Aluminum Chloride

Metals -> Metals, Inorganic Compounds

Corrosives

2.44 at 77 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.28 (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

2.48

2.44 g/cm³

2.44 @25 °C

White when pure; ordinarily gray or yellow to greenish

White, hexagonal crystals or powder

White or colorless hexagonal deliquescent or moisture sensitive plates

Water reactive

Soluble in benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform.

Freely soluble in many organic solvents, such as benzophenone, nitrobenzene.

Solubility in water: reaction

230 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

182.7 °C at 752 mm Hg /Sublimation temperature/

180 °C @760 [mm Hg]

381 °F (USCG, 1999)

-30 °F (USCG, 1999)

192.6 °C

MP: 190 °C at 2.5 atmospheres, sublimes readily at 178 °C /Aluminum chloride anhydrous/

MP: decomposes /Aluminum chloride hydrate/

192.6 °C

1 mm Hg at 100.0 °C

1 [mm Hg] @100 °C

Aluminum chloride, anhydrous appears as a white to gray powder with a pungent odor. Corrosive to tissue and toxic by ingestion.

Aluminum chloride, solution appears as a straw-colored liquid. Denser than water. Contact may cause severe irritation to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. May be toxic by ingestion.

Liquid; CBI; Large Crystals; Other Solid; Dry Powder

White crystals or powder with strong odor of hydrogen chloride; [HSDB] Pure material is deliquescent solid. Commercially available as anhydrous, the hexahydrate and as 16.5%, 28%, and 80% solutions; [CHEMINFO]

COLOURLESS-TO-WHITE POWDER. TURNS GREY-TO-YELLOW ON EXPOSURE TO MOISTURE.

Danger

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

P260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H290 (28.1%): May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]

P234, P260, P264, P264+P265, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P363, P390, P405, P406, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Chemical: Aluminium chloride (AlCl3)

Commission Regulation (EC) No 2229/2004

Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 29-11-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15901

Aluminium chloride anhydrous: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Corrosive

Corrosive

Behavior in Fire: Reacts violently with water used in extinguishing adjacent fires (USCG, 1999)

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: At elevated temperatures, the material will decompose, producing hydrogen chloride. (USCG, 1999)

· Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.

· EXCEPT FOR ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (UN1715), THAT IS FLAMMABLE, some of these materials may burn, but none ignite readily.

Not combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

Certain polymerization catalysts, such as aluminum alkyls, react & burn violently on contact with water. /Aluminum alkyls/

Aluminum alkyls are organic aluminum compounds that are highly reactive and dangerous because of spontaneous burning in air. /Aluminum alkyls/

Prophoric material in flammable solvent. Vapors are heavier than air & may travel to a source of ignition & flash back. /Aluminum alkyls/

Contact with the skin or eyes in the presence of moisture causes thermal and acid burns. (USCG, 1999)

The material is corrosive and contact with the skin, eyes or respiratory tract may cause sever skin irritation and burns. (USCG, 1999)

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.

· CORROSIVE and/or TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death.

Hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid released upon contact of Al-Cl3 with moisture; Corrosive to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract; Inhalation of dust or released HCl can cause acute pulmonary edema; [CHEMINFO] Occupational asthma confirmed by specific challenge testing in a foundry worker; [Malo] Fumes in moist air (forms a large amount of hydrogen chloride gas). Reacts with active metals in the presence of moisture to produce hydrogen and HCl gases. Contact with the anhydrous substance causes thermal and acid burns. [CAMEO] See Aluminum.

2581 154

1726 137

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: Aluminum chloride is included in antiperspirant drug products.

Acids, Strong Non-oxidizing

Acids, Strong Non-oxidizing

Excerpt from ERG Guide 137 [Substances - Water-Reactive - Corrosive]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

NO water, foam, hydrous agents. In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

INGESTION: if victim is conscious have him drink water or milk. Do NOT induce vomiting.

Call for medical aid.

General First Aid:

General First Aid:

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

DO NOT use water. Violent reaction may result. Extinguish fire using agent suitable, for surrounding fire. Extinguish adjacent fires with dry chemical carbon dioxide, or foam. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

Stop flow of liquid before extinguishing fire. Use dry chemical or carbon dioxide. DO NOT use water as straight stream directly on spilled material. Water fog can be used to control fire. DO NOT use halogenated extinguishing agents on spilled material. Violent reaction may result. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. /Aluminum Alkyls/

Always keep container closed, dry. Store in a noncombustible, nonsprinklered building away from all combustible material. Isolate from strong acids.

Keep tightly closed and protected from moisture.

Extremely reactive with air, moisture and compounds containing active hydrogen and therefore must be kept under a blanket of inert gas. /Aluminum alkyls/

In general, materials ... toxic as stored or which can decompose into toxic components ... Should be stored in cool ... ventilated place, out of ... sun, away from ... fire hazard ... be periodically inspected and monitored. Incompatible materials should be isolated ...

For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for ALUMINUM CHLORIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3).

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Remove trapped material with suction hoses.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 137 [Substances - Water-Reactive - Corrosive]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

Aluminum compounds are treated under anhydrous conditions to prevent violent reactions, recover solvent, and form Al compounds suitable for landfill by reaction with anhydrous hydrolysis agent, eg calcium hydroxide. /Aluminum compounds/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Cover any spills with sufficient amounts of sodium bicarbonate. Remove the mixture into a container such as a fiber drum, plastic bag or carton box for easy disposal in an incinerator, and dispose by burning in a furnace.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

The effect of di- and trivalent iron on the intestinal absorption of aluminum was studied in an in situ perfusion system of rat small intestine in combination with systemic and portal blood sampling. The small intestine of female Wistar rats (6 animals/group) was perfused with media containing 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, and 25.0 mmol/l aluminum as aluminum chloride hexahydrate, with or without 5 mmol/l ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2.4H2O) or ferric chloride hexahydrate for 60 min. The disappearance of aluminum or iron from the perfusion medium, which is a measure for uptake from the intestinal lumen, was calculated. After perfusion, samples of small intestine were collected. Control tissue samples were taken from a rat perfused with saline for 60 min and from a nonperfused rat. In the rats perfused with aluminum and/or iron there was no morphological damage to the intestinal wall compared with the saline and nonperfused controls. It was shown that iron(II) enhanced the uptake of aluminum from about 30 min of perfusion onward, with all concentrations of aluminum perfusion media tested. Significant increases were reached after 60 min of perfusion with 10, 15, and 25 mmol aluminum/l, except for the 20 mmol Aluminum/l. Iron(III) did not affect aluminum disappearance at any point during perfusion. Aluminum appeared after the 60 min perfusion period in both systemic and portal blood. Both iron(II) and iron(III) were absorbed after 60 min perfusion, with the divalent iron being more extensively absorbed. The rise of the aluminum level in portal blood was slightly higher than that in systemic blood suggesting a possible liver trapping of aluminum before entering the peripheral circulation. Iron(II) reduced the appearance of Aluminum in both systemic and portal blood after 60 min perfusion, at all aluminum perfusion concentrations used. Iron(III) did not affect aluminum absorption during 60 min perfusion for all concentrations of aluminum perfusion media. /Aluminum chloride hexahydrate/

Four factorially arranged expt of 7 wk duration were performed with weanling Sprague-Dawley male rats. The variables in each expt were, in ug/g fresh diet, boron supplements of 0 and 3 ug/g; aluminum (as aluminum chloride) supplements of 0 and 1000 ug/g, and magnesium supplements of 100 and 400 ug/g (expt 1 and 4), or 100, 200, and 400 ug/g (expt 2 and 3). All supplements were added as dry mixes to the diet. In expt 1 and 2, 20 ug manganese/g was supplemented; in expt 3 and 4 the supplement was 50 ug/g. High dietary aluminum seemed most toxic when dietary magnesium was low enough to cause a marked growth depression 100 ug/g. High dietary aluminum elevated the spleen wt/body wt and liver wt/body wt ratios in magnesium deficient, but not in magnesium adequate rats. High dietary aluminum depressed the concn of magnesium in bone more markedly in magnesium deficient than adequate rats. On the other hand, aluminum seemed most toxic when dietary boron was not low. Aluminum more markedly depressed growth in boron supplemented than boron deprived rats. In the boron deprived rats fed 400 ug magnesium/g of diet, high dietary aluminum (1000 ug/g) apparently was beneficial; in expt 2 and 3, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were actually normalized by high dietary aluminum. Plasma magnesium was significantly depressed by high dietary aluminum when the magnesium supplement was 50 ug/g diet but not when it was 20 ug/g diet. However, growth was more markedly depressed by high dietary aluminum in boron supplemented rats when the magnesium supplement was 20 rather than 50 ug/g diet.

Male Sprague Dawley rat cerebral cortical slices were exposed to 0 (control), 10, 20, 50, 100 or 250 uM aluminum trichloride (aluminum chloride before addition of 20 ul 2-chloroadenosine (0-200 uM), isoproterenol (0 to 10 uM), or forskolin (0 to 10 uM). Aluminum chloride had no effect on the cyclic adenosine monophosphate concn in the absence of drugs that stimulate the synthesis of cyclic adenosin monophosphate. 2-Chloroadenosine (25 to 200 uM) significantly stimulated the synthesis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in a concn dependent manner, and Aluminum chloride significantly potentiated this response at 50 and 100 uM 2-chloroadenosine. This effect of aluminum chloride was dependent on preexposure (for 30 min) of the slices to aluminum chloride before addition of the agonist. The potentiation by aluminum chloride of the 2-chloroadenosine induced incr in cyclic adenosine monophosphate level was concn dependent, with significant enhancement by 100 uM (142% of control) and 250 uM (150% of control) aluminum chloride. Lower concn of aluminum chloride had no significant effect on the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate stimulated by 2-chloroadenosine. Aluminum chloride also potentiated the isoproterenol induced incr in cyclic adenosine monophosphate production. Forskolin induced production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate was unaltered by the presence of aluminum chloride.

Plants of beech (Fagus sylvatica) were grown on nutrient solutions with various concn of phosphate (0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mM) and aluminum (0, 0.1, and 1.0 mM) and at low pH (usually 4.2). About half of the supplied aluminum occurred as Al(+3) under these conditions. The vacuolar inorganic phosphate concn of excised fine roots were determined by (31)phosphorus NMR. In roots of plants treated with 0.1 mM aluminum trichloride, the vacuolar inorganic phosphate concn did not change over a period of 21 days. In contrast, plants treated with 1.0 mM aluminum chloride for about 1 day (18 to 29 hr) generally contained somewhat higher vacuolar inorganic phosphate concn in the roots than did control plants. Longer treatment (3 to 21 days) at the high aluminum level caused a continuously decr vacuolar inorganic phosphate concn in the root (22% of control after 21 days). In the presence of 1.0 mM aluminum chloride, plants with different phosphorus status showed about the same relative decr of vacuolar inorganic phosphate concn. After transfer of control plants to a phosphorus and aluminum free nutrient solution, vacuolar inorganic phosphate concn of roots decr in a manner similar to that for the 1.0 mM aluminum treatment.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for ALUMINUM CHLORIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Aluminum targets the nervous system and causes decreased nervous system performance and is associated with altered function of the blood-brain barrier. The accumulation of aluminum in the body may cause bone or brain diseases. High levels of aluminum have been linked to Alzheimer's disease. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740)

LC50 Polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata >2.0 mg/L/96 hr; static, 20-25 °C, pH 7.6-8.0

LC50 Polychaete Ctenodrilus serratus 0.48 mg/L/96 hr; static, pH 7.6-8.0

LC50 Daphnia magna (Water flea, age: <24 hr) 3.9 mg/L/48 hr; static, 17-19 °C, hardness: 44-53 mg CaCO3/L, pH 7.4-8.2

LC50 Copepod Netocra spinipes (adult) >10 mg/L/96 hr (95% confidence interval: 7.5-13.4 mg/L); static, 20 °C, 7% salinity, pH 8.0

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for ALUMINUM CHLORIDE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The main target organs of aluminum are the central nervous system and bone. Aluminum binds with dietary phosphorus and impairs gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorus. The decreased phosphate body burden results in osteomalacia (softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization) and rickets. Aluminum's neurotoxicity is believed to involve several mechanisms. Changes in cytoskeletal protein functions as a results of altered phosphorylation, proteolysis, transport, and synthesis are believed to be one cause. Aluminum may induce neurobehavioral effects by affecting permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cholinergic activity, signal transduction pathways, lipid peroxidation, and impair neuronal glutamate nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway, as well as interfere with metabolism of essential trace elements because of similar coordination chemistries and consequent competitive interactions. It has been suggested that aluminum's interaction with estrogen receptors increases the expression of estrogen-related genes and thereby contributes to the progression of breast cancer (A235), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link between aluminum and increased risk of breast cancer (A15468). Certain aluminum salts induce immune responses by activating inflammasomes. (L739, A235, A236)

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The effects of aluminum trichloride contamination of the rearing water on catfish composition were investigated. Young catfish were exposed to the test substance at concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 ppm (10, 50, 100 mg/L, respectively) for 6 weeks. The rearing water was replaced weekly; control fish were kept in water free of supplements. Mortality and stress signs were recorded. At the end of the study, surviving fish were sacrificed, autopsied and analyzed chemically for moisture, ash content, total protein content, ether extract, and mineral content; gross energy was determined by bomb calorimetry. Contamination with aluminum trichloride caused increased mortality (the corrected mortality was 0.12, 0.33, and 0.70 in the low, mid, and high dose group, respectively). Pathology revealed hemorrhages and congestions of the gastrointestinal tract and of the kidneys. Protein content was decreased showing a trend to dose-response, however, this decrease was not statistically significant. Ether extract was increased in treated fish; according to the authors, this change was considered to be related to the pollutant level. Generally, gross energy was slightly increased in treated fish. Muscular contents of ash, calcium, magnesium, and lead were significantly increased; contents of sodium, potassium, and phosphorus was decreased.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fitted with dorsal aortic cannulae were exposed in a flow-through soft water system to three acidities (pH 5.2, 4.8, or 4.4) and two concentrations of calcium (45 or 410 uequiv/L), in the presence (105 ug/L) or absence of aluminum in the form of aluminum chloride. Mortalities were recorded and blood was sampled for respiratory gases, ions, metabolites, and hematology before and at 4, 18, 28, 42, and 66 hr. Aluminum was most toxic to cannulated rainbow trout at pH 5.2 and least toxic at pH 4.4. Higher water calcium concentrations reduced mortality owing to aluminum at pH 5.2 and 4.8, but had no significant effect at pH 4.4, where mortality was 0-35% in the presence or absence of aluminum. Most fish deaths occurred between 42 and 66 hr, with the exception of the aluminum exposure at pH 5.2, low calcium treatment, where 4 of 10 fish died at about 30 hr. Two toxic mechanisms of aluminum and acidity were seen: ionoregulatory toxicity, which was caused by aluminum at pH 5.2 and 4.8 and by acidity at pH 4.4, and respiratory toxicity, which was caused solely by aluminum, and was greatest at higher pH. Ionoregulatory toxicity involved decreases in plasma sodium + and chlorine -, red cell swelling, and hemoconcentration. Respiratory toxicity involved reduced blood oxygen tension, elevated blood carbon dioxide tension, and increases in blood lactate.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ 2, 4, and 8 ppm /aluminum chloride hexahydrate/ was lethal for 0, 20, and 20% /respectively/, of carps /(Cyprinus carpio)/ after 48 hr. After 24 hr: 4 ppm lethal for 10%; 8 ppm lethal for 30%.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) 1 day post hatch larvae, 12 day post hatch larvae, and 4 wk post hatch juveniles were exposed to combinations of acid and inorganic aluminum (aluminum, as aluminum trichloride) for 96 hr in the laboratory. Life stages were exposed, under flow through conditions, to 4 nominal pH levels: 4.5, 5.5, 6.5 and 7.5 (control), and 5 nominal aluminum concentrations: 0 (control) 50, 100, 200, and 400 ug/L in fresh water with a total hardness of 20 to 24 mg/L as calcium chloride Theoretical speciation of the measured total dissolved monomeric aluminum was performed in order to estimate the toxic forms of aluminum. The ranking of life stage sensitivities to acid alone was 1 day larvae, most sensitive, followed by 12 day larvae and juveniles. At pH 4.5, all three stages exhibited 100% mortality in all aluminum treatments and controls. At pH 4.5 and 400 ug/L nominal aluminum (total dissolved monomeric aluminum= 384 ug/L), 12 day larvae experienced 95.5% mortality after only 6 hr exposure. At pH 5.5, 90 to 100% mortality occurred in all but the 50 ug/L aluminum treatment and the no aluminum control. At pH 5.5, hydroxoid species of aluminum were the predominate forms of the total dissolved monomeric aluminum. At pH 6.5 and 7.5, aluminum was not toxic to the 1 day larvae and juveniles, but the mortality of 12 day larvae exposed to aluminum (predominately hydroxy species) ranged from 18 to 68% with no clear dose response. Addition of inorganic aluminum to the 4 pH conditions significantly increased mortality of all 3 life stages (P<0.001).

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ALUMINUM CHLORIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Burning sensation. Cough. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Sore throat.

Skin burns.

Severe deep burns.

Abdominal pain. Burning sensation. Shock or collapse.

Inhalating aluminum dust causes coughing and abnormal chest X-rays. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740)

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Patch tests with standard antigens and aluminum compounds and histopathologic and ultrastructural studies were performed on 10 patients with persistent subcutaneous nodules on the upper part of their arms after injection of aluminum-adsorbed dust and/or pollen extracts. The nodules appeared 1 month to 6.5 yr after injections. The results of patch tests with 2% aluminum chloride were positive in 5 patients. Histopathologic examination revealed two different patterns: some biopsy specimens (from lesions of <9 months' duration) showed a pure foreign body histiocytic reaction characterized by extracellular amorphous dermal basophilic deposits with a histiocytic-macrophagic reaction; others showed a delayed hypersensitivity granulomatous reaction in association with an histiocytic foreign body response. The lesions were characterized by a unifocal or multifocal unencapsulated granulomatous reaction in the deep dermis and/or subcutaneous tissue. Eosinophilic necrotic areas surrounded by dense fibrous bands and a massive inflammatory infiltrate (lymphoid follicles, large histiocytic cells, abundant eosinophils, and some plasma cells) were observed. A granular basophilic material in extracellular spaces and within the cytoplasm of some histiocytes was also noted. Electron microscopic studies revealed intracytoplasmic and extracellular deposits of a fibrillar electron-dense material.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ .../It/ is caustic and irritating to eyes... but in only 1 out of 5 instances of industrial corneal burns has healing been delayed beyond two days...

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ /Anhydrous aluminum chloride is a/ powerful irritant to tissue; moderately toxic by ingestion.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ /Aluminum chloride (anhydrous)/ causes severe eye and skin burns. Irritating to skin, eye, and respiratory system.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ALUMINUM CHLORIDE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: Aluminum chloride is included in antiperspirant drug products.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Aluminum chloride is found on List D. Case No: 4007; Pesticide type: herbicide, antimicrobial; Case Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered. Therefore ... "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient (AI): aluminum chloride; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered products ... "cancelled."

Aluminum chloride, anhydrous

A Commercial Grade

A Placarded Amount

Chemical or material that can be mixed with readily available materials.

(AZ) ARIZONA 73 ug/l /Aluminum/

(CA) CALIFORNIA 200 ug/l /Aluminum/

(ME) MAINE 1430 ug/l /Aluminum/

D - Dermatologicals

QD - Dermatologicals

Aluminum chloride is commonly used topical antiperspirant. It is proposed that aluminum chloride works by causing an obstruction of the distal sweat gland ducts, where the metal ions precipitate with mucopolysaccharides, damaging epithelial cells along the lumen of the duct and forming a plug that blocks sweat output. Aluminum chloride is also an astringent that promotes hemostasis; it precipitates proteins on the superficial layer of mucosa and make it mechanically stronger. It creates superficial and local coagulation in minor hemorrhages.

Aluminum (10, 12.5, 17.5, 25 and 50 uM, as aluminum trichloride) inhibited yeast glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) by a pseudo-first-order reaction. The inhibition was proportional to the incubation time (10 to 60 sec) and the concn of aluminum. Aluminum was a better inhibitor when added to the buffered enzyme prior to the addition of glucose-6-phosphate or NADP+. When aluminum trichloride was added to the buffered mixture of enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate , more than 10 times aluminum trichloride was needed to observe a comparable inhibition. The inhibitory effect of aluminum chloride on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was negligible when aluminum chloride was premixed with NADP+. Double reciprocal plots gave a straight line with a k(inact) of 8.3/min and indicated the presence of a binding step prior to inhibition. The kinetic study showed that 1 mol of aluminum was bound per mol of enzyme subunit. A marked incr in sensitivity to aluminum was observed as the pH decr. An inhibitory effect of aluminum was predominant below pH 7.0, but above pH 8.0, aluminum did not significantly affect the reaction rate of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

The effect of aluminum on intestinal calcium absorption was determined in male Sprague-Dawley rats using an everted intestinal sac technique. Bidirectional calcium flux in the duodena and ilea of normal rats was assessed by means of dual calcium isotopes. Addition of 2 uM aluminum (as aluminum chloride) to the buffer solution significantly inhibited net calcium absorption in the duodenum through suppression of mucosa-to-serosa flux. Serosa-to-mucosa calcium flux was not similarly influenced by aluminum. In the ileum, aluminum had no effect on any component of calcium flux. Aluminum did not induce any suppression of glucose transport in either the duodenum or ileum, suggesting that the effect on calcium transport is relatively specific.

ATP pools extracted from the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica, grown in the absence or presence of aluminum chloride were measured using the luciferin-luciferase assay. Addition of low concn of aluminum chloride (3.6-36 uM) incr the ATP pool 20-40% within 24 hr, the effect being more marked with time. When using the Tris-EDTA boiling technique for extraction of cellular ATP, the ATP from aluminum-exposed cells appeared more stable during the extraction than the ATP from untreated cells. The higher ATP pools in aluminum-exposed cells were also evident after dark treatment and addition of the phosphorylating inhibitors carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The formation of elevated ATP pools in cells exposed to aluminum was curtailed by high concn of cellular phosphate and postincubation at high pH (> 8).

Very few investigations have been made on the metabolism and mode of action of aluminum compounds for the reason that it is very poorly absorbed and of low toxicity. The existing evidence indicates that the small portion of aluminum ion that hydrolyzes combines with available phosphate, becomes insoluble and unabsorbed, and so is excreted along with the un-ionized portion. In high doses aluminum compounds have been shown to affect phosphorus metabolism of rats and mice. At lower levels (170 and 355 ppm aluminum as aluminum chloride) aluminum balance studies showed intake and fecal excretion of aluminum were higher at the higher dose, but urinary excretion and retention were not. In phosphorus balance studies made at 160 to 180 and 355 ppm in the diet, the higher dose lowered phosphorus retention, although phosphorus content of the liver and femur were not affected. Chronic and acute poisoning by aluminum chloride caused, on intraperitoneal administration of (32)H-labelled disodium hydrogen phosphate, decreased incorporation of (32)phosphorus in the phospholipids and nucleic acids of various rat tissues. Decreased adenosine triphosphate levels and a rise in the adenosine diphosphate level in plasma also occurred, indicating interference with tissue phosphorylation process.

For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for ALUMINUM CHLORIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

In the small intestine, aluminum chloride is rapidly converted to insoluble poorly absorbed basic aluminum salts, consisting of a mixture of hydrated aluminum oxide, oxyaluminum hydroxide, various basic aluminum carbonates, and aluminum soaps.

Aluminum is poorly absorbed following either oral or inhalation exposure and is essentially not absorbed dermally. The bioavailability of aluminum is strongly influenced by the aluminum compound and the presence of dietary constituents which can complex with aluminum and enhance or inhibit its absorption. Aluminum binds to various ligands in the blood and distributes to every organ, with highest concentrations found in bone and lung tissues. In living organisms, aluminum is believed to exist in four different forms: as free ions, as low-molecular-weight complexes, as physically bound macromolecular complexes, and as covalently bound macromolecular complexes. Absorbed aluminum is excreted principally in the urine and, to a lesser extent, in the bile, while unabsorbed aluminum is excreted in the faeces. (L739)

It is reported that about 17-30 % of aluminum chloride formed from the reaction between orally ingested aluminum hydroxide and hydrochloric acid of the stomach is absorbed. In rabbits, administration of a single maximum safe oral dose aluminum chloride (333 mg Al/kg) resulted in aluminum absorption of 0.57 %. Aluminum chloride may be absorbed via dermal route, with the uptake increasing in the microgram range but with an upper limit.

Absorbed aluminum chloride is rapidly excreted by the kidneys in individuals with normal renal function. Aluminum chloride may be absorbed dermally.

Following oral administration of 8.1 mg/kg of aluminum chloride, the steady‐state volume of distribution of aluminum was 38.4 ± 6.4 mL/kg.

Following oral administration of 8.1 mg/kg of aluminum chloride, the clearance of aluminum was 8.87 ± 1.76 mL/(h*kg).

Rainbow trout (9 to 220 g) were individually placed in 1 liter chambers having aerated, fresh flowing water for 1 hr (control conditions, aluminum concentration= 0.033 mg/L, pH 4.61). They were then exposed to an aerated artificial medium (flow rate= 297 + or - 11 mL/min, pH= 5.4) containing 0.954 + or - 0.133 mg/L aluminum (as aluminum chloride) for up to 1 hr. There was no significant difference (p= 0.05) between episodic aluminum levels and episodic blank (no fish) aluminum levels, indicating that the flow rate through the chambers was sufficient to maintain aluminum levels such that absorption of aluminum from the apparatus was negligible. Fish were removed for tissue sampling after 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min exposure. Skin and blood showed no significant increase in aluminum content (p=0.05). Gill tissue episodic aluminum values were significantly higher (p=0.05)) than control levels at 30 and 60 min, having increased from 8 ug/g to 50 ug/g wet weight in 1 hr. Mucous aluminum content was significantly higher (p=0.05) than control values after 5 min of exposure increased to 4.5 mg/L from 0.2 mg/L. Mucous cells on the secondary lamellae showed discharged mucous globules on the gill surface after 1 hr of episodic exposure, a feature not shown by unexposed gill lamellae.

Aluminum hydroxide or oxide is slowly solubilized in the stomach and reacts with hydrochloric acid to form aluminum chloride and water. In addition to forming aluminum chloride, dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate and aluminum carbonate form carbon dioxide, and aluminum phosphate forms phosphoric acid. About 17-30% of the aluminum chloride formed is absorbed and is rapidly excreted by the kidneys in patients with normal renal functions. In the small intestine, aluminum chloride is rapidly converted to insoluble poorly absorbed basic aluminum salts which probably /include/ a mixture of hydrated aluminum oxide, oxyaluminum hydroxide, various basic aluminum carbonates, and aluminum soaps. Aluminum-containing antacids (except aluminum phosphate) also combine with dietary phosphate in the intestine forming insoluble, nonabsorbable aluminum phosphate which is excreted in the feces. If phosphate intake is limited in patients with normal renal function, aluminum antacids (except aluminum phosphate) decrease phosphate absorption and hypophosphatemia and hypophosphaturia occur; calcium absorption is increased. In vitro studies indicate that aluminum hydroxide binds bile salts with an affinity & capacity similar to that of cholestyramine; aluminum phosphate binds bile salts, but to a much lesser degree than does aluminum hydroxide. /Aluminum antacids/

Used as a catalyst and chemical intermediate; Aluminum chloride hexahydrate is used to preserve wood, to disinfect stables and slaughterhouses, to dye fabrics, to develop photos, to refine crude oil, and to manufacture parchment paper; It is used in deodorants and antiperspirants; [HSDB]

Use as a registered pesticide was cancelled; [HSDB]

Petroleum Production and Refining [Category: Industry]

The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered products ... "cancelled."

For aluminum chloride (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 013901) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Suitable as an acid catalyst, especially in Friedel-Crafts type reactions; in cracking of petroleum; in manufacture of rubbers, lubricants. /Anhydrous/

The main impurity is iron (0.05 wt % max or 0.01 wt % for resublimed product)

Impurities: ferric chloride; free aluminum; insolubles

IMPURITIES: FERRIC CHLORIDE, 0.08%; SILICON CHLORIDE, 0.02%; SODIUM CHLORIDE, 0.02%

2023: 100,000,000 - <250,000,000 lb

(1972) 2.99X10+10 GRAMS

(1975) 2.45X10+10 GRAMS

(1984) 2.51X10+10 g /LIQUID, CRYSTAL & ANHYDROUS/

35% as a catalyst for ethyl benzene; 16% as a catalyst for dyestuff intermediates; 9% as a catalyst for detergent alkylate; 8% as a catalyst for hydrocarbon resins; 5% as a catalyst for ethyl chloride; 27% in numerous other applications as a catalyst and chemical intermediate (1974)

Cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, 60%; misc, including pigments, roofings, specialty papers and photography, 40% (1980) /Hydrous Aluminum Chloride/

Detergent alkylate, 18%; ethylbenzene catalyst, 15%; hydrocarbon resins, 12%; titanium dioxide processing, 10%; dyestuff intermediate, 10%; misc (including cosmetic and pharmaceutical application, butyl rubber and polybutenes, ethyl chloride), 35% (1980) /Anhydrous Aluminum Chloride/

(1993) Alkylate detergents 2,200 ton, ethylbenzene 4,000 ton, hydrocarbon resins 3,900 ton, pharmaceuticals 4,000 ton, titanium dioxide 2,200 ton, miscellaneous 4,900 ton. /From table/

...From aluminum metal in heated stream of hydrochloric acid gas.

By reaction of bauxite with coke and chlorine at about 875 °C

... Anhydrous aluminum chloride is manufactured by the exothermic reaction of chlorine, Cl2, vapor with molten aluminum. The aluminum may be scarp, secondary ingot of varying purity, or prime ingot. Melting of additional metal feed, external cooling of the reactor, and regulation of the chlorine feed rate, control the reactor temperature between 600-750 °C. Chlorine is fed into the molten aluminum pool below the pool's surface. Aluminum chloride sublimes out of the pool and into a condensing vessel where the product solidifies on the condenser walls. ... The aluminum chloride grows into teardrop-shaped crystals which are periodically removed, crushed, screened, and packaged under a dry air or nitrogen atmosphere.

By reaction of purified gaseous chlorine with molten aluminum; by reaction of bauxite with coke and chlorine at approximately 875 °C.

In 1948 BASF commercialized the process of catalytic chlorination of gamma-alumina in a fluidized bed.

Aluminum chloride-99.8% /grade available/

Liquid aluminum chloride, 32 deg baume, 28% grade

Grade: Technical, CP; NF /National Formulary grade of chemical/. /hexahydrate/

Grade: Technical; reagent /anhydrous/

Utilities

Aluminum chloride (AlCl3): ACTIVE