Chlorophacinone

(Non-Specific -- Coumarin Derivative Pesticide, Solid, n.o.s.) Container may explode in heat of fire. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. If water pollution occurs, notify appropriate authorities.

Use powder, water spray, foam, carbon dioxide.

Refer immediately for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting, if necessary.

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe ares. Avoid breathing dust.

Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge in to the environment must be avoided.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

It is stable, resistant to weathering and is non-corrosive. Recommendable method: Incineration. Peer-review: Chlorophacinone should be incinerated @ high temp in a unit with effluent gas scrubbing. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Complete suit protecting against chemicals, the type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

If swallowed never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water. Consult a physician.

After skin exposure, all areas should be thoroughly washed with soap and water. For respiratory exposure, removal from the source of the exposure is sufficient.

Fatal if swallowed or in contact with skin. Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure. Very toxic to aquatic life.

The following drugs ... may increase ... response to coumarin or indandione derivatives: alcohol (acute intoxication), allopurinol, aminosalicylic acid, amiodarone, anabolic steroids, chloral hydrate, chloramphenicol, cimetidine, clofibrate, co-trimoxazole, danazol, dextrothyroxine sodium, diazoxide, diflunisal, disulfiram, erythromycin, ethacrynic acid, fenoprofen calcium, glucagon, ibuprofen, indomethacin, influenza virus vaccine, isoniazid, meclofenamate, mefenamic acid, methylthiouracil, metronidazole, miconazole, nalidixic acid, neomycin (oral), pentoxifylline, phenylbutazone, propoxyphene, propylthiouracil, quinidine, quinine, salicylates, streptokinase, sulfinpyrazone, sulfonamides, sulindac, tetracyclines, thiazides, thyroid drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, urokinase, vitamin E. /Coumarin and indandione derivatives/

The following drugs ... may ... decrease ... response to coumarin or indandione derivatives: alcohol (chronic alcoholism), barbiturates, carbamazepine, corticosteroids, corticotropin, ethchlorvynol, glutethimide, griseofulvin, mercaptopurine, methaqualone, oral contraceptives containing estrogen, rifampin, spironolactone, vitamin K. /Coumarin and indandione derivatives/

The binding constants (K) of a series of anticoagulant rodenticides with the main soil organic component, humic acid (HA), were determined using frontal analysis approach. ... HA acid protected the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 against the cytotoxicity of all the rodenticides tested and that the toxicity of rodenticides was directly linked to the free rodenticide fraction in the medium (i.e. unbound rodenticide to HA).

LD50; Species: Vampire bats; oral 7.5 mg/kg

LD50; Species: Red-winged black bird; acute oral 430 mg/kg

LD50; Species: /Anas platyrhynchos/ (Mallard duck); acute oral 100 mg/kg

LD50; Species: Ring-necked pheasants; acute oral 100 mg/kg

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CHLOROPHACINONE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a measured Koc range of 15,600 to 136,000(2) indicates that chlorophacinone is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). The pKa of chlorophacinone is 3.40(3), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as a cation and cations do not volatilize. Chlorophacinone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure of 7.5X10-10 mm at 25 °C(3). Chlorophacinone was determined to be not readily biodegradable based on the results of one screening study (manometric respirometry) where no biodegradation occurred over a 28-day incubation period(2). Chlorophacinone was found to be moderately degradable in a sandy loam soil under aerobic conditions with a half-life of 21-25 days(5). In other laboratory soil dissipation studies, chlorophacinone had half-lives of 47.3 and 17.1 days under dark aerobic conditions at 25 °C where CO2 was the predominant degradation product(2). Extrapolation of the 47.3 day half-life to 12 °C (to reflect an average European Union outdoor temperature) yields an estimated half-life of 128 days(2).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc range of 15,600 to 136,000(2) indicates that chlorophacinone is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 3.40(3) indicates chlorophacinone will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF range of 5-13(SRC), from a measured log Kow range of 2.40-3.08 between pH 4 and pH 9(2) and a regression-derived equation(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Chlorophacinone is stable to hydrolysis at environmentally relevant pHs(5-9) with half-lives of >1 year(2). The direct photolysis half-life of chlorophacinone in aqueous solution is 2.2 days of continuous natural summer sunlight at latitude 50 deg N(2). The photolysis half-life in sterile pond water under the same conditions is 1.3 days(2). Chlorophacinone was determined to be not readily biodegradable based on the results of one screening study (manometric respirometry) where no biodegradation occurred over a 28-day incubation period(2).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), chlorophacinone, which has a vapor pressure of 7.5X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase chlorophacinone may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Chlorophacinone is susceptible to direct photolysis in sunlight(3).

IDENTIFICATION: Chlorophacinone is a chlorinated diphenyl indane derivative. It is an anti-coagulant and metabolic inhibitor which is highly toxic to rodents. It is compatible with a wide spectrum of bait carriers and has no repellent action. Chlorophacinone is a white crystalline solid. It is sparingly soluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents. Chlorophacinone is described as stable and resistant to weathering effects. It is available as a bait or oil solution. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Small ingested doses and substantial intake hypoprothrombinemia induced doses are asymptomatic. The onset of clinical signs may be delayed several days after exposure to a single large dose or after a few weeks of repeated ingestion of small doses. Epistasis and bleeding gums were noted. Pallor and sometimes petechial rash; massive ecchymoses or hematomas (especially of the articulating joints); blood in urine and feces, occasionally paralysis due to cerebral hemorrhage, hemorrhagic shock and death. ANIMAL STUDIES: Chlorophacinone may be hazardous to other small animals and birds. This rodenticide is primarily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, dermal absorption may also result. Chlorophacinone is an anticoagulant agent, it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation depressing hepatic synthesis of prothrombin and clotting factors VII, IX and X and it does direct damage to capillary permeability. The ultimate effect is widespread internal hemorrhage. In rodents, the indandiones also cause neurologic and cardiopulmonary injuries. Chlorophacinone is of low toxicity to birds.[

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ No ill effect resulted from 15 daily doses of 2.25 mg to grey partridges.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ...American kestrels (Falco sparverius) /were fed/ on meadow voles that had been maintained on 2% chlorophacinone. Voles consumed approx 53 mg of 2% chlorophacinone (1.14 mg a.i.) before dying within 6 days. No kestrels fed poisoned mice, for up to 21 consecutive days, died. Hematomas were observed on the pectoral muscles, lungs, liver and heart of exposed birds.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ .../0.5% of birds and 5.7% mammals were positive for Chlorophacinone/. /From table/

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) levels were studied in liver of 401 wild and domestic animals found dead in Spain with evidences of AR poisoning, including 2 species of reptiles (n=2), 42 species of birds (n=271) and 18 species of mammals (n=128). Baits (n=32) were also analyzed to detect the potential use of ARs in their intentional preparation to kill predators. AR residues were detected in 155 (38.7%) of the studied animals and 140 (34.9%) may have died by AR poisoning according to the clinical information, necropsy findings, residue levels and results of other toxicological analysis. Animals considered with sublethal AR exposure had total AR residues (geometric mean with 95% CI) in liver of 0.005 (0.003-0.007)ug/g wet weight (w.w.) and animals diagnosed as dead by AR poisoning had 0.706 (0.473-1.054)ug/g w.w. ARs were detected in 19% of baits illegally prepared to kill predators. In terms of the total incidents studied in our laboratory between 2005 and 2010 (n=1792 animals), confirmed poisonings represented 40.9% of the cases, and 21.1% of these were due to ARs (8.6% of the total sample). Nocturnal raptors (62%) and carnivorous mammals (38%) were amongst the secondary consumers with highest prevalence of AR exposure, especially to second generation ARs (SGARs). On the other hand, granivorous birds showed the highest prevalence of AR exposure (51%), especially to chlorophacinone in a region treated against a vole population peak in 2007. The presence of hemorrhages was significantly associated with AR levels in liver, but some animals (7.2%) with elevated residue levels (>0.2ug/g w.w.) showed no evidence of macroscopic bleeding. The use of accumulative SGARs and the application of baits on surface (i.e. treated grain by spreader machines) should be discontinued in future EU regulations on the use of rodenticides to prevent the poisoning of non-target wildlife species.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHLOROPHACINONE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

In liver samples collected from 164 barn owls (Tyto alba), barred owls (Strix varia), and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), from 1988 to 2003 in the province of British Columbia and the Yukon Territory, Canada, chlorophacinone was detected at a concentration range of 0.0025-0.015 mg/kg in 7 of the 164 owls(1). Chlorophacinone was not detected (detection limit 0.02 mg/kg) in tissue samples of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) collected from the upper Loire River (France) region between 2004-2008(2). In a screening study of 123 dogs between 1996-2003, the anticoagulant rodenticides chlorophacinone, brodifacoum and diphacinone were detected in 75 dogs at concentrations ranging from trace amounts to 1.12 ppm(3). Hepatic samples collected from Black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) contained chlorophacinone residues of 0.44-7.56 ug/g(4). Liver samples collected from 10 of 71 great bustard (Odus tarda) bird carcasses between 1991-2010 in Spain contained detectable levels of chlorophacinone(5).

Coughing up blood. Blood in the urine. Bleeding under the skin. Symptoms may be delayed.

EASILY ABSORBED! See Inhalation.

Abdominal pain. Further see Inhalation.

EPA has released the first beta version (version 0.5) of the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The beta version of the iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays; See the data in Chemical Explorer/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of March 28, 2014: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

A PT (Prothrombin Time) 24 to 48 hr after exposure in asymptomatic children with accidental ingestions of large or unknown amounts should be obtained. In adults with deliberate ingestions and children with clinical evidence of bleeding, an initial PT and PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time) should be obtained and then repeated at 24 and 48 hr. /Superwarfarin/

A serum vitamin K 2,3-epoxide level may provide a more sensitive biomarker of industrial coumarin (brodifiacoum, difenacoum, and warfarin) exposure or acccumulation than the PT (Prothrombin Time). ... In patients chronically exposed to coumarin anticoagulants, serum vitamin K 2,3-epoxide levels are significantly elevated, whereas the clotting factor activities and antigen levels remain in the normal range. This apparant dissociation between the coumarin anticoagulant effects on vitamin K metabolism and clotting factor activity may persist for years after termination of the occupational exposure.

Koc values ranging from 15,600 to 136,000 were determined for chlorophacinone in four types of soils (clay, sand, sandy clay loam and loam)(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc range suggests that chlorophancinone is expected to be immobile in soil. The pKa of chlorophacinone is 3.40(3), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). [

Based on the reviews of the generic data for the active ingredient ... chlorophacinone ... the Agency has sufficient information on the health effects of /this chemical/ ... and on /the/ ... potential for causing adverse effects in fish, wildlife, and the environment. The Agency has determined that /this chemical/ ... labeled and used as specified in this Reregistration Eligibility Decision document, will not pose unreasonable risks or adverse effects to humans or the environment. Therefore, the Agency concludes that products containing ... chlorophacinone ... are eligible for reregistration. ... The Agency has determined that all uses of chlorophacinone ... are eligible for reregistration, with the exception of certain field bait uses. The Agency has determined that field-bait uses containing 0.005% chlorophacinone... are eligible for reregistration. ... The Agency has determined that field-bait uses containing more than 0.005% chlorophacinone ... are ineligible for reregistration. Field tests have adequately demonstrated that products with lower-concentrations of /this/ ... active ingredient ... /is/ sufficiently efficacious for target pest species, and that the uses with higher concentrations have the potential to cause unnecessary secondary poisonings to avian and mammalian consumers.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer saftey standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List C, and with List C containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List D. Chlorophacinone is found on List B. Case No: 2100; Pesticide type: rodenticide; Case Status: RED Approved 9/1997; OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): 2-((p-Chlorophenyl)phenylacetyl)-1,3-indandione; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 06/12/1991, 10/13/1995; AI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for the case/AI.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Chlorophacinone is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered form and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

Used as a rodenticide in farm and food storage buildings; [HSDB]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For chlorophacinone (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 067707) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

... Control of mammal pest, particularly commensal rats and mice but also a variety of field rodents (note: commensal rodents are Norway rat, roof rat, and house mouse).

Anticoagulant used in baits to control rodents.

... Vertebrate control agent used to control a variety of vertebrate pests, mainly rodents, but also jackrabbits (lagomorphs), and moles (insectivores).

p-Chlorobenzophenone + sodium cyanide + methyl acetate + dimethyl phthalate (cyanohydrin formation/alcohol reduction/condensation/condensation)

Preparation: D. Molho et al., United States of America patent 3153612 (1964 to Lipha).

... Formulated as tracking powder, (0.2% a.i.) as loose-grain bait, paraffinized pellets, rat and mouse bait ready-to-use place packs, and paraffin blocks. Baits are mostly formulated as 0.005 % active ingredient, but some 0.01% active ingredient baits are registered.

Formulations: Paraffin blocks, pellets, liquid mineral oil concentrate, RTU grain baits.

/Chlorophacinone/ is formulated as ready-to-use baits based on whole, cracked, or milled grain at concentration of active ingredient ranging from 0.005 to 0.25%. It can also be used as a tracking powder. An oil concentrate is also available.

Types: Bait concentrates; bait (ready to use); grain bait; tracking powder; block bait; plate bait.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for CHLOROPHACINONE (33 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies chlorophacinone (technical grade) as Class IA: extremely hazardous; Main Use: rodenticide.

Chemical warfare agents may be manufactured from a wide range of commercially manufactured household industrial products such as bleach, antifreeze, fertilizers containing anhydrous ammonia, pesticides, or anticoagulant rodenticides particularly superwarfarins, to name a few. ... Superwarfarins may be used to harm or terrorize people through the ingestion of contaminated food or water. /Superwarfarins/