2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

To investigate the effect of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exposure on the development of allergic airway inflammation Balb/c mice were exposed to VOCs emitted by new polyvinylchloride (PVC) flooring, sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and characterized in acute and chronic murine asthma models... VOCs with the highest concentrations emitted by new PVC flooring were N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TXIB)... Treatment of PVC flooring-exposed mice with N-acetylcysteine prevented the VOC-induced increase of airway inflammation.

EC50; Species: Selenastrum capricornutum (algae); Concentration: 8 mg/L for 72 hr; Effect: biomass /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/ /from table/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: static; Concentration: 300 mg/L for 24 hr /from table/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: static; Concentration: 12 mg/L for 21 days /from table/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: static; Concentration: 5.6 mg/L for 21 days; Effect: reproduction /from table/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 490(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 8.5X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2012).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 490(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 and 49 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 800(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 4.91(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2012).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 8.5X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be one day(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate can be estimated to be 490(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate is expected to have low mobility in soil. 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate concentrations were 500 and 120 ng/L in influent and effluent, respectively, using a soil column test and secondary treated City of Phoenix, AZ wastewater; the decrease in effluent was attributed mainly to adsorption(3).

INDOOR: Building materials are a source of 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate. The compound was detected in indoor air at a concentration of 100-1000 ug/cu m; the source was vinyl flooring(1). An analysis of volatile organic compound concentrations and emission rates in four new manufactured and seven site-built houses was conducted in the eastern and southeastern US in hot-humid and mixed-humid climates. The manufactured houses were completed in July 1997, installed within 3 weeks, and sampled on Sept 16, 1997. The site-built houses were small, detached single-family dwellings designed as entry-level housing. 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate concentrations ranged from 0.3-19.ppb, mean of 0.8 ppb and 0.1-7.2 ppb, mean of 1.8 ppb were reported for manufactured and site-built homes, respectively(2).

INDOOR: Mean 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol concentrations reported in December,1990 in 62 dwellings located Uppsala, Sweden in 1990 recently with and without different types of painting(1).

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Two hundred and three human volunteers were tested for evidence of sensitization to several plasticizers following 3 weeks of dermal application three times a week. Tris(2-ethylhexyl)mellitate (TOTM; 1%, v/v), 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol-diisobutyrate (TXIB; 1%, v/v), di(2-ethylhexyl)terephthalate (DEHT; 0.5%, v/v) and diethylphthalate (DEP; 2%, v/v) were applied to the skin of volunteers under semi-occlusive patch for 3 consecutive weeks and the reactions to a challenge application noted following a 2-week rest period. Slight erythema was observed in four individuals exposed to TOTM, two of which resolved within 96 hr and one that occurred only after 96 hr. Slight erythema was noted in three subjects exposed to TXIB, one of which resolved by 96 hr and one that occurred only after 96 hr. Two subjects had slight erythema to DEHT, one that resolved by 96 hr and one that occurred only after 96 hr. One reaction occurred with DEP at 96 hr after challenge. Of the positive responses, one subject reacted to all test substances. No subject had a response grade of 1.0 or greater. Because of the low response, the overall conclusion is that none of the plasticizers demonstrated evidence of sensitization or irritation.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ An experiment explored ability of subjects to detect vapors of the plasticizer TXIB (2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate) and ethanol via olfaction and via ocular and nasal chemesthesis, i.e. chemically stimulated feel. Testing, tailored to the sensitivity of each subject, produced psychometric functions for individuals. Olfactory detection of TXIB began at concentrations below 1 ppb (v/v), with 50% correct detection at 1.2 ppb. (Comparable detection for ethanol occurred almost two orders of magnitude higher.) Chemesthetic detection of TXIB began at about 500 ppb, with 50% correct detection at 2.1 ppm for the eye and 4.6 ppm for the nose, both close to saturated vapor concentration. (Comparable detection for ethanol occurred essentially three orders of magnitude higher.) Suggestions that TXIB plays a role in generation of irritative symptoms at concentrations in the range of parts-per-billion need to reckon with a conservatively estimated 200-fold gap between the levels putatively 'responsible' for the symptoms and those even minimally detectable via chemesthesis. Neither the variable of exposure duration nor that of mixing offers a likely explanation. Inclusion of ethanol in the study allowed comparisons pertinent to issues of variability in human chemoreception. An interpretation of the psychometric functions for individuals across materials and perceptual continua led to the conclusion that use of concentration as the metric of detection in olfaction inflates individual differences. This study indicated that the plasticizer TXIB could contribute odor at concentrations in the range of parts-per-billion, but could hardly contribute sensory irritation per se, as alleged in reports of some field studies where TXIB has existed amongst many other organic compounds.

An estimated BCF of 800 was calculated in fish for 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 4.91(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC), provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate is estimated as 1.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 49 days(SRC). 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 8.5X10-3 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

CIR ingredient: Trimethyl Pentanyl Diisobutyrate

Used as a viscosity control agent in various plastisol, rotomolding, and rotocasting operations. ... also used in the production of rolled sheet vinyl flooring where a high percentage of fugitive plasticizer flashes off during the fusion of the PVC resin to impart a harder flooring surface.

Economical, low color primary plasticizer for use in surface coatings, vinyl flooring, moldings, and other vinyl products.

A minor use ... is as a coalescing aid in latex paints.

TXIB is commonly used in polyurethane elastomers to lower viscosity. ... TXIB can be found in apparel, weather stripper, furniture, wallpaper, nail care, plastisols, sheet vinyl flooring, toys/sporting goods, traffic cones, vinyl compounding, vinyl gloves, and as a diluent for methyl ethyl ketone peroxide formulations. ... /It/ is also used in inks, coatings, urethane elastomers, and water-based paints.

2023: 50,000,000 - <100,000,000 lb

Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2,2-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-1,3-propanediyl ester is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule.[Table#8078]

Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 1,1'-[2,2-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-1,3-propanediyl] ester. Aggregated National Production Volume: 50 to < 100 million pounds.[US EPA; Non-Confidential 2006 Inventory Update Reporting. National Chemical Information. Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 1,1'-

Pesticide -> Rain/wind resistance adjuvant

Cosmetics -> Plasticiser

Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable

Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 1,1'-[2,2-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-1,3-propanediyl] ester: ACTIVE