Atrazine

Pesticides

Pesticide -> EPA IRIS

Agrochemicals -> Pesticide active substances

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

Pesticides -> Herbicides, Triazine

Pesticides -> Herbicides -> Triazine herbicides -> Chlorotriazine herbicides

log Kow = 2.61

2.61

2.34

2.63

1.2 at 68 °F (est) (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.23 g/cu cm at 22 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.2

1.19

1.19

Colorless powder

Colorless or white, crystalline powder

less than 1 mg/mL at 67.1 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 33.0 mg/L at 25 °C

In water, 34.7 mg/L at 26 °C

183 g/kg DMSO; 52 g/kg chloroform; 28 g/kg ethyl acetate; 18 g/kg methanol; 12 g/kg diethyl ether; 0.36 g/kg pentane

0.0347 mg/mL at 26 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: (none)

Decomposes (NIOSH, 2024)

205 °C/101 kPa

No boiling point at normal pressure; decomposes on heating

decomposes

Decomposes

Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions - Carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrogen chloride gas.

Decomposes on heating. This produces toxic fumes including hydrogen chloride and nitrogen oxides.

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride/ and nitrous oxides.

DT50 (pH 1) 9.5, (pH 5) 86, (pH 13) 5.0 days

Warning

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

P260, P261, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P319, P321, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Warning

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

P260, P261, P264+P265, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity; Cardiovascular Toxicity; Dermatotoxicity; Developmental Toxicity; Endocrine Toxicity; Hepatotoxicity and Digestive System Toxicity; Immunotoxicity; Reproductive Toxicity

Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 (amended)

2004/248/EC

Status: Active Update: 07-04-2011 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/10766

Atrazine: HSNO Approval: HSR002902 Approved with controls

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Irritating hydrogen chloride and toxic oxides of nitrogen may be formed. (USCG, 1999)

Combustible under specific conditions. Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Risk of fire and explosion if formulations contain flammable/explosive solvents.

Atrazine is an herbicide that does not occur naturally. Pure atrazine is an odorless, white powder that is not very volatile, reactive, or flammable and that will dissolve in water. Atrazine is used to kill weeds, primarily on farms, but has also been used on highway and railroad rights-of-way. The EPA now restricts how atrazine can be used and applied; only trained people are allowed to spray it.

The following herbicides have an oral LD50 of >1 gm/kg and have little or no acute toxicity in humans: Alachlor, Amitrole, Ammonium sulfamate, Atrazine, Dalapon, Dicamba, Glyphosphate, Monuron, Oryzalin, Picloram, Propanil, Simazine, etc. [LaDou, p. 613] A mild skin irritant; Injury to the brain, heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, ovaries, and endocrine organs are observed in chronic feeding studies of experimental animals. [EXTOXNET] For the triazine herbicides, systemic toxicity unlikely unless large amounts are ingested; May cause irritation; [EPA Pesticides, p. 121] TLV basis: hematologic, reproductive and developmental effects; 3.3 mg/kg/day is NOEL in chronic feeding studies of rats for anemia and mammary tumors. [ACGIH] Our analyses did not find any clear associations between atrazine exposure and any cancer analyzed. [PMID 15367570]

The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of atrazine stem from its toxicologic properties. Toxic by all routes (ie, inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact), exposure to this colorless to white, odorless, crystalline substance may occur from its manufacture, formulation, and use as an herbicide. Effects from exposure may include skin irritation, shortness of breath, muscle spasms, ataxia, anorexia, and genetic effects. In activities and situations where overexposure may occur, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus and personal protective clothing (rubber gloves and clothing made of cotton and cotton/polyester soil resistant fabric are suggested). If contact should occur, immediately flush affected skin or eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes at the site. While atrazine does not ignite easily, it may burn with the production of irritating and poisonous gases. For fires involving atrazine, extinguish with dry chemical, CO2, Halon, water spray, fog, or standard foam. Atrazine may be shipped via air, rail, road, and water, in containers bearing the label "Poison". Atrazine should be stored in its original container, in shaded, well-ventilated areas, away from heat, sparks, and other sources of ignition. Small dry spills of atrazine may be placed into a clean, dry, covered container for later disposal (liquid solutions are first absorbed in sand or other noncombustible absorbent). Use water spray to knock down dust from a large dry spill. Large liquid spills should be diked far ahead to prevent atrazine from entering water sources and sewers. Before implementing land disposal of atrazine, consult with regulatory agencies for guidance.

USEPA/Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision (IRED) for Atrazine, Case No. 0062 (2003). EPA issues an IRED for a pesticide that is undergoing reregistration, requires a reregistration eligibility decision, and also needs a cumulative assessment under FQPA. The IRED, issued after EPA completes the individual pesticide's aggregate risk assessment, may include taking risk reduction measures -- for example, reducing risks to workers or eliminating uses that the registrant no longer wishes to maintain -- to gain the benefits of these changes before the final RED can be issued following the Agency's consideration of cumulative risks.[Available from, as of October 17, 2017 https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/html/status.html]

Giddings JM et al; Atrazine in North American Surface Waters: A Probabilistic Aquatic Ecological Risk Assessment. SETAC Press (Pensacola, FL), 392 pp (2005)

USEPA; Health Advisories for 50 Pesticides (1988) PB88-245931

USEPA; Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Atrazine (1984) ECAO-CIN- P098

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date 9/29/2006; Reporting date: 11/28/2006.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Atrazine is included on this list. Effective date: 9/29/2006; Sunset date: 11/28/2006.

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide.

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

(General first aid procedures)

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Fire extinguishing media: dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or water.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Triazine pesticides, solid, toxic/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Triazine pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic; Triazine pesticides, liquid, toxic; Triazine pesticides, liquid, toxic, flammable/

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. /Triazine pesticides, solids, toxic/

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /Triazine pesticides, liquid, flammable, toxic; Triazine pesticides, liquid, toxic; Triazine pesticides, liquid, toxic, flammable/

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Atrazine (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for atrazine: Resin adsorption, reverse osmosis.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Atrazine (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Atrazine (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Atrazine was detected in applicator breathing zone air in a study conducted during pesticide application to lawns, trees, and shrubs in urban environments as having a time weighted avg of 0.001 mg/cu m(1). Atrazine was detected in 1 out of 529 urinary samples at a concentration of 1.5 ppb in the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) conducted by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC)(2). Atrazine was detected in 2 out of 89 urine samples of children at levels of 0.6 and 22.0 ug/g creatinine during the Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Survey (MNCPES)(3). The metabolite atrazine mercapturate was detected in 2 of 88, 2 of 89 and 2 of 89 in urine samples at days 3, 5 and 7 of monitoring, respectively, in samples taken for the MNCPES(4). Urinary excretion of atrazine in exposed workers of a production plant in Italy revealed maximum excretion rates of 0.1-0.3 ug/hr during the workshift and 0.01-0.04 ug/hr 12 hours after the end of the workshift(5). Atrazine exposure was evaluated in 6 manufacturing workers of an atrazine production plant with total atrazine exposure varying from 10 to 700 umol/workshift; urinary metabolites were comprised of bi-dealkylated (80%), deisopropylated (10%), deethylated (8%), and unmodified atrazine (2%)(6). Atrazine was not detected in human adipose tissue samples collected April 2008 to June 2009 from Nantong, Hexian and Dachang regions of Southeast China(7).

...Arsenic uptake in grapes treated with MSMA /monosodium salt of methanearsonic acid/ and atrazine to control johnsongrass /was studied/. Arsenic residues five times higher than controls (0.24-0.28 ug/g dry weight) in grapes treated with MSMA and atrazine were found. ...It is evident that atrazine ...facilitates uptake of arsenic by plant.

HR96 is a CAR/PXR/VDR ortholog in invertebrates, and a promiscuous endo- and xenobiotic nuclear receptor involved in acclimation to toxicants. Daphnia HR96 is activated by chemicals such as atrazine and linoleic acid (LA) (n-6 fatty acid), and inhibited by triclosan and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (n-3 fatty acid). We hypothesized that inhibitors of HR96 may block the protective responses of HR96 based on previously performed luciferase assays. Therefore, we performed acute toxicity tests with two-chemical mixtures containing a HR96 inhibitor (DHA or triclosan) and a HR96 activator (LA or atrazine). Surprisingly, results demonstrate that triclosan and DHA are less toxic when co-treated with 20-80 uM atrazine. Atrazine provides concentration-dependent protection as lower concentrations have no effect and higher concentrations cause toxicity. LA, a weaker HR96 activator, did not provide protection from triclosan or DHA. Atrazine's protective effects are presumably due to its ability to activate HR96 or other toxicologically relevant transcription factors and induce protective enzymes. Atrazine did not significantly induce glucosyltransferase, a crucial enzyme in triclosan detoxification. However, atrazine did increase antioxidant activities, crucial pathways in triclosan's toxicity, as measured through GST activity and the TROLOX equivalence assay. The increase in antioxidant capacity is consistent with atrazine providing protection from a wide range of toxicants that induce ROS, including triclosan and unsaturated fatty acids predisposed to lipid peroxidation.

Atrazin is currently the most widely used herbicide in agriculture with lots of adverse effects on human health. Curcumin is a polyphenol known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. In the present study, the protective effect of curcumin on atrazin-intoxicated rats is evaluated. Toxicity was induced by oral administration of atrazine (400 mg/kg/day) for 3 weeks. Curcumin at a dose of 400 mg/kg/day was given simultaneously by oral route. Redox status, mitochondrial function, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) level by immunoassay, and caspace-3 expression by immunohistochemistry were evaluated. Curcumin showed significant cardiac protection with improvement of redox status, mitochondrial function, 8-OHdG level, caspase-3 immunoreactivity, and cardiac muscle degeneration. From this current study, it can be concluded that administration of curcumin improved atrazine-induced cardiotoxicity through its modulatory effect on redox status, mitochondrial function, and caspase-3 expression.

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effects of different concentrations of fenhexamid and atrazine (25, 50 and 100 ug/L) on growth and oxidative stress on Scenedesmus obliquus (microalgae) after exposure for 24, 48, and 96 hr. In addition, residues of fenhexamid and atrazine were determined in the culture medium after 96 hr; 52%, 44% and 43% of fenhexamid remained in the medium for the lowest, middle and highest concentrations, respectively. Atrazine concentration decreased significantly in the medium with time. The reduction was faster with the lowest concentration (-53%), than in the highest concentration (-46%), while it was intermediate with 50 ug/L (-47%). The antioxidative enzyme activities were used as biomarkers to evaluate the toxic effects of fenhexamid and atrazine on the microalgae. Enzymatic activities were measured in the presence of each compound alone after 24, 48 and 96 hr and also in mixture after 24 hr exposure. The results showed that fenhexamid and atrazine induced antioxidative enzyme activities (GST, CAT and GR) at different concentrations. Catalase activities (CAT) in both pesticides treated-algae were significantly increased. Additionally, an increase in gulathione-S-transferase (GST) was observed in algae after 24, 48 and 96 hr of exposure to both fenhexamid and atrazine. Antioxidative enzymes in fenhexamid and atrazine mixture treatment showed an antagonistic interaction after 24 hr of exposure in algae.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for Atrazine (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Body Weight, Cardiovascular (Heart and Blood Vessels), Developmental (effects during periods when organs are developing), Hepatic (Liver), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys), Reproductive (Producing Children)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, liver

LC50; Species: Colinis virginianus (Bobwhite quail) age 9 days oral >5,000 ppm (No mortality to 5,000 ppm)

LC50; Species: Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) age 7 days oral >5,000 ppm (5 day diet)

LC50; Species: Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked pheasant) age 10 days oral >5,000 ppm (No mortality to 5,000 ppm)

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) age 10 days oral >5,000 ppm (30% @ 5,000 ppm)

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Atrazine (108 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of atrazine ranging from 26 to 1164(2-4) indicate that atrazine is expected to have high to slight mobility in soil. Volatilization half-lives of atrazine in soil range from 111 to >1000 days(5). Biodegradation of atrazine in soil is affected by the moisture content of the soil, the half-life of atrazine at 25 °C in wet (and dry) Colorado loam soil, New York sandy loam soil, and Mississippi silt loam was determined to be 30 (90), 28 (55), and 35 (78) days, respectively(6). Temperature and pH also affect the biodegradation of atrazine in soil. Microbial degradation of atrazine in silty loam and sand samples occurred in alkaline soil with the primary metabolites of desethyl atrazine and deisopropylatrazine while chemical degradation of atrazine yielded hydroxyatrazine; in addition, atrazine degraded 3-4 times faster in soils at 25 °C than at 10 °C(7).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Chemical degradation of atrazine may be more important environmentally than biodegradation in soil. In soils, hydrolysis of atrazine is favored by low soil pH, high organic matter content, low moisture content, high temperature, and high clay content(1). Atrazine may hydrolyze in either acidic or basic soils yet is fairly resistant to hydrolysis at neutral pHs(2). The rate of hydrolysis was found to drastically increase upon small additions of humic materials, indicating atrazine hydrolysis could be catalyzed; the half-life of atrazine at 25 °C and pH of 4 was 244 days without an additive and 1.73 days with the presence of 2% humic acid(2). At 25 °C, a 5 mg/L solution of fulvic acid at pHs of 2.9, 4.5, 6.0 and 7.0 resulted in half-lives of 34.8, 174, 398 and 742 days, respectively(2). Hydrolysis of atrazine followed first order kinetics producing hydroxyatrazine as the transformation product(3-4). Atrazine has the potential to photolyze from surface soils(5). The half-lives for sunlight exposed ring-labeled atrazine at concentration of 0.10 ppm under aerobic conditions were 330 and 385 days for two agricultural soils(5). In a 12 week study with intact soil columns from a field with no previous pesticide history (Ames, IA), 77% of (14)C radio-labeled atrazine was reported as remaining in the top 10 cm with 1.2% reported as leachate(6). Of the 77% in the top 10 cm, 57% was unextractable residue, 3.6% was the degradate desethyl atrazine, other degradates were present at lesser amounts(6).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: The half-life (DT50) of atrazine measured in adapted and unadapted soils from Colorado (CO), Mississippi (MS) and Nebraska (NE), measured at varying temperatures and moisture content (% field capacity) were as follows(1):[Table#1232]

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of atrazine ranging from 26 to 1164(2-4) indicate that atrazine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Atrazine is not expected to volatilize from water surfaces(5) based on a Henry's Law constant of 2.6X10-9 atm-cu m/mol(6). According to a classification scheme(7), a BCF range from <0.27(8) to 96.0 (9) in fish suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate(SRC). Atrazine was degraded by 23% in raw seawater after 96 hours(10). Atrazine was found to be recalcitrant in natural groundwater after a period of 96 days; no transformation of atrazine was observed after 74 and 96 days in simulated groundwater laboratory experiments(11). The half-life of atrazine in an anaerobic wetland sediment was determined to be 224 days with no additional carbon present; the only metabolite present during degradation was hydroxyatrazine(12). Hydrolysis occurs slowly under neutral conditions but may be more important under acidic or alkaline environments based on hydrolysis half-lives of 240 and 100 days at pH 4 and 11, respectively(13). The hydrolysis half-life of atrazine at 25 °C and pH of 4 was 244 days without an additive and 1.73 days with the presence of 2% humic acid(14). Alkaline hydrolysis proceeds twice as rapidly as acidic hydrolysis(15). Photolysis in surface waters may occur slowly based upon a photolysis half-life of 335 days when aqueous solutions of atrazine were exposed to natural sunlight(16).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), atrazine, which has a vapor pressure of 2.89X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase atrazine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 hours(SRC), estimated from its rate constant of 2.7X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase atrazine may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Atrazine has been detected as far away as 100 to 300 kilometers (62 to 186 miles) from the nearest treated corn field, indicating long-range transport in the atmosphere(4).

In a ten-year study of ready-to-eat foods conducted between 1982 and 1991, atrazine was determined to have an avg concentration of 0.004 ug/g(1). Atrazine was detected at unreported concentrations as a residue in foods (49,877 samples) collected between 1978 and 1982 in the United States(2). Atrazine was detected at unreported concentrations as a residue in domestic and imported foods (49,055 samples) collected between 1983 and 1986 in the United States(3). Atrazine was detected at unreported concentrations as a residue in foods (27,065 samples) collected between 1988 and 1989 in the United States(4). Atrazine was not detected (detection limit 4 ug/g) in fresh peaches harvested Aug 5, 2000 from a field near Skydra, Greece or in canned halves peaches produced July to Sept 1999(5). Atrazine was not detected (detection limit 1 ug/kg) in eight olive (Olea europaea) oil samples collected in Spain(6). In a market basket survey of approximately 280 food types (731 samples) collected on eight occasions from Oct 2003 to Aug 2005 from grocery stores across the US, atrazine was detected once at trace levels (approx 0.13 ppb) in fresh/frozen green beans(7).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Atrazine was analyzed for but not detected in 38 milk samples and 28 cheese samples from Greece during 1991 through 1992(1). Atrazine was not detected in any milk samples (585 total samples) tested during a 1998 USDA survey(2). Atrazine was not detected in milk samples taken from cows that graze in southern regions of Poland (detection limit 0.5 ug/g)(3).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Atrazine is a colorless powder. It is used for pre- and post-emergence control of annual broad-leaved weeds and annual grasses. It is also used in combinations with many other herbicides. HUMAN STUDIES: Potential symptoms of overexposure are irritation of eyes and skin, dermatitis, skin sensitization, dyspnea, weakness, incoordination, salivation, hypothermia, and liver injury. Two studies from northern Italy showed elevated risks of ovarian tumors among women exposed to triazine herbicides including atrazine. Small excess risks for cancer at a number of sites were associated with exposure either to unspecified triazine herbicides or specifically to atrazine. There was a positive association between atrazine exposure in drinking water and preterm birth. Atrazine failed to induce clastogenic and aneugenic damage in cultured human lymphocytes with metabolic activation. However, atrazine was found genotoxic in single-cell gel electrophoresis assay by using human peripheral blood lymphocytes with and without metabolic activation. Atrazine also induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in human EUE line cells. ANIMAL STUDIES: Atrazine is minimally irritating to skin and mildly irritating to eyes of rabbits. A 50% formulation was shown to be weakly irritating to the skin but did produce strong eye irritation including edema of the eyelid and conjuctivae of guinea pigs, rabbits, and cats. Cattle and sheep were killed by two daily doses of 250 mg/kg atrazine. Acutely poisoned sheep and cattle exhibited muscular spasms, fasciculations, stiff gait and increased respiratory rates. Adrenal degeneration and congestion of lung, liver and kidneys were observed. Rats fed diets that contained an equivalent of 10 or 50 mg/kg for 6 months showed growth retardation and slight leukopenia along with alterations of selective organ weights. Administration of atrazine by oral gavage at 100-600 mg/kg bw per day to rats for seven or 14 days induced both nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Atrazine disrupted the regular 4-day estrous cycles in rats. Short- and long-term studies performed with rats have shown that the mammary tumors induced in rats given high doses of atrazine in the diet are likely to be the result of an accelerating effect on normal, age-related perturbations of the estrous cycle, with resultant increase in exposure to endogenous estrogen and prolactin. The lack of effect of atrazine on the incidence of mammary tumors and other evidence of proliferative activity in ovariectomized rats fed the highest dose tested (400 ppm) suggests a non-genotoxic mechanism of action associated with hormonal imbalance. Atrazine was found to adversely affect the immune system in mice. Subcutaneous injection of atrazine at 800 mg/kg/day on days 3, 6, and 9 of gestation resulted in the death and resorption of some or all of the pups in each litter of rats. Dosages as high as 200 mg/kg by this route did not affect the number of pups per litter nor weight at weaning. Dietary levels up to 1000 ppm (about 50 mg/kg/day) also were harmless. Rats acutely treated with atrazine (100 mg/kg, bw) showed a significant decrease in spontaneous Purkinje cell firing rate. Atrazine also decreased the cerebellar potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral radial nerve, affecting mostly the response to climbing fiber input. Neurobehavioral development of female and male mice daily exposed from Gestational Day 14 until Postnatal Day 21 to 1 or 100 ug/kg bw atrazine was investigated. Changes in exploratory profile and in affiliative/investigative behavior were observed, revealing a feminization of behavioral profile in atrazine-exposed males. Alteration in learning performance at adulthood was also evident. Atrazine alters steroidogenesis in male rats resulting in elevated serum corticosterone, progesterone, and estrogens. Atrazine is activated by plant enzymes to produce a mutagenic metabolite for Schizosaccharomyces pombe (forward mutation) and Chinese hamster cells (forward mutation). Atrazine is positive in the host mediated assay (mouse, yeast injected intrasanguineously) and induced chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells of mice after single dose of 1 g/kg and 2 g/kg, respectively. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Weakness, tremors, ataxia, and weight loss occurred in mallards 1 hr after oral treatment with atrazine and persisted up to 11 days. In pheasants, remission had occurred by 5 days after treatment. In adult male Japanese quail, significantly longer comet tails of DNA damage in leukocytes and isolated hepatocytes were recorded with 500 mg/kg bw atrazine oral treatment. Atrazine did not mimic the effects of either estradiol or tamoxifen in male quail. Thus, atrazine did not exhibit overt estrogenic or anti-estrogenic activity. Conversely, atrazine augmented the effects of testosterone and estradiol on testis regression. It is concluded that atrazine up to 1000 ppm in the diet may exert some effects on reproductive development in sexually maturing male birds. Both endocrine and physiological effects of short-term, acute exposure to atrazine in juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer) was conducted in a controlled laboratory experiment. Expression of hepatic vitellogenin was not affected, supporting the notion that atrazine does not have a direct estrogenic effect via mediation of estrogen receptors. Atrazine exposure had profound influence on the oxidative stress markers and detoxifying enzyme of the exposed zebrafish. Sheepshead minnow embryo-juvenile exposure to atrazine found that a mean measured atrazine concentration of 3.4 mg/L had no effect on hatching success of embryos or growth of juveniles, but significantly reduced juvenile survival. The decrease in amphibian length and weight at metamorphosis may indicate a reduction in fitness in wild populations of anurans exposed to atrazine at 200 to 2,000 ug/L. Atrazine was found nontoxic to bees. Exposure and accumulation of atrazine caused oxidative toxicity and antioxidant response in maize.

The average daily intake of atrazine in the diet of Belgians from a study conducted between 1991 and 1993 was determined to be 0.0007 mg/kg/day(1). Average daily intake of atrazine in Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Survey (MNCPES) could not be calculated because measurements were below detection or quantitation limits in air, food, beverage, drinking water, surface dust, and soil(2).

The mean daily intake of atrazine in ng/kg body weight/day determined from the FDA Total Diet Study conducted 1984-1986 for the following age groups was(1):[Table#1229]

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date 9/29/2006; Reporting date: 11/28/2006.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Atrazine is included on this list. Effective date: 9/29/2006; Sunset date: 11/28/2006.

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the herbicide atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) and its chlorinated metabolites 2-amino-4-chloro-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine, 2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-s-triazine, and 2,4-diamino-6-chloro-s-triazine, in or on the following food commodities:[Table#1233]

Tolerances are established for indirect or inadvertant residues of atrazine, 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine, in or on the following raw agricultural commodity when present therein as a result of application of atrazine to the growing crops in paragraph (a) of this section: Commodity: Vegetable, leafy, except brassica, group 4.

The Agency recently completed its cumulative risk assessment for the chlorinated triazine class of pesticides and has concluded that, with the mitigation measures in the ... 2003 atrazine IRED, the cumulative risks associated with ... /this/ pesticide are below the Agency's level of concern. ... EPA has now concluded, after taking into account the cumulative risks associated with exposures to all of the triazines, that all of the established tolerances for the triazine herbicides propazine, simazine, and atrazine meet the safety standard under Section 408(b)(2)(A) of the FFDCA, taking into account the provisions of Sections 408(b)(2)(C) and 408(b)(2)(D). In other words, the Agency has found that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to the general U.S. population, infants, children, or other major identifiable subgroups of consumers from aggregate exposure (from food, drinking water, and non-occupational sources) to cumulative residues of atrazine. ... With that finding, and the earlier findings contained in the 2003 IREDs for atrazine, the Agency has now completed its task under section 4(g) of FIFRA of determining whether products containing atrazine are eligible for reregistration, and it has completed its reassessment of atrazine tolerances under section 408(q) of the FFDCA. Please note that individual registrations of products containing atrazine will not be considered reregistered until they have successfully completed product-specific reregistration.

The Agency has completed its assessment of the ecological and occupational risks associated with the use of currently registered pesticides containing the active ingredient atrazine, as well as an atrazine-specific dietary risk assessment and residential risk assessment that have not considered the cumulative effects of the triazines, as a class. The ecological assessment does not address the potential for effects on amphibian endocrinology and reproductive and developmental responses. As mentioned above, the Agency will publish an amendment to this IRED in October 2003 which will address the issue. Based on a review of the generic data, other special studies, and public comments on the Agency's assessments, EPA has sufficient information on the human health and ecological effects of atrazine to make interim decisions as part of the tolerance reassessment process under FFDCA and reregistration under FIFRA, as amended by FQPA. The Agency has determined that atrazine products, based on currently approved labeling, pose unreasonable dietary, residential, occupational, and ecological risks. However, the Agency believes that these risks can be mitigated through routine changes to pesticide labeling and through actions designed to further prevent risks from occurring that are described in a Memorandum of Agreement with the registrants. Accordingly, the Agency has determined that the active ingredient atrazine is eligible for reregistration provided that: (i) the additional data needs that the Agency has identified are addressed; (ii) the risk mitigation measures outlined in this document are adopted, and label amendments are made to reflect these measures; (iii) the consideration of cumulative risk for the triazines supports a final reregistration eligibility decision; and (iv) the Memorandum of Agreement is implemented. Further mitigation measures and additional data requirements may be warranted following the completion of the stakeholder process outlined in this document.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer safety standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Atrazine is found on List A, which contains most pesticides that are used on foods and, hence, have a high potential for human exposure. List A consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA '88. Case No: 0062; Pesticide type: Herbicide; Registration Standard Date: 11/11/83; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Atrazine; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 09/28/90,03/03/95, 10/13/95; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

(AZ) ARIZONA 3 ug/L

(MN) MINNESOTA 3 ug/L

Atrazine (ATZ) is probably the most widely used herbicide in the world. However there are still many controversies regarding its impacts on human health. Our investigations on the role of pesticides in liver dysfunctions have led us to detect an inhibition of FSP1 expression of 70% at 50 um and around 95% at 500 uM of ATZ (p<0.01). This gene encodes the protein S100a4 and is a clinical biomarker of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key step in the metastatic process. Here we investigated the possible effect of ATZ on cell migration and noticed that it prevents the EMT and motility of the HepG2 cells induced by the phorbol ester TPA. ATZ decreases Fak pathway activation but has no effect on the Erk1/2 pathway known to be involved in metastasis in this cell line. These results suggest that ATZ could be involved in cell homeostasis perturbation, potentially through a S100a4-dependant mechanism.

Atrazine (ATR) is a widely used chlorotriazine herbicide, a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, and a potential developmental toxicant. To quantitatively evaluate placental/lactational transfer and fetal/neonatal tissue dosimetry of ATR and its major metabolites, physiologically based pharmacokinetic models were developed for rat dams, fetuses and neonates. These models were calibrated using pharmacokinetic data from rat dams repeatedly exposed (oral gavage; 5mg/kg) to ATR followed by model evaluation against other available rat data. Model simulations corresponded well to the majority of available experimental data and suggest that: (1) the fetus is exposed to both ATR and its major metabolite didealkylatrazine (DACT) at levels similar to maternal plasma levels, (2) the neonate is exposed mostly to DACT at levels two-thirds lower than maternal plasma or fetal levels, while lactational exposure to ATR is minimal, and (3) gestational carryover of DACT greatly affects its neonatal dosimetry up until mid-lactation. To test the model's cross-species extrapolation capability, a pharmacokinetic study was conducted with pregnant C57BL/6 mice exposed (oral gavage; 5mg/kg) to ATR from gestational day 12 to 18. By using mouse-specific parameters, the model predictions fitted well with the measured data, including placental ATR/DACT levels. However, fetal concentrations of DACT were overestimated by the model (10-fold). This overestimation suggests that only around 10% of the DACT that reaches the fetus is tissue-bound. These rodent models could be used in fetal/neonatal tissue dosimetry predictions to help design/interpret early life toxicity/pharmacokinetic studies with ATR and as a foundation for scaling to humans.

Atrazine (ATR) is a widely used herbicide. There are several types of reactions in its metabolism. Herein, the mechanism of three paths of hydrolysis reactions in its metabolism and predictions of toxicities of its metabolites in the three paths will be presented. The calculation results by B3LYP (Becke, 3-parameter, Lee-Yang-Parr), one of the approaches in density functional theory, indicated that (1) there were three models in the three hydrolysis paths of ATR. The dissociation mechanisms of C(9/11)-N(8/10), C(4/6)-N(8/10), and C-Cl were dealkylation, deamination, and Cl substitution, respectively. (2) The energy barrier of C-Cl dissociation was lower. The dissociation was advantageous in dynamics and the primary reaction in the three hydrolysis paths. In these hydrolysis reactions, the different intermediates had different concentrations because of the impact of the reaction rate. (3) In addition, it was necessary to consider the solvent effect to investigate hydrolysis reaction. The conductor-like polarizable continuum model (CPCM) was used to simulate the hydrolysis reaction in bond length and energy barrier because of the solvent effect. Experimental or predictive results showed that atrazine and its metabolites in the three hydrolysis paths were carcinogenic.

Compounds of the s-triazine family are among the most heavily used herbicides over the last 30 years. Some of these derivatives are suspected to be carcinogens. In this study the identity of specific phase-I enzymes involved in the metabolism of s-triazine derivatives (atrazine, terbuthylazine, ametryne, and terbutryne) by human liver microsomes was determined. Kinetic studies demonstrated biphasic kinetics for all pathways examined (S-oxidation, N-dealkylation, and side-chain C-oxidation). Low Km values were in a range of about 1-20 uM, whereas high Km values were up to 2 orders of magnitude higher. For a correlation study, 30 human liver microsomal preparations were screened for seven specific P450 activities, and these were compared to activities for the metabolites derived from these s-triazines. A highly significant correlation in the high-affinity concentration range was seen with cytochrome P450 1A2 activities. Chemical inhibition was most effective with alpha-naphthoflavone an furafylline at low s-triazine concentrations and additionally with ketoconazole and gestodene at high substrate concentrations. Studies with 10 heterologously expressed P450 forms demonstrated that several P450 enzymes are capable of oxidizing these s-triazines, with different affinities and regioselectivities. P450 1A2 was confirmed to be the low-Km P450 enzyme involved in the metabolism of these s-triazines. A potential participation of flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) in sulfoxidation reactions of the thiomethyl derivatives ametryne and terbutryne in human liver was also evaluated. Sulfoxide formation in human inhibition indicated no significant involvement of flavin-containing monooxygenases. Finally, purified recombinant FMO3, the major flavin-containing monooxygenase in human liver, exhibited no significant activity (< 0.1 nmol (nmol of FMO3)-1 min-1) in the formation of the parent sulfoxides of ametryne and terbutryne. Therefore, P450 1A2 alone is likely to be responsible for the hepatic oxidative phase-I metabolism of the s-triazine derivatives in exposed humans.

A large number of urinary metabolites was isolated and 15.8% was detected in the carcasses at 72 hr post-exposure. Dealkylation of atrazine in vitro, predominated over glutathione conjugation. Metabolites identified from rat and rabbit urine contained an intact triazine ring suggesting initial loss of ethyl or methyl groups from the alkyl side chains. In the miniature pig, atrazine and its metabolites were seen in urine for slightly more than 24 hr; diethylatrazine was also identified. Excretion by sheep and cattle is rapid with no residues seen in the milk of cows receiving 5 ppm atrazine in the diet for 4 days.

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for Atrazine (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to increase behavioral alertness, agitation, or excitation. They work by a variety of mechanisms, but usually not by direct excitation of neurons. The many drugs that have such actions as side effects to their main therapeutic use are not included here.

Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses (POACEAE), and woody plants. Some plants develop HERBICIDE RESISTANCE.

Drugs that mimic the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters.

Any drugs that are used for their effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons.

Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters.

Drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. The tricyclic antidepressants (ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS, TRICYCLIC) and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. Many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin.

Atrazine (ATR) is a widely used chlorotriazine herbicide, a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, and a potential developmental toxicant. To quantitatively evaluate placental/lactational transfer and fetal/neonatal tissue dosimetry of ATR and its major metabolites, physiologically based pharmacokinetic models were developed for rat dams, fetuses and neonates. These models were calibrated using pharmacokinetic data from rat dams repeatedly exposed (oral gavage; 5mg/kg) to ATR followed by model evaluation against other available rat data. Model simulations corresponded well to the majority of available experimental data and suggest that: (1) the fetus is exposed to both ATR and its major metabolite didealkylatrazine (DACT) at levels similar to maternal plasma levels, (2) the neonate is exposed mostly to DACT at levels two-thirds lower than maternal plasma or fetal levels, while lactational exposure to ATR is minimal, and (3) gestational carryover of DACT greatly affects its neonatal dosimetry up until mid-lactation. To test the model's cross-species extrapolation capability, a pharmacokinetic study was conducted with pregnant C57BL/6 mice exposed (oral gavage; 5mg/kg) to ATR from gestational day 12 to 18. By using mouse-specific parameters, the model predictions fitted well with the measured data, including placental ATR/DACT levels. However, fetal concentrations of DACT were overestimated by the model (10-fold). This overestimation suggests that only around 10% of the DACT that reaches the fetus is tissue-bound. These rodent models could be used in fetal/neonatal tissue dosimetry predictions to help design/interpret early life toxicity/pharmacokinetic studies with ATR and as a foundation for scaling to humans.

... The atrazine (ATZ) concentrations in urine samples of the workers collected from an atrazine plant were determined by /a gas chromatograph-electron capture detector/ method /for detecting ATZ and its metabolites (deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA), deethyldeisopropylatrazine (DEDIA)) in human urine/. The concentration ranges were 0.003 -0.301 mg/L for DEDIA, 0.005 -0.011 mg/L for DEA, 0.006 -0.276 mg/L for DIA, and 0.005 -0.012 mg/L for ATZ.

Small amount of parent ... atrazine ... /was/ excreted in urine of cows fed unlabeled herbicide for 4 days.

Seventy-two hr /after ingestion/ 65.5% of radiolabeled atrazine was found in urine of rats, while 20.3% was found in the feces. Less than 0.1% was found in expired air, thus indicating s-triazine ring was not appreciably metabolized to carbon dioxide. Tissue analysis revealed that 15.8% of reactivity was retained, with high concentrations observed in the liver, kidney, and lung, and lower concentrations observed in muscle tissue and fat.

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Atrazine (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The triazines are broadleaf herbicides. Atrazine currently is one of the two most widely used agricultural pesticides in the U.S. (based on pounds of active ingredient applied per year). About two thirds of field corn and sorghum acres are treated with atrazine annually for weed control, accounting for most of the 64 to 80 million pounds used per year. Other uses are for turf and lawns, pineapples, sugarcane, wheat, and macadamia nuts. [EPA OPP web site] Used as a herbicide to control weeds in corn, asparagus, tomato, potato, and ornamental plantings; [ACGIH]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For atrazine (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 080803) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Selective herbicide.

Herbicide, plant growth regulator, and weed-control agent for corn, etc., and for noncrop and industrial sites.

Pre- and post-emergence control of annual broad-leaved weeds and annual grasses in maize, sorghum, sugar cane, pineapples, chemical fallow, grassland, macadamia nuts, conifers, industrial weed control. In Europe, use is concentrated in maize and sorghum. Used also in combinations with many other herbicides.

(1972) 4.31X10+10 G

(1975) 3.7X10+10 G (CONSUMPTION)

Annual production for 1982 was estimated at 35,913 metric tons

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#1236]

96% AS AN AGRICULTURAL HERBICIDE FOR GRASSES & BROADLEAF WEEDS (PRINCIPALLY ON CORN, SORGHUM & SUGARCANE); 2% AS A HERBICIDE IN INDUSTRIAL & COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS (IN RE-FORESTATION); 2% AS A HERBICIDE FOR HOME & GARDEN USE (ON TURF) (1972).

From 1987 to 1989 atrazine was the herbicide that had the greatest annual use amounts: 29 million kg active ingredient (ai) was applied to about 84% of the US corn crop; about 70 million ha of corn in the Midwest was treated with atrazine in 1990

Recent USEPA data show atrazine as the most heavily used pesticide in the US: 31-33 million kg ai for 1995

Atrazine use in US agriculture (1,000 lbs a.i./yr)- 1966: 23,521; 1971: 57,445; 1976: 91,393; 1982: 77,316; 1989: 64,236

Estimates for total annual domestic use of atrazine averages approximately 76.5 million pounds of active ingredient. Crops with the highest weighted average percent crop treated are corn (75%), sugarcane (76%), sorghum (58.5%), sweet corn (processed) (58%) and sweet corn (fresh) (49%). In terms of pounds applied, corn (83%), sorghum (10%), and sugarcane (3%) account for the greatest use. Less than 2% of atrazine is believed to be applied in forestry, turf or other non-agricultural uses.

Atrazine is produced by reaction of cyanuric chloride with one equivalent of ethylamine, followed by treatment with one equivalent of isopropylamine.

Preparation: Gysin, Knusli, Switzerland patents 342784, 342785 (both 1960 to Geigy) ... ; ... Andriska et al., Hungary patent 149189 (1962 to Nehezvegyipari Kutato Intezet ... ; Mildner, France patent 1317812 (1963 to Radonja Kemijska Ind.) ... .

REACTION OF 2,6-DICHLORO-4-ETHYLAMINO-S-TRIAZINE WITH ISOPROPYLAMINE

The National Pesticide Information Retrieval System (NPIRS) identifies 40 companies with active labels for products containing the chemical atrazine. To view the complete list of companies, product names and percent atrazine in formulated products click the following url and enter the CAS Registry number in the Active Ingredient field.

Aatrex 4L Herbicide (Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC): Active ingredient: atrazine 42.6%.

Aatrex Nine-O Herbicide (Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC): Active ingredient: atrazine 88.2%.

Bicep II Magnum Herbicide (Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC): Active ingredient: atrazine 33.0%; S-metolachlor 26.1%.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for Atrazine (29 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Chemical Classes -> Benzidines/Aromatic amines, Pesticides (chemicals used for killing pests, such as rodents, insects, or plants)

Herbicides

Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)

Pesticides -> Herbicides -> Triazine herbicides -> Chlorotriazine herbicides

HERBICIDES

1,3,5-Triazine-2,4-diamine, 6-chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-(1-methylethyl)-: ACTIVE

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies atrazine (technical grade) as Class III: slightly hazardous; Main Use: herbicide.

USA: Use of atrazine for noncrop total vegetation control eliminated, and buffer areas between atrazine application sites and surface water required. RUP (restricted use pesticide).