Iron

HCID 23925CAS 12597-68-1

Basic information

Standard SMILES
[Fe]
InChIKey
XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular formula
Fe
Average molar mass
55.84 g/mol
Monoisotopic mass
55.934936

Names & identifiers

Preferred name
Iron
IUPAC
iron
English name
Iron, dialyzed
Molecular formula
Fe
Molecular weight
55.845

Names & synonyms

IRON7439-89-6Iron powderIron, elementalferrous ironRemkoiron metalArmco ironFerrovac EHoeganaes EH3ZhPAncor B
Show more names
Iron, dialyzed
Atomiron 5MPZhOAtomiron 44MRhierroAtomiron AFP 5Atomiron AFP 25FEAtomel 28

Database identifiers

CAS
12597-68-1、14067-02-8、33485-98-2、7439-89-6、8048-10-0、8053-60-9
PubChem CID
23925
DTXSID
DTXSID5043710
ChEBI
CHEBI:18248
UNII
E1UOL152H7
EC Number
231-096-4、232-467-3、603-108-1、617-112-6、628-861-3、640-395-2、912-499-0、917-706-8
Nikkaji
J154.810G、J154.811E、J2.498.780I、J221.629I、J238.001C、J3.600.782F、J3.600.783D、J95.171D

Properties

Computed structural properties

Topological polar surface area
0 Ų
Hydrogen bond donors
0
Hydrogen bond acceptors
0
Rotatable bonds
0
Heavy atoms
1

Experimental & physicochemical properties

Density · 3 items

7.87 g/cu cm

Density: ...cast 7.76; wrought 7.25-7.78; steel 7.6-7.78.

7.87 @25 °C

Color/Form · 5 items

Silvery-white or gray, soft, ductile, malleable metal ... In powder form it is black to gray

Cubic crystal system. Body-centered cubic structure

Silver-white or gray metal

TENACIOUS, LUSTROUS METAL

Pure iron is a silvery white, relatively soft metal

Solubility · 2 items

INSOL IN HOT & COLD WATER, ALKALI, ALC, ETHER; SOL IN ACIDS

Soluble in dilute acid.

Boiling Point · 3 items

2,861 °C

288 °F

2861 °C @760 [mm Hg]

Melting Point · 4 items

1538

1,538 °C

Melting point: ...cast 1000-1300 °C; wrought 1500 °C; steel 1300 °C

1538 °C

Vapor Pressure · 2 items

1Pa at 1455 °C (solid); 10 Pa at 1617 °C; 100 Pa at 1818 °C; 1 kPa at 2073 °C; 10 kPa at 2406 °C; 100 kPa at 2859 °C

depends upon the specific compound

Safety & regulation

GHS classification

GHS Classification · 6 items

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 74.1% (4458 of 6013) of all reports.

Danger

H228 (15.5%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids];H251 (21.2%): Self-heating; may catch fire [Danger Self-heating substances and mixtures]

P210, P235, P240, P241, P280, P370+P378, P407, P410, P413, and P420 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 6013 reports by companies from 24 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.;Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 4458 of 6013 reports by companies.;There are 21 notifications provided by 1555 of 6013 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).;Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Hazard information

Regulatory Information · 6 items

Chemical: Iron

Hazard Traits - Environmental tox;Authoritative List - CWA 303(d);Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 (amended)

Iron is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Iron are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 14-05-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15429

Iron: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

Other Safety InformationIMAP assessments - Iron: Environment tier I assessment;IMAP assessments - Iron: Human health tier I assessment
DOT LabelFlammable Solid
Fire Hazards · 1 item

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:;Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some may burn rapidly with flare-burning effect. Powders, dusts, shavings, borings, turnings or cuttings may explode or burn with explosive violence. Substance may be transported in a molten form at a temperature that may be above its flash point. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. (ERG, 2024)

Fire Potential · 2 items

Moderate, in form of dust when exposed to heat or flame.

The minimum ignition temperatures for iron dust clouds range from 470-780 °C; for layered dust, the range is 220-520 °C.

Health Hazards · 1 item

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:;Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination. (ERG, 2024)

Safety & protection

Fire Fighting · 1 item

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:;SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, sand, earth, water spray or regular foam.;LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.;FIRE INVOLVING METAL PIGMENTS OR PASTES (E.G. "ALUMINUM PASTE"): Aluminum Paste fires should be treated as a combustible metal fire. Use DRY sand, graphite powder, dry sodium chloride-based extinguishers or class D extinguishers. Also, see ERG Guide 170.;FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

First AidExcerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:;Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance. (ERG, 2024)
Fire Fighting Procedures · 2 items

Special mixtures of dry chemical.

Iron flake powder and polystyrene beads had been blended in a high-speed mixer. The mixture ignited and burned rapidly when discharged into a polythene bag. Rapid oxidation of the finely divided metal and/or static discharge may have initiated the fire. No ignition occurred when the iron powder was surface coated with stearic acid.

Nonfire Spill Response · 1 item

Excerpt from ERG Guide 133 [Flammable Solids]:;ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch or walk through spilled material.;SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.;LARGE SPILL: Wet down with water and dike for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

Disposal Methods · 1 item

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Preventive Measures · 3 items

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

All ... /iron/ preparations should be kept in child-proof bottles. /Iron preparations/

Toxicology

Interactions · 1 item

Effects of magnesium basic carbonate (MgCarb) and metallic iron powder (Fe0) on nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2)-induced carcinogenesis were studied in kidneys of male F344 rats. The rats, 20-40/group, received injections of Ni3S2 alone (62 mumol Ni) or with equimolar doses of MgCarb or Fe0 into the renal cortex of each pole of the right kidney. Control rats were given MgCarb, Fe0, or 0.1 ml of 50% aqueous glycerol, the injection vehicle. Final incidence of renal tumors 2 years after the injection of Ni3S2 alone or mixed with Fe was 60%. However, rats given Ni3S2 + Fe0 developed renal tumors much more rapidly. In contrast, the incidence of renal tumors in rats given Ni3S2 + MgCarb was only 20% (P < 0.01 vs. Ni3S2 alone). No kidney tumors were observed in the control rats. Between weeks 4 and 32 post injection, Ni3S2 alone caused erythrocytosis. This effect was attenuated by Fe0, but not by MgCarb.

Hepatotoxicity · 1 item

Typical replacement doses of oral iron have not been linked convincingly to serum enzyme elevations during therapy or to idiosyncratic, acute clinically apparent liver injury. In contrast, overdoses of oral iron, whether intentional or accidental, can cause liver injury, largely as a component of iron poisoning. Iron poisoning occurs most common in toddlers (1 to 3 years old) who ingest iron tablets prescribed for adults. Toxicity occurs after ingestion of 3 grams or more of ferrous sulfate (approximately 10 tablets, or ~650 mg of elemental iron), with toxic levels being more than 60 mg/kg of elemental iron and fatal levels more than 180 mg/kg. The typical sequence of events is appearance of nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain within 1 to 3 hours of the ingestion, followed by diarrhea, weakness, irritability, lethargy and stupor. Vomitus may be blood streaked or frank hematemesis. The diarrhea is generally fluid and dark (as a result of iron rather than blood). With higher doses, this initial phase is rapidly followed by pallor, hypotension and shock. Both upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding can occur and early changes include metabolic acidosis and coagulopathy. In some instances, there is an improvement after a few hours of symptoms which can then be followed by sudden hemodynamic collapse, cardiogenic shock and severe acidosis that may be fatal. Early intervention (with gastric lavage, fluid replacement and iron chelation) appears to ameliorate the course of injury. Liver toxicity generally arises after 24 hours and may be more common in adults than children. Severe liver toxicity, with jaundice and marked aminotransferase elevations (ALT and AST greater than 25 times ULN), generally occurs only with larger overdoses and high initial serum iron levels (>1000 μg/dL). Jaundice is initially mild, while prolongation of the prothrombin time (or INR) and acidosis arise early (Case 1). The usual cause of death from iron poisoning is cardiac arrest, but deaths from;Likelihood score: A[H] (well established cause of clinically apparent acute and chronic liver injury when given in high doses).

Food Survey ValuesMany foods are fortified with iron salts or elemental iron(1).
Adverse EffectsAsthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.
Exposure Routes · 1 item

The efficiency of absorption depends on the salt form, the amount administered, the dosing regimen and the size of iron stores. Subjects with normal iron stores absorb 10% to 35% of an iron dose. Those who are iron deficient may absorb up to 95% of an iron dose.

Toxicity SummaryIron is necessary for the production of hemoglobin. Iron-deficiency can lead to decreased production of hemoglobin and a microcytic, hypochromic anemia.

Regulatory information

Regulatory Information · 6 items

Chemical: Iron

Hazard Traits - Environmental tox;Authoritative List - CWA 303(d);Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 (amended)

Iron is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Iron are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 14-05-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15429

Iron: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

Federal Drinking Water StandardsEPA 300 ug/L

Chemistry & industry

Pharmacology

Bionecessity · 1 item

Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the United States and worldwide, affecting older infants, young children, and women of childbearing age. The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1991-1994 identified about 5% of children 1-2 years of age as iron-deficient. Infants are born with stores of iron roughly proportional to birth weight. Low-birth-weight infants have less stores than full-term infants, so that iron stores are depleted earlier, often by 2-3 months of age. The critical period for iron deficiency is between the ages of 6 months and 2 years. The major manifestation of iron deficiency is anemia, diagnosed in the presence of microcytic hypochromic red blood cells and laboratory evidence of iron deficiency. Iron status is determined by measurement of parameters of iron metabolism. For example, low serum ferritin is evidence of iron deficiency. A rise in hemoglobin levels should occur promptly after iron administration. Other effects of iron deficiency include impaired intellectual development, decreased resistance to infection, and possibly increased susceptibility to lead and cadmium toxicity.

PharmacodynamicsThe major activity of supplemental iron is in the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia. Iron has putative immune-enhancing, anticarcinogenic and cognition-enhancing activities.
Mechanism of ActionIron is necessary for the production of hemoglobin. Iron-deficiency can lead to decreased production of hemoglobin and a microcytic, hypochromic anemia.
MeSH Pharmacological ClassificationA group of chemical elements that are needed in minute quantities for the proper growth, development, and physiology of an organism. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion · 1 item

The efficiency of absorption depends on the salt form, the amount administered, the dosing regimen and the size of iron stores. Subjects with normal iron stores absorb 10% to 35% of an iron dose. Those who are iron deficient may absorb up to 95% of an iron dose.

Uses & manufacturing

Uses · 6 items

Iron powder is used in metallurgy and as a catalyst in manufacturing; [CAMEO] Used to treat anemia and as a dietary supplement in pregnancy; [Olson, p. 277] Iron nanoparticles include the fine needles used in magnetic recordings; Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have biomedical applications including targeted drug delivery and MRI imaging (Feridex); [HSDB]

Smelting Copper or Lead [Category: Industry];Metal Extraction and Refining [Category: Industry]

In manufacture of iron and steel castings (pig iron), of alloys with carbon, chromium, and other metals; as a material to increase density of oil well drilling fluids.

Alloyed with carbon, manganese, chromium, nickel and other elements to form steels ...

Catalysts for ammonia synthesis

The primary use of DRI /direct reduced iron/ is as a clean supplement for replacement for the ferrous scrap charge in high quality-oriented electric arc furnace steelmaking.

ImpuritiesBlast furnace pig iron contains silicon, sulfur, phosphorus, manganese and carbon.
U.S. Exports · 3 items

(1974) 3.71X10+12 GRAMS (STEEL)

(1975) 5.44X10+10 GRAMS (PIG IRON)

(1986) No Data

U.S. Imports · 3 items

(1974) 1.45X10+13 GRAMS (STEEL)

(1975) 4.34X10+11 GRAMS (PIG IRON)

(1984) 6.26X10+11 g /Pig iron not contning dutible chrom, molyb, tungst or van/

U.S. Production · 6 items

2023: 8,500,000,000 - <10,000,000,000 lb;2022: 10,000,000,000 - <15,000,000,000 lb;2021: 25,000,000,000 - <30,000,000,000 lb;2020: 5,500,000,000 - <7,000,000,000 lb

(1973) 9.16X10+13 GRAMS (PIG IRON)

(1975) 7.23X10+13 GRAMS (PIG IRON)

(1985) 4.79X10+13 g /Iron Ore/

(1999) 46.3 million metric tons /Pig iron production/

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for IRON, ELEMENTAL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Consumption Patterns · 2 items

FOR STEEL MILL PRODUCTS (SHIPMENTS): 41% FOR SHEETS AND STRIP; 17% FOR BARS AND TOOL STEELS; 16.6% FOR STUCTURAL SHAPES AND PLATES; 9.8% FOR PIPE AND TUBING; 6.8% FOR PLATE AND TINPLATE; 5% FOR INGOTS, CASTINGS, BLOOMS, ETC; 2.9% FOR WIRE; AND 1.6% FOR RAILS AND TRACK ACCESSORIES (1974)

>90% of pig iron is used in steel making furnaces (1981)

Suppliers1 total

河南天孚化工有限公司+86-0371-55170693 +86-19937530512 · [email protected]

Additional notes

DefinitionChEBI: Iron atom is an iron group element atom that has atomic number 26. It has a role as a micronutrient and an Escherichia coli metabolite.

Related reactions

8,539 records

Linked notes

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