Carboxin

2.14

log Kow = 2.3

CRYSTALS FROM ETHANOL OR METHANOL

WHITE SOLID

Off-white crystalline solid

147

221.2 g/L in acetone, 89.33 g/L in methanol, 107.7 g/L in ethyl acetate, all at 20 °C.

In water, 147 mg/L at 20 °C

91.5

91.5 to 92.5 °C and 98 to 101 °C, reflecting two crystalline structures which revert to one in solution.

0.00000018 [mmHg]

1.5X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C

Carboxin appears as off-white crystals. Systemic fungicide and seed protectant.

Colorless to off-white or white solid; [HSDB]

2137.6；2150.9；2193.1

2211；2211；2173.9；2184.1；2196.2；2188.7；2182.5

Warning

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]；H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]；H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]；H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P319, P321, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 1% (1 of 104) of reports.

Commission Regulation (EC) No 33/2008

2011/52/EU, Reg. (EU) 2022/801, Reg. (EU) No 2018/1266, Reg. (EU) No 2019/324, Reg. (EU) No 540/2011

Carboxin: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Carboxin. EPA 738-R-04-015 September 2004. Available from the Database Query page at http://cfpub.epa.gov/oppref/rereg /status.cfm?show=rereg as of April 22, 2005. The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the U.S.

California Environmental Protection Agency/Department of Pesticide Regulation; Toxicology Data Review Summaries. Available from: http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/toxsums/toxsumlist.htm on Carboxin (5234-68-4) as of April 21, 2005.

The Agency has completed its assessment of the dietary, occupational, residential, and ecological risk associated with the use of pesticide products containing the active ingredient carboxin. Based on a review of these data and on public comments on the Agency's assessments for the active ingredient carboxin, the Agency has sufficient information on the human health and ecological effects of carboxin to make decisions as part of the tolerance reassessment process under FFDCA and reregistration process under FIFRA, as amended by FQPA. The Agency has determined that carboxin containing products are eligible for reregistration provided that: (i) current data gaps and confirmatory data needs are addressed; (ii) the risk mitigation measures outlined in this document are adopted; and (iii) label amendments are made to reflect these measures.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Carboxin is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0012; Pesticide type: Fungicide; Registration Standard Date: 08/08/81; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Carboxin; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 08/81, 07/31/90; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the fungicide carboxin (5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-1,4-oxathiin-3-carboxanilide) and its metabolite 5,6-dihydro-3-carboxanilide-2-methyl-1,4-oxathiin-4-oxide (calculated as carboxin) (from treatment of seed prior to planting) in or on raw agricultural commodities as follows: barley, grain; barley, straw; bean,dry, seed; bean, forage; bean, hay; bean, straw; bean, succulent; canola, seed; cattle, fat; cattle, meat; cattle, meat byproducts; corn, forage; corn, fresh, including sweet corn, kernel plus cob with husks removed; corn, grain; corn, stover; cotton, undelinted seed; egg; goat, fat; goat, meat; goat, meat byproducts; hog, fat; hog, meat; hog, meat byproducts; horse, fat; horse, meat; horse, meat byproducts; milk; oat, forage; oat, seed; oat, straw; onion, dry bulb; peanut; peanut, hay; poultry, fat; poultry, meat; poultry, meat byproducts; rice, grain; rice, straw; safflower, seed; sheep, fat; sheep, meat; sheep, meat byproducts; sorghum, forage; sorghum, grain; sorghum, grain, stover; soybean; wheat, forage; wheat, grain; and wheat, straw.

Acute Tox. 4 (42.3%)；Skin Sens. 1 (57.7%)；STOT RE 2 (57.7%)；Aquatic Acute 1 (58.7%)；Aquatic Chronic 1 (58.7%)

Specific target organ toxicity (repeated exposure) - category 2；Skin sensitisation - category 1；Hazardous to the aquatic environment (acute) - category 1；Hazardous to the aquatic environment (chronic) - category 1

STOT RE 2；Skin Sens. 1；Aquatic Acute 1；Aquatic Chronic 1

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Carboxin is resistant to mild oxidative and hydrolytic conditions. Alkaline hydrolysis yields the more toxic aniline. If reuse is not possible, incineration appears to be the method of choice for disposal. Recommendable method: Incineration. Not recommendable method: Alkaline hydrolysis.

Avoid contact with skin or clothing. Wash hands and face thoroughly with soap and water after use and before eating or smoking.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the fungicide carboxin (5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-1,4-oxathiin-3-carboxanilide) and its metabolite 5,6-dihydro-3-carboxanilide-2-methyl-1,4-oxathiin-4-oxide (calculated as carboxin) (from treatment of seed prior to planting) in or on raw agricultural commodities as follows: barley, grain, 0.2 ppm; barley, straw, 0.2 ppm; bean,dry, seed, 0.2 ppm; bean, forage, 0.5 ppm; bean, hay, 0.5 ppm; bean, straw, 0.5 ppm; bean, succulent, 0.2 ppm; canola, seed, 0.03 ppm; cattle, fat, 0.1 ppm; cattle, meat, 0.1 ppm; cattle, meat byproducts, 0.1 ppm; corn, forage, 0.2 ppm; corn, fresh, including sweet corn, kernel plus cob with husks removed, 0.2 ppm; corn, grain, 0.2 ppm; corn, stover, 0.2 ppm; cotton, undelinted seed, 0.2 ppm; egg, 0.01 ppm; goat, fat, 0.1 ppm; goat, meat, 0.1 ppm; goat, meat byproducts, 0.1 ppm; hog, fat, 0.1 ppm; hog, meat, 0.1 ppm; hog, meat byproducts, 0.1 ppm; horse, fat, 0.1 ppm; horse, meat, 0.1 ppm; horse, meat byproducts, 0.1 ppm; milk, 0.01 ppm; oat, forage, 0.5 ppm; oat, seed, 0.2 ppm; oat, straw, 0.2 ppm; onion, dry bulb, 0.2 ppm; peanut, 0.2 ppm; peanut, hay, 0.2 ppm; poultry, fat, 0.1 ppm; poultry, meat, 0.1 ppm; poultry, meat byproducts, 0.1 ppm; rice, grain, 0.2 ppm; rice, straw, 0.2 ppm; safflower, seed, 0.2 ppm; sheep, fat, 0.1 ppm; sheep, meat, 0.1 ppm; sheep, meat byproducts, 0.1 ppm; sorghum, forage, 0.2 ppm; sorghum, grain, 0.2 ppm; sorghum, grain, stover, 0.2 ppm; soybean, 0.2 ppm; wheat, forage, 0.5 ppm; wheat, grain, 0.2 ppm; and wheat, straw, 0.2 ppm.

LD50 Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, 14 day old) oral 6094 mg/kg/14 days

LC50 Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck, 5 day old) dietary >4110 ppm/8 days

LC50 Colinus virginianus (Northern bobwhite, juvenile) dietary >1000 ppm/8 days

LC50 Colinus virginianus (Northern bobwhite, 5 day old) dietary >5620 ppm/8 days

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CARBOXIN (26 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Terrestrial Fate: Five different soils varying in physiochemical properties were studied for the persistence & degradation of carboxin & oxycarboxin. In one soil only, both were degraded with accumulation of ammonium & nitrite. Under conditions of forced circulation of air & continuous perfusion, oxycarboxin was more susceptible to degradation than carboxin. Under simulated rice field conditions, conversion of carboxin to its sulfoxide & to a nontoxic derivative of oxycarboxin was observed in all soils. Carboxin was rapidly converted to its sulfoxide on 3 forms of monoionic clays.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a measured Koc value of 71(2), indicates that carboxin is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of carboxin from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.5X10-7 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 147 mg/L(3). Carboxin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). The mean half-lives of carboxin in aerobic and anaerobic soil metabolism studies were 1.25 and 129 days, respectively(2).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a measured Koc value of 71(2), indicates that carboxin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.2X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.5X10-7 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 147 mg/L(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 9(SRC), from a log Kow of 2.3(4) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Carboxin did not undergo hydrolysis in aqueous buffered solutions at pH 5,7, and 9(2). A photolysis half-life of 1.5 hours was observed when carboxin in distilled water was irradiated with light from a xenon arc lamp(2), suggesting that photolysis in sunlit surface water may be an important environmental fate process. The half-life of carboxin in aerobic and anaerobic aquatic metabolism studies were 34 days and 239 days, respectively(2).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), carboxin, which has a vapor pressure of 1.5X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase carboxin is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone molecules(SRC). The half-life for this reaction with hydroxyl radicals is estimated to be about 3 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.3X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C and the half-life for this reaction with atmospheric ozone is approximately 5 hours calculated from its rate constant of 5.7X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Particulate-phase carboxin may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Vapor-phase carboxin may also undergo direct photolysis in the atmosphere, based on an aqueous photolysis half-life of 1.5 hours in measured distilled water(4).

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Following chronic exposure, mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) exhibited reductions in the number of eggs laid, viable embryos, live 3-week embryos, normal hatchlings and 14-day survivors at 700 mg/kg/day.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ /In/ two freshwater fish toxicity studies... Rainbow trout exposed to the four highest concentration levels (0.93, 1.5, 2.4, and 4.1 mg/L) demonstrated partial to complete loss of equilibrium, lethargy, darkened pigmentation and swimming on the surface. ...Bluegill sunfish exposed to the three highest concentrations, i.e., 2.7, 4.3, and 7.5 mg/L, also demonstrated partial to complete loss of equilibrium, lethargy, darkened pigmentation and swimming on the surface.

Carboxin

1 x 10 ^-1 mg/kg-day

Carboxin adsorption and desorption isotherms were estimated using a Manchester sandy loam(1). An adsorption Fruendlich coefficient of 0.78 with a 1/n value of 0.93 was calculated from the adsorption data using linear regression on log transformed data. The desorption isotherm had a Fruendlich coefficient of 1.1 with 1/n of 0.94. The organic carbon content of the soil was 1.09%, corresponding to a Koc of 71(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that carboxin is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Twenty inches of water was eluted through a 12 inch column of a clay loam soil to which 14C labeled carboxin had been applied(1). Fifty-two percent of the applied radioactivity and 41% of the applied carboxin were found in the leachate. Thirty-eight percent of the radioactivity remained in the column and ten percent of the radioactivity could not be accounted for at the end of the study(1). This soil column leaching study suggests that carboxin is highly mobile(SRC).

/CASE REPORTS/ ...A 7-year-old boy /ingested/ several handfuls of carboxin-treated wheat seed. Symptoms included vomiting and headache which developed within 1 hr but were rapidly resolved after administration of an emetic. The amount of carboxin consumed is unclear.

AEROBIC: Carboxin degraded rapidly, with a mean half-life of 1.25 days in two aerobic soil metabolism studies using sandy loam soils maintained at 25 °C and 75% of the field capacity(1). The primary metabolite was identified as carboxin sulfoxide. Carboxin degraded with a half-life of 34 days in an aquatic metabolism study using silt loam soil that was incubated in the dark at 25 °C under aerobic conditions(1). Carboxin degraded slowly with a mean half-life of 129 days in two anaerobic soil metabolism studies using sandy loam soils maintained in the dark at 25 °C(1). Carboxin sulfoxide was identified as a major degradation product (>10% of the initially applied amount) and carboxin sulfone was identified as a minor metabolite. The half-life of carboxin was 239 days in an anaerobic aquatic metabolism study(1).

Degradation of carboxin & oxycarboxin in wet soils by organisms was studied. The blue-green algae Anabaena, Nostoc, & Tolypothrix extensively degraded the fungicides, carboxin oxycarboxin. Chlorella vulgaris also degraded them. The photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum failed to degrade carboxin beyond sulfoxide stage, but degraded oxycarboxin to a greater extent. The protozoan species, Colpoda, degraded carboxin extentively but not oxycarboxin.

Rhizopus japonicus degraded carboxin to a substituted acid anilide. When incubated with Bacillus sphaericus, carboxin gave rise to aniline.

IN SOIL, CARBOXIN WAS OXIDIZED TO SULFOXIDE. NO SULFONE WAS DETECTED. ... SULFOXIDE WAS FORMED IN WATER. AT PH OF 2 AND 4, SLOW OXIDATION TO SULFONE WAS DETECTED. NO HYDROLYSIS WAS OBSERVED.

A mixed population of microorganisms in river water and sewage sludge did not metabolize carboxin (6-7 mg/l) during the tested period of 4 months(1). Phenylamides, such as carboxin, have no inhibitory effects on bacteria and are not expected to interfere with the role of bacteria in the process of self-purification of surface waters(1). In another study of aerobic soils (sandy loam, clay, laterite, alkaline, and coffee plantation soil) carboxin underwent degradation to its sulfoxide within 10 days in all soils(2).

An estimated BCF of 9 was calculated for carboxin(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.3(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Commission Regulation (EC) No 33/2008

2011/52/EU, Reg. (EU) 2022/801, Reg. (EU) No 2018/1266, Reg. (EU) No 2019/324, Reg. (EU) No 540/2011

Carboxin: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

The Agency has completed its assessment of the dietary, occupational, residential, and ecological risk associated with the use of pesticide products containing the active ingredient carboxin. Based on a review of these data and on public comments on the Agency's assessments for the active ingredient carboxin, the Agency has sufficient information on the human health and ecological effects of carboxin to make decisions as part of the tolerance reassessment process under FFDCA and reregistration process under FIFRA, as amended by FQPA. The Agency has determined that carboxin containing products are eligible for reregistration provided that: (i) current data gaps and confirmatory data needs are addressed; (ii) the risk mitigation measures outlined in this document are adopted; and (iii) label amendments are made to reflect these measures.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Carboxin is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0012; Pesticide type: Fungicide; Registration Standard Date: 08/08/81; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Carboxin; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 08/81, 07/31/90; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the fungicide carboxin (5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-1,4-oxathiin-3-carboxanilide) and its metabolite 5,6-dihydro-3-carboxanilide-2-methyl-1,4-oxathiin-4-oxide (calculated as carboxin) (from treatment of seed prior to planting) in or on raw agricultural commodities as follows: barley, grain; barley, straw; bean,dry, seed; bean, forage; bean, hay; bean, straw; bean, succulent; canola, seed; cattle, fat; cattle, meat; cattle, meat byproducts; corn, forage; corn, fresh, including sweet corn, kernel plus cob with husks removed; corn, grain; corn, stover; cotton, undelinted seed; egg; goat, fat; goat, meat; goat, meat byproducts; hog, fat; hog, meat; hog, meat byproducts; horse, fat; horse, meat; horse, meat byproducts; milk; oat, forage; oat, seed; oat, straw; onion, dry bulb; peanut; peanut, hay; poultry, fat; poultry, meat; poultry, meat byproducts; rice, grain; rice, straw; safflower, seed; sheep, fat; sheep, meat; sheep, meat byproducts; sorghum, forage; sorghum, grain; sorghum, grain, stover; soybean; wheat, forage; wheat, grain; and wheat, straw.

Carboxin was tested for its effects on the activities of mitochondria from fungi. At low concentrations it inhibited mitochondrial succinate oxidation from the sensitive fungus Ustilago maydis. The inhibition was of the noncompetitive nature. It is believed that carboxin inhibits mitochondrial respiration at or close to the site of succinate oxidation and does not greatly affect the remaining portion of the electron transport system or the coupled phosphorylation reactions.

The sequence of an allele encoding the iron sulfur protein subunit of succinate dehydrogenase was determined following PCR amplification of genomic DNA from a carboxin sensitive Ustilago maydis strain. Comparison of this sequence with that of the iron sulfur protein allele from a carboxin resistant strain revealed a two base difference between the sequences. This mutation led to the substitution of a leucine residue for a histidine residue within the third cysteine rich cluster of the deduced amino acid sequence of the carboxin resistant strain allele. This cluster, which is associated with the S3 iron redox center, is involved in the transport of electrons from succinate to ubiquinone. Confirmation that this nucleotide change led to enhanced resistance to carboxin was obtained following mutagenesis of the sensitive iron sulfur protein allele to the resistant form and expression of the mutated allele in Ustaligo maydis.

The compounds /carboxin and oxycarboxin/ inhibit oxidative metabolism and succinic dehydrogenase in mitochondria of liver and bone.

In dogs fed carboxin, oxidation to sulfoxide occurred ... .

Rats and rabbits hydroxylated the phenyl ring of carboxin to give mainly para- and ortho-isomers. They were excreted in urine as glucuronides in rabbits (62 and 10%) and rats (26 and 6%); only traces of meta-isomer conjugate were detected. Variable amounts (1-15%) of the free para-isomer were found in feces of rats, but not of rabbits. A common minor urinary metabolite was identified tentatively as the sulfoxide of one of the phenols (1-3%). The remainder of the dose was unchanged carboxin in the feces (rat, 41%; rabbit, 10%) and in the urine (1-2%).

Extensively metabolized in rats... . Major metabolites in urine are p-hydroxylated carboxin sulfoxide, 4-acetamidophenol and its O-glucuronide.

/In plants,/ undergoes oxidation to carboxin sulfoxide and carboxin sulfone.

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for CARBOXIN (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Carboxin and its sulfoxide are absorbed by germinating seeds and moved upward in the plant, traveling with transpiration system and moving into the lower stem and first leaves of the plant. Carboxin does not redistribute into new growth as the plant develops, and is not found in the seeds or upper leaves of crops grown from treated seed. Animals excrete carboxin and its degradation products rapidly, and no accumulation in tissues was indicated.

When carboxin was applied to bean plants (phaseolus vulgaris leguminatate ) ... most of fungicide residue in roots was in form of acetone-insol material. ... Barley plants formed carboxin-lignin complexes in the leaves.

When fed to dogs, carboxin is partially oxidized to oxycarboxin. Both compounds are excreted in urine.

Extensively metabolized in rats and eliminated mainly in urine and to a lesser extent feces.

Rats have been reported to excrete almost an entire dose within 24 hr, primarily in the urine.

Used as a systemic fungicide; for seed treatment for control of smuts and bunts on barley, wheat, and oats; for seedling diseases (particularly Rhizoctonia spp.) of barley, wheat, oats, rice, cotton, peanuts, soya beans, vegetables, maize, sorghum, and other crops; [HSDB] Applied to seeds before planting by seed treaters and farmworkers; No registered residential uses; [EPA REDs Fact Sheets]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For carboxin (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 090201) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Systemic fungicide. /Used for/ seed treatment for control of smuts and bunts (particularly loose smut, Ustilago spp.), at 50-200 g/100 kg seed, on barley, wheat, and oats; seedling diseases (particularly Rhizoctonia spp.) of barley, wheat, oats, rice, cotton, peanuts, soya beans, vegetables, maize, sorghum, and other crops. The dimorphic forms do not differ in fungicidal activity.

Effective systemic fungicide that controls by seed treatment basidomycete type of fungi such as smuts of small grains & Rhizoctonia solani of ... sugar beets ... It is particularly effective in control of loose smut of small grains caused by ustilago species.

Seed treatment controls on smuts on barley, oats, wheat, and seedling diseases, such as Rhizoctonia solani, on barley, corn, cotton, oats, peanuts, rapeseed, rice sorghum, soybeans, wheat and other crops.

Carboxin is produced by reaction of 2-chloro-3-oxobutyricanilide with 2-mercaptoethanol, followed by acid-catalyzed ring closure with elimination of water.

By the reaction of alpha-chloroacetoacetanilide and 2-mercaptoethanol followed by acid catalyzed cyclization-dehydration.

A FLOWABLE LIQUID FORMULATION CONTAINING 17.3% VITAVAX BY WT & 15.4% THIRAM BY WT IS REGISTERED IN CANADA AS VITAFLO; ALSO AS A DRY POWDER DRILL BOX FORMULATION CONTAINING 40% THIRAM & 40% VITAVAX (VITAFLO DB).

VITAVAX-200 (37-5% CARBOXIN, 37.5% THIRAM); VITAVAX 75% (34% CARBOXIN); VITAVAX-300 (37.5% CARBOXIN, 37.5% CAPTAN).

Technical grade is >97% pure.

Seed treatment; wettable powder; suspension concentrate; flowable concentrate for seed treatment.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for CARBOXIN (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

It was introduced in 1966 by Uniroyal as experimental systemic seed treatment fungicide.

Secondary benefit of seed treatment is protection of germinating seeds & young seedlings from soilborne fungi that cause seed decay, seedling blights (damping-off) & root rots. /Fungicides/

Do not use treated grain as animal or human food.

Its apparent mode of action is to selectively concentrate in fungal cells, where it inhibits succinic dehydrogenase, a respiratory enzyme in the mitochondria.

For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for CARBOXIN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.