Benzaldehyde

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide.

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Rest.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

General First Aid:

Under fire conditions, material may decompose to form flammable and/or explosive mixtures in air. Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

To fight fire, use water (may be used as a blanket), alcohol, foam, dry chemical.

If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for BENZALDEHYDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Store under nitrogen. Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Air, light, and moisture sensitive.

Store in cool, dry, dark, well ventilated location. Separate from oxidizing materials, reducing agents, alkalies.

Store in a flammable liquid storage area or approved cabinet away from ignition sources and corrosive and reactive materials. Store under nitrogen in an area away from steam or water ... . Keep away from strong acids and oxidizers.

Keep tightly closed and protected form light.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area of spill or leak after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors and protect personnel. Absorb in noncombustible material for proper disposal.

Environmental considerations - land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for BENZALDEHYDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Incineration; add combustible solvent and spray into incinerator with afterburner.

Benzaldehyde was qualitatively detected in 8 of 12 samples of human milk collected from volunteers in Bayonne, NJ, Jersey City, NJ, Bridgeville, PA, and Baton Rouge, LA(1). Benzaldehyde was identified in the purge of a sample of human breast milk(2).

Infusion of the test substance to perfused rat liver leads to an increase in hepatic ethane production. The extra ethane release upon addition of the test substance was diminished by cyanamide, pargyline is able to depress the test substance-induced ethane evolution.

In vitro toxicological studies together with atomistic molecular dynamics simulations show that occupational co-exposure with C60 fullerene may strengthen the health effects of organic industrial chemicals. The chemicals studied are acetophenone, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, m-cresol, and toluene which can be used with fullerene as reagents or solvents in industrial processes. Potential co-exposure scenarios include a fullerene dust and organic chemical vapor, or a fullerene solution aerosolized in workplace air. Unfiltered and filtered mixtures of C60 and organic chemicals represent different co-exposure scenarios in in vitro studies where acute cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity of C60 and organic chemicals are tested together and alone by using human THP-1-derived macrophages. Statistically significant co-effects are observed for an unfiltered mixture of benzaldehyde and C60 that is more cytotoxic than benzaldehyde alone, and for a filtered mixture of m-cresol and C60 that is slightly less cytotoxic than m-cresol. Hydrophobicity of chemicals correlates with co-effects when secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha is considered. Complementary atomistic molecular dynamics simulations reveal that C60 co-aggregates with all chemicals in aqueous environment. Stable aggregates have a fullerene-rich core and a chemical-rich surface layer, and while essentially all C60 molecules aggregate together, a portion of organic molecules remains in water.

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Concentration: 35 mg/L for 24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Concentration: 7.6 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Concentration: 50 mg/L for 24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Poecilia reticulata (Guppy); Concentration: 1.57 umol/L for 14 day /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for BENZALDEHYDE (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 11(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that benzaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of benzaldehyde from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.67X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(3). Benzaldehyde is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.27 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). A 66% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in a 2-week Japanese MITI test(5) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). Other biological screening studies have also demonstrated that benzaldehyde is readily biodegradable(6-8).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 11(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that benzaldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.67X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.5 and 14 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 4.4(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.48(6) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. A 66% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in a 2-week Japanese MITI test(7) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC). Other biological screening studies have also demonstrated that benzaldehyde is readily biodegradable(8-10). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), benzaldehyde, which has a vapor pressure of 1.27 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase benzaldehyde is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 30 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.29X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Vapor-phase benzaldehyde is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with nitrate radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7.5 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.30X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). The atmospheric reaction between benzaldehyde and ozone is too slow to be important environmentally(5). Benzaldehyde absorbs UV radiation between 300 and 380 nm in the gas-phase(6,7) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Small quantities of benzaldehyde have been detected in atmospheric aerosol particulates(8,9) which can be physically removed from air via dry and wet deposition. Benzaldehyde's detection in rain, snow, fog, and cloud water(10,11) indicates that wet deposition has some environmental importance(SRC). It has been shown that benzaldehyde vapor in air can adsorb to snow(12).

Benzaldehyde has been qualitatively detected as a volatile constituent of baked potatoes(1), cassava products(2), mountain cheese(3), nectarines(4), fried bacon(5), roasted filbert nuts(6), dried legumes(7), peaches(8), clove oil(9), chickpeas(10), cooked beef(11), and fried chicken(12). Benzaldehyde is used directly as a flavoring agent in foods in quantities of approximately 0.4 million lb/yr(13).

Benzaldehyde was found in the volatiles of sweet corn products; concentrations ranged from 4 ppb for fresh kernels to 16 ppb for canned creamed corn(1). Benzaldehyde was identified in the flavor and aroma volatiles isolated from microwave oven-produced popcorn at a concentrations of 0.020 mg/kg popcorn(2). Benzaldehyde was identified in the volatile compounds in two commercial rice cakes at concentrations of 0.13 and 0.2 mg/kg of rice cake(3). Benzaldehyde was detected in the volatile components of three fermented soybean curds at concentrations ranged from 0.3064-0.451 mg/kg(4). Benzaldehyde was identified in paprika oleoresin (Spanish type) at a concentration of 1.3 mg/kg(5). Benzaldehyde was detected in the volatile components of strawberry jam at a concentration of 32.6 mg/kg of jam(6). Benzaldehyde was detected in the aroma concentrates of uncured beef, cured chicken, uncured pork, and cured pork at 0.20, 0.12, 0.11, and 0.04 mg/kg, respectively; it was not detected in aroma concentrates of cured beef or uncured chicken(7). Benzaldehyde was identified as a volatile component of raw beef(8), full-fat and reduced-fat frankfurters(9), peanut oil heated to 200 °C(10), Bisbee Delicious apples(11), whole and ground grain(12), and red wines(13). Benzaldehyde was detected at concentrations of 154.9 and 11.1 ug/kg in the skin and pulp of Queen Anne's Pocket Melon (Cucumis melo var. dudaim(L.) Naudin) respectively(14).

Benzaldehyde was qualitatively detected in 8 of 12 samples of human milk collected from volunteers in Bayonne, NJ, Jersey City, NJ, Bridgeville, PA, and Baton Rouge, LA(1). Benzaldehyde was identified in the purge of a sample of human breast milk(2).

Safe in the present practices of use and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and use information are available in documents discoverable at https://cir-reports.cir-safety.org

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Benzaldehyde is a strongly refractive liquid, becoming yellowish on keeping. It is used in cosmetics as a denaturant, a flavoring agent, and as a fragrance. Currently used in only seven cosmetic products, its highest reported concentration of use was 0.5% in perfumes. Substantial amounts are used in the production of derivatives that are also employed in the perfume and flavor industries. In the pharmaceutical industry benzaldehyde is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of chloramphenicol, ephedrine, ampicillin, diphenylhydantoin, and other products. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: It may cause contact dermatitis. It was positive in sister chromatid exchange assay with human lymphocytes from healthy non-smoking donors. Benzaldehyde was found to induce formation of stable DNA-protein cross-links in cultured human lymphoma cells. Benzaldehyde was found to lack significant activity against most human tumor cells tested. ANIMAL STUDIES: It was was slightly irritating to the rabbit eye. Histological examination of the trachea and lungs showed a slight irritation of respiratory epithelium for nonsensitized guinea pigs. In the acute studies, benzaldehyde induced deaths and decreased body-weight gain in both sexes of rats given 800 or 1600 mg/kg/day and caused deaths in both sexes of mice given 1600 or 3200 mg/kg/day. In the 90-day studies, deaths occurred in both sexes of rats on 800 mg/kg/day and in male mice on 1200 mg/kg/day. Body-weight gain was depressed in male rats on 800 mg/kg/day, in male mice on 600 mg/kg/day and in female mice on 1200 mg/kg/day. Necrotic and degenerative lesions were seen in the cerebellar and hippocampal regions of the brain in both sexes of rats given 800 mg/kg/day, but not in mice. Renal tubular necrosis occurred in male and female rats on 800 mg/kg/day and in male mice on 1200 mg/kg/day. Mild epithelial hyperplasia or hyperkeratosis of the forestomach was seen in male and female rats on 800 mg/kg/day. In an inhalation study performed with rats, it was found that the principal histopathological change was the development of goblet cell metaplasia in the respiratory epithelium lining of the nasal septum. In 2 year studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of benzaldehyde for male or female rats receiving 200 or 400 mg/kg per day. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of benzaldehyde for male or female mice, as indicated by increased incidences of squamous cell papillomas and hyperplasia of the forestomach. Benzaldehyde was studied for mutagenicity using Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA100, TA102 and TA104, with or without metabolic activation. It was non-mutagenic under all test conditions with dose ranges from 33 to 3333 ug/plate. No induction of chromosomal aberrations was observed in CHO cells treated with up to 500 ug/mL benzaldehyde without metabolic activation or with up to 1600 ug/mL with metabolic activation.

Benzaldehyde occurs naturally as a volatile plant product(1,2). Benzaldehyde has been found to occur naturally in various fruits such as peaches, black currants, strawberries, grapes, and raspberries(3). Benzaldehyde was identified in branch enclosure experiments from 66 vegetation species sampled at three US sites(4). Benzaldehyde has been reported to occur in several essential oils: hyacynth, citronella, orris, cinnamon, sassafras, labdanum, and patschoulli(5).

Benzaldehyde has been listed as a component in 134 plants. The top 15 are as follows(1):[Table#1163]

Synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants /for human consumption/ that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, withn the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Benzaldehyde is included on this list.

Synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants /for animal drugs, feeds, and related products/ that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, within the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Benzaldehyde is included on this list.

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date: 9/30/91; Reporting date: 11/27/91.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Benzaldehyde is included on this list. Effective date: 9/30/91; Sunset date: 6/30/98.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer safety standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List C, and with List C containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List D. Benzaldehyde is found on List C. Case No: 3025; Pesticide type: Insecticide; Case Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered ... The case /is characterized/ as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient (AI): Benzaldehyde; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Benzaldehyde is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

CIR ingredient: Benzaldehyde

Used as a chemical intermediate and a solvent for resins and oils; [HSDB] Used as a flavoring agent in food and perfume additive (FDA-approved); [AIHA]

No longer registered by EPA for use in any pesticide products; [HSDB]

For benzaldehyde (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 008601) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."

The single largest use for benzaldehyde ... is the production of benzyl alcohol via hydrogenation.

Usually chlorides.

Traces of chlorine compounds may be detectable in benzaldehyde obtained by the hydrolysis of benzal chloride, whereas benzaldehyde obtained by oxidation may contain byproducts formed in the oxidation of toluene. Benzaldehyde can now be produced, by hydrolysis of benzal chloride and by partial oxidation of toluene, to such a high standard of purity that it is suitable for all known applications.

Specifications, especially regarding impurities, vary considerably for grades used for dye manufacture from those used in perfumery.

Benzal chloride, nitrobenzene, and benzoic acid were detected as impurities in benzaldehyde.

2023: 25,000,000 - <40,000,000 lb

(1972) 2.09X10+9 GRAMS

(1975) 4.31X10+9 GRAMS

Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: Benzaldehyde. National Production Volume: 23,123,508 lb/yr.

Benzaldehyde

Benzenecarbonal; Benzene carboxaldehyde; Benzenecarboxaldehyde; Benzenemethylal; Benzoic aldehyde; Bitter almond oil, synthetic; Phenylformaldehyde; Phenylmethanol aldehyde

IFRA_STD_007.pdf

49

IFRA 51st Amendment - Guidance for the use of IFRA Standards

Restriction: This material should be used only in the limited quantity as stated in the Standard

Alkaline hydrolysis of benzal chloride.

The air oxidation of toluene is the source of the majority of the world's synthetic benzaldehyde. Both vapor- and liquid-phase air oxidation processes have been used. In the vapor-phase process, a mixture of air and toluene vapor is passed over a catalyst consisting of the oxides of uranium, molybdenum, or related metals. High temperatures and short contact times are essential to maximize yields. Small amounts of copper oxide may be added to the catalyst mixture to reduce formation of by-product maleic anhydride. Conversion per pass is reported to be low, 10-20%, with equally low yields, 30-50%. The vapor-phase oxidation of toluene was the dominant toluene oxidation process in the 1950s and early 1960s, but is no longer of industrial importance. The liquid-phase process now dominates. In the liquid-phase process, both benzaldehyde and benzoic acid are recovered. This process was introduced and developed in the late 1950s by the Dow Chemical Company, as a part of their toluene-to-phenol process, and by Snia Viscosa for their toluene-to-caprolactam process. The benzaldehyde recovered from the liquid-phase air oxidation of toluene may be purified by either batch or continuous distillation.

Benzaldehyde is produced principally by the hydrolysis of benzal chloride or the partial oxidation of toluene.

... Made synthetically from benzal chloride and lime or by oxidation of toluene.

Benzaldehyde is commercially available in two grades. Pure benzaldehyde, which is suitable for most uses, accounts for more than 95% of the amount sold. Double-distilled benzaldehyde is used mainly in the pharmaceutical, perfume, and flavor industries ... .

Both "pure almond extract" and "imitation almond extract" are offered for sale. Each contains 2.0-2.5 wt% benzaldehyde in an aqueous solution containing approximately one-third ethyl alcohol.

Benzaldehyde FCC /Foods Chemicals Codex/ designates a grade of benzaldehyde free from chlorine.

Grades: Technical; NF

Cosmetics product ingredient: Benzaldehyde

Information on 78 consumer products that contain Benzaldehyde in the following categories is provided:

Fragrance Ingredients

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes