Nonane

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

Use foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention if skin irritation occurs.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

(General first aid procedures)

For small (incipient) fires, use media such as "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. For large fires, apply water from as far as possible. Use very larg quantities (flooding) of water applied as a mist or spray; solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Store in cool place. Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Moisture sensitive.

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapors adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Ventilation. Absorb remaining liquid in dry sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations...

Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Ventilation. Absorb remaining liquid in dry sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard (i.e., for liquids with a flash point <100 °F).

Use protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulation to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas.

n-Nonane was detected in 8 of 12 samples of mothers breast milk from the cities of Bayonne NJ, Jersey City NJ, Bridgeville PA and Baton Rouge LA(1). The air expired from humans contained n-nonane in 36.7% of the 387 samples collected from 54 subjects(2). The average n-nonane concentration of 0.308 ng/L was expressed as the geometric mean with upper and lower limits of 1.37 and 0.069 ng/L, respectively(2).

The median concentration of n-nonane in personal air and breath samples were 3.2 and 0.3 ug/cu m, respectively, for 50 individuals in Los Angeles during the winter of 1987, 2.3 and not detected (<0.1-0.3) ug/cu m, respectively, for 40 individuals in Los Angeles during the summer of 1987, and 2.8 and 0.5 ug/cu m, respectively, for 75 individuals in Baltimore, MD during the spring of 1987(1). The at home median exposure of 26 individuals living in smoking homes to n-nonane was reported to be 0.82-0.89 ug-day/cu m(2). The at-home median exposure of 51 individuals living in nonsmoking homes to n-nonane was reported to be 0.76 ug-day/cu m(2). Median concentrations of n-nonane were 3.16, 2.71, 3.05, and 1.08 ug/cu m in personal, kitchen, living area, and outdoor air samples, respectively, collected from 50 individuals in Los Angeles, CA during the Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) study(4). During the second German Environmental Survey, n-nonane was detected above 1 ug/cu m in 109 out of 113 personal exposure samples collected from individuals in the Western part of Germany(3). The 95th percentile and geometric mean concentrations in these samples were 26 and 3.3 ug/cu m, respectively(4).[

The penetration enhancing effects of nonane on the in vivo penetration of 1 mg propranolol hydrochloride applied under topical occlusive conditions with and without the presence of 4% nonane to 12 human volunteers are described. Propranolol penetration increased from 0.705 to 1.402% of the applied dose in the presence of nonane. All 7 subjects receiving the enhancer sustained moderate to severe erythema with slight edema at the application site, with slight eschar formation observed in 2 subjects after 24 hr exposure. In in vitro studies propranolol bioavailability was increased from 1.03 to 2.28% of the applied dose.

Alkaline phosphatase activity in liver, spleen, and bone marrow were increased in female rats exposed to n-octane or n-nonane for 2 and 7 days. The increase in splenic alkaline phosphatase activity persisted for up to 42 days after a single dose of either solvent. Pretreatment with protein formation inhibitors, cycloheximide or ethionine, removed this observed increase of alkaline phosphatase activity in liver and spleen.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8.0X10+4(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 5.65(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that n-nonane is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of n-nonane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 4.45 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 22 mg/L)(5). n-Nonane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Evaporation was considered to be the primary removal mechanism during a study where n-nonane was completely removed from both sterile and non-sterile soils after 5 days(6). Under conditions where volatilization is hindered, biodegradation of n-nonane is expected to be an important fate process based on 100% degradation after 5 and 25 days in screening tests using seawater sediment and activated sewage sludge inocula, respectively(7,8), suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8.0X10+4(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 5.65(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that n-nonane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 4.45 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 22 mg/L)(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.3 hours and 4.5 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 155 days if adsorption is considered(7). According to a classification scheme(8), an estimated BCF of 100(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Based on 100% degradation after 5 days in water inoculated with seawater sediment(9) and 100% degradation after 25 days in water inoculated with activated sewage sludge(10), biodegradation is expected to be an important fate process for n-nonane in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), n-nonane, which has a vapor pressure of 4.45 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-nonane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.7 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.02X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). n-Nonane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

n-Nonane has been detected in dry-cured hams at different stages of the manufacturing process; however, the concentrations were not specified(1). n-Nonane was identified as a volatile component of roasted filberts(2), and beaufort cheese(3). n-Nonane has been identified in headspace samples of heated peanut oil(4). n-Nonane has been detected in the headspace of floured chickpea seed(5).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

n-Nonane was detected in 8 of 12 samples of mothers breast milk from the cities of Bayonne NJ, Jersey City NJ, Bridgeville PA and Baton Rouge LA(1). n-Nonane has also been detected in samples of mother's milk collected from Pittsburgh, PA(2). The concentrations of n-nonane in the samples from these studies were not reported.

n-Nonane was identified as a volatile constituent in kiwi fruit flowers collected in Kawanishishi, Hyogo, Japan(1). The compound has also been reported in the essential oil of Common St Johnswort (Hyericum perfortum), ginger (Zingiber officale), and in the fruit of black pepper (Piper nigrum)(2). n-Nonane has been identified in the volatile fractions obtained from the edible Korean chamchwi plant (Aster scber Thunb)(3).

Cough. Sore throat. Drowsiness. Dizziness. Ataxia Convulsions. Unconsciousness.

Dry skin. Redness.

Redness.

Nausea. Vomiting. Aspiration hazard! Further see Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat; headache, drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, nausea, tremor, incoordination; chemical pneumonitis (aspiration liquid)

n-Nonane has been detected in 4 of 63 industrial wastewater effluents at concentrations less than 10 ug/L(1). Underwater hydrocarbon vents and formation water discharges from offshore oil production platforms were found to contain n-nonane concentration in the vapor phase at 1 umol/L and in the liquid state at 50 ng/L(2). Formation water contained n-nonane at a concentration of 520 ug/L(2). n-Nonane was detected in influent samples collected at the Jones Island, Akron, OH, Gary, IN, and Wadottee public-owned treatment works at concentrations ranging from <1-9 ppb(3). It was detected in only one effluent sample (Jones Island) at a concentration of <1 ppb(3).

n-Nonane has been identified as a trace component (0.064% vol) of landfill gas from a municiple landfill in Palos Verdes, CA(1). The average concentration of n-nonane measured in landfill gas samples from the Fresh Kills Municipal Solid-Waste Landfill in New York City has been reported as 3.57 ppmv(2). The concentration of n-nonane in the active compost blower exhaust from the Peninsula Composting Facility in Virginia has been measured to be 19 ug/cu m(3). n-Nonane was detected in greater than 25% of air samples collected at three sites at a municipal landfill in Dupont-Alpha Oxon, UK(4). The actual concentrations were not specified(4). n-Nonane has been detected in waste disposal site landfill gas in the UK; however, concentrations were not provided(5). A clay pit landfill in England that received municipal, industrial and liquid wastes emitted n-nonane gas at a concentration of 116 mg/L(4). The percentage of n-nonane in the emissions of volatile organic compounds in the UK during 1990 has been reported as 1.1%(6). The concentrations of n-nonane in the biogas released from a waste disposal site in Augsburg, Germany, a waste disposal site in Munich, Germany, and two sewage treatment plants in Munich, Germany were 14.9-18.3, 15.8-17.8, 0.8-1.3 mg/cu m, respectively(7). The concentration of n-nonane in the emissions of a municipal waste incineration plant located in Germany was 0.57 ug/cu m(8). The annual emission rate of n-nonane from the city of Athens, Greece has been calculated to be 1.396 kt/yr(9).

n-Nonane is emitted during the combustion of plastics(1). Building materials such as petroleum based solvents such as floor adhesives and waxes, wood stains, polyurethane finish and air fresheners emit n-nonane to indoor air(2). The concentrations of n-nonane released from tufted textile floor covering with styrene-butadiene rubber backing at 23 and 30 °C were 14.6 and 14.0 g/L, respectively(3). The average gaseous concentration of n-nonane in emissions from simulated asphalt roofing kettle tests ranged from not detected to 0.0854 mg/cu m(4). The emissions of n-nonane per area ranged from 36-1311 mg/sq m-hr for the tests in which n-nonane was detected(4).

Data collected from Aug 25 to Sept 7, 1979 showed that for a speed of 80 km/hr on straight and level highway, gasoline powered vehicles emitted n-nonane at an average rate of 3.6 mg/km, and diesel trucks emitted n-nonane at an average of 5.1 mg/km(1). The average exhaust from 67 gasoline fueled vehicles was found to contain n-nonane at a concentration 0.2% by weight(2). The concentrations of n-nonane measured in the tailpipe emissions of catalyst-equipped and noncatalyst-equipped gasoline-powered motor vehicles were 430 and 45,300 ug/km, respectively(3). The concentration of n-nonane measured in the emissions of diesel-powered medium duty trucks was reported to be 160 ug/km(4). The mean concentration of n-nonane in six car exhaust samples collected in the UK was 262 ppbV(5). n-Nonane concentrations measured in the emissions of diesel engines and petrol vehicles have been reported as 17 and 520 ug/cu m, respectively(6). The concentrations of n-nonane in samples of exhaust air from the Elbtunnel in Hamburg, Germany ranged from 2.04-2.44 ug/cu m(7). Motorboats emitted n-nonane to canal water with resultant concentration ranging from 1 to 14 ng/L with an average of 6 ng/L in 8 samples(8). The average mass emission rate of n-nonane from ten four-stroke lawnmower engines was 0.50-0.58% of total organic gases(9).

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date: 1/26/94; Reporting date: 3/28/94.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Nonane is included on this list. Effective date: 1/26/94; Sunset date: 6/30/98.

Used as solvents, in jet fuel research, the manufacture of paraffin products, a component of gasoline, in organic synthesis, as a distillation chaser, and in biodegradable detergents; [HSDB] Major ingredients in VM & P naphtha and Stoddard solvents; [ACGIH]

Petroleum Production and Refining [Category: Industry]

Organic synthesis, biodegradable detergents, distallation chaser.

Solvent

Standardized hydrocarbon; jet fuel research; manufacture of paraffin products; rubber industry; paper processing industry; fuel additive

2023: 100,000,000 - <500,000,000 lb

(1975) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.54X10+5 G

(1984) 7.83X10+11 g /n-Paraffins/

(1986) >10 thousand - 500 thousand pounds

(1990) >1 million to 10 million pounds

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for N-NONANE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Hydrogenation of 1-nonene

Nonane is obtained from the fractional distillation or refining of petroleum.

n-Alkanes having more than six carbon atoms are not isolated individually but as mixtures of several homologues. Suitable sources are the appropriate petroleum distillate fractions, from which the n-paraffins can be isolated in high isomeric purity (greater than or equal to 95% linearity) by selective separation (eg, molecular sieve separation or urea extractive crystallization). /Higher n-Alkanes/

Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities

Nonane: ACTIVE

Nonanes are major ingredients of petroleum fractions such as VM & P naphtha & 140 flash and Stoddard solvents.

n-Nonane is present in jet fuel at a weight percent of 5.69

n-Nonane, n-heptane and n-octane are components at 18.35% by weight of naphtha which is used as a diluent in processing of bitumen from oil sands