE INDUCED SEX-LINKED RECESSIVE LETHAL MUTATIONS IN DROSOPHILA AND CHROMOSOME DAMAGE IN ROOT TIPS AND IN CHINESE HAMSTER OVARIAN CELLS, IT WAS NON-MUTAGENIC TO BACTERIA WITH OR WITHOUT MICROSOMAL ACTIVATION. /AURAMINE/

A METABOLIC ACTIVATION SYSTEM PREPARED FROM HOMOGENATES OF LIVERS FROM RATS THAT HAD BEEN PRETREATED WITH AROCLOR 1254 (A MIXTURE OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS) WAS INCORPORATED IN THE ASSAY PROCEDURE. AURAMINE INCREASED MITOTIC RECOMBINATION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE D3, BUT WAS NEGATIVE IN ASSAYS WITH SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM. /AURAMINE/

COMMERCIAL AURAMINE O WAS POSITIVE IN INDUCING DNA DAMAGE IN VIVO IN LIVER, KIDNEY, & BONE MARROW CELLS. COMMERCIAL AURAMINE ALSO SHOWED SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGE INDUCTION IN VIVO IN BONE MARROW CELLS. AURAMINE WAS NEGATIVE FOR DNA DAMAGE & SCE INDUCTION. COMMERCIAL AURAMINE USED HAD MICHLER'S KETONE AS A CONTAMINANT. /AURAMINE/

AURAMINE WAS AMONG 42 CODED CHEMICALS USED TO TEST THEIR MUTAGENICITY USING SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM STRAINS TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, & TA100. AURAMINE WAS REPRODUCIBLY MUTAGENIC IN MORE THAN ONE STRAIN. /AURAMINE/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for AURAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The Human Health Assessment Group in EPA's Office of Health and Environmental Assessment has evaluated auramine for carcinogenicity. According to their analysis, the weight-of-evidence for auramine is group B2, which is based on inadequate evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in animals. As a group B2 chemical, auramine is considered probably carcinogenic to humans. /Auramine/

Auramine, technical grade - Inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 2B: The agent is possibly carcinogenic to humans. Auramine, manufacture of - Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. No data on the carcinogenicity in animals. OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 1: The process is carcinogenic to humans. /Auramine/

The rate constant for the vapor phase reaction of auramine hydrochloride with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated to be 3.65X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1 hr at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC). Aromatic amines are generally resistant to aqueous environmental hydrolysis(2); therefore, auramine hydrochloride is not expected to hydrolyze in water(SRC). As a class, aromatic amines react relatively rapidly in sunlit natural water via reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals and peroxy radicals(3); typical half-lives for hydroxyl radical and peroxy radical reaction are on the order of 19-30 sunlight hours(3); however, rate data specific to auramine hydrochloride were not located(SRC). Photolysis is expected to be important(SRC). According to the UV spectrum, auramine hydrochloride strongly absorbs UV radiation > 290 nm(4).

In occupational settings, worker exposure to auramine hydrochloride is expected to be via inhalation of dust and dermal contact. (SRC)

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 14,100 workers are potentially exposed to auramine hydrochloride in the USA(1).