Basic information
- CAS
12184-84-8- Standard SMILES
[2H][2H]- InChIKey
UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-VVKOMZTBSA-N- Molecular formula
- H2
- Average molar mass
- 4.0282 g/mol
- Monoisotopic mass
- 4.02820356
Overview
Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen but it is chemically identical. It is a colorless, odorless gas. It is easily ignited. Once ignited it burns with a pale blue, almost invisible flame. The vapors are lighter than air. It is flammable over a wide range of vapor/air concentrations. Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket. It is not toxic but is a simple asphyxiate by the displacement of oxygen in the air.
Names & identifiers
- Preferred name
- Deuterium
- English name
- DEUTERIUM
- Molecular formula
- D2
- Molecular weight
- 4.03
Names & synonyms
DEUTERIUM7782-39-0DideuteriumHeavy hydrogenHydrogen-2Diplogenhydrogen 2Hydrogen-d2Deuterium moleculeHydrogen, isotope of mass 2AR09D82C7GDTXSID2064810
Show more names
(2)H2DeuteriuDEUTIRIUMDEUTERRIUM
HYDROGEN H-2CHEBI:29294RefChem:132349DTXCID9048011231-952-7MFCD00064812D2UNII-AR09D82C7G
Database identifiers
- CAS
12184-84-8、7782-39-0- PubChem CID
- 24523
- DTXSID
DTXSID2064810- ChEBI
CHEBI:29294- UNII
- AR09D82C7G
- EC Number
- 231-952-7
Properties
Computed structural properties
- XLogP
- 0
- Topological polar surface area
- 0 Ų
- Hydrogen bond donors
- 0
- Hydrogen bond acceptors
- 0
- Rotatable bonds
- 0
- Heavy atoms
- 0
- Formal charge
- 0
- Complexity
- 0
Experimental & physicochemical properties
Chemical Classes
Other Classes -> Elements, Nonmetallic
Flammable agents - 4th degree
OdorOdorless
Density
0.169 @ -250.9 °C (LIQUID)
At 20.4 K: density, 169 g/l; viscosity, 4.0X10-2 cP; surface tension, 3.7 mN/m; thermal conductivity, 12.6 W/cm.K; dielectric constant, 1.27 /Liquid equilibrium D2 (97.8% ortho-D2)/
0.169 @ -250.9°C
Color/FormCOLORLESS GAS
SolubilitySLIGHTLY SOL IN COLD WATER
CorrosivityNoncorrosive
Boiling Point
-249.49 °C
-249.49 °C @760 [mm Hg]
Melting Point
-254.43 °C @ 128.5 mm Hg
Critical temp: 38.3 K; critical pressure: 16.28 atm; critical volume: 60.4 cu cm/mol /Equilibrium deuterium/
-254.43 °C
Vapor Pressure17.14 kPa
Heat of Vaporization1225 J/mol
Physical Description
Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen but it is chemically identical. It is a colorless, odorless gas. It is easily ignited. Once ignited it burns with a pale blue, almost invisible flame. The vapors are lighter than air. It is flammable over a wide range of vapor/air concentrations. Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket. It is not toxic but is a simple asphyxiate by the displacement of oxygen in the air.
Odorless, flammable gas; [CAMEO]
Autoignition Temperature1085 °F
Physicochemical properties
- Melting point
- -254.43 ° · -254.43° (18.73 K) at 128.5 mm (triple point)
- Boiling point
- -249.5 °C · -249.5 °C(lit.)
- Density
- 0.169 g/mL · 0.169 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
- vapor density
- 0.07 · 0.07 (vs air)
- vapor pressure
- 17.1 · 17.1-1665kPa at -254.43--234.8℃
- form
- gas
- color
- colorless
- Thermal Conductivity
- 0.14 W/ · 0.14 W/(m·K)
- Merck
- 13 · 13,2956
- Henry's Law Constant
- 7.9 · 7.9×10-6 mol/(m3Pa) at 25℃, Muccitelli and Wen (1978)
- Dielectric constant
- 1.3 · 1.3(20℃)
- Stability
- Stable. Extremely flammable. Readily forms explosive mixtures with air.
- InChI
- InChI=1S/H2/h1H/i1+1D
- InChIKey
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-VVKOMZTBSA-N
- SMILES
- [2H][2H]
- CAS DataBase Reference
- 7782 · 7782-39-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
- FDA UNII
- 9 D82C7G · AR09D82C7G
- EPA Substance Registry System
- Deuterium (7782-39-0)
- CAS Number Unlabeled
- 1333 · 1333-74-0
- Symbol(GHS)
- 2 · GHS02,GHS04
- Signal word
- Danger
- Hazard statements
- 220 · H220-H280
- Precautionary statements
- 210 · P210-P377-P381-P403
- Hazard Codes
- F+
- Risk Statements
- 12 · 12
- Safety Statements
- 9 · 9-16-33
- RIDADR
- 1957 · UN 1957 (DEUTERIUM, COMPRESSED)
- WGK Germany
- 1 · 1
- TSCA
- TSCA listed
- HazardClass
- 2.1 · 2.1
- Hazardous Substances Data
- 7782 · 7782-39-0(Hazardous Substances Data)
- REACH Registrations
- Active
- Excepted Quantities
- Not Permitted as Excepted Quantity
Safety & regulation
GHS classification
GHS Classification
Danger
H220 (97.6%): Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]
P203, P210, P222, P280, P377, P381, P403, and P410+P403 (click each P-code to see the statement)
Aggregated GHS information provided per 123 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.
Danger
H220: Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]
Hazard information
Regulatory Information
Status: Active Update: 22-06-2020 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/20919
Deuterium: HSNO Approval: HSR000993 Approved with controls
The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)
DOT LabelFlammable Gas
Fire Hazards
Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:
· EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE.
Fire PotentialVery dangerous fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat, flame, sparks and oxidizers.
Health Hazards
Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:
· Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning, especially when in closed or confined areas.
Hazards SummaryThe stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [ChemIDplus] Chemically identical to hydrogen; May act as a simple asphyxiant; [CAMEO]
DOT ID and Guide1957 115
Reactive GroupReducing Agents, Weak
Reactivity AlertsHighly Flammable
Reactivity ProfileDeuterium, like hydrogen, is a reducing agent; reacts readily with oxidizing agents.
Flammable LimitsLOWER: 5%; UPPER: 75% (% BY VOLUME)
DOT Emergency Guidelines
/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (INCLUDING REFRIGERATED LIQUIDS)/ Fire or Explosion: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Will form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. ... Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. /Deuterium; Deuterium, compressed/
/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (INCLUDING REFRIGERATED LIQUIDS)/ Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Some may be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. /Deuterium; Deuterium, compressed/
/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (INCLUDING REFRIGERATED LIQUIDS)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number. ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet ) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. /Deuterium; Deuterium, compressed/
/GUIDE 115: GASES - FLAMMABLE (INCLUDING REFRIGERATED LIQUIDS)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids. /Deuterium; Deuterium, compressed/
For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for DEUTERIUM (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Safety & protection
Fire FightingExcerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:
Accidental Release Measures
· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.
· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.
First Aid
Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:
General First Aid:
Exposure Control and Personal Protection· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Fire Fighting Procedures
If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.
Storage Conditions
Never use cylinders of deuterium in areas where flames, excessive heat or sparks may occur. Utilize only explosion proof equipment and spark proof tools in areas where deuterium is handled.
Ground all equipment and lines used with deuterium. Never use a flame to detect gas leaks, use soapy water.
Do not store reserve stocks of deuterium with cylinders containing oxygen, or with other highly oxidizing or combustible materials.
Do not place cylinders where they may become part of an electric circuit.
Nonfire Spill ResponseExcerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:
Disposal Methods
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
Preventive Measures
If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.
Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Approach fire with caution.
Isolation and Evacuation
Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:
Immediate precautionary measure
Protective Action Criteria (PAC)
65000 [ppm]
230000 [ppm]
400000 [ppm]
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:
Personnel protection: ... Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves and goggles.
Toxicology
Adverse EffectsOther Poison - Simple Asphyxiant
Natural Pollution SourcesOccurs in nature in all hydrogen-containing cmpd to the extent of about 0.0145 atom %.
Human Toxicity ExcerptsCONSIDERED NONTOXIC (EXCEPT FOR ITS ASPHYXIATING & FLAMMABLE PROPERTIES) AS USED IN LABORATORIES & NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS.
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts
Replacement of more than one-third of the hydrogen by deuterium in body fluids of mammals or two-thirds of the hydrogen in higher green plants has catastrophic consequences for the organisms. At lower levels of deuterium in higher plants, growth is markedly slowed. In mice and rats low levels of deuterium result in sterility, and at higher concn neuromuscular disturbances, fine muscle tremors, and a tendency to convulsions can be noted. ... Impairment of kidney function, anemia, disturbed carbohydrate metabolism, central nervous system disturbances, and altered adrenal function /were found/ in deuterated mice. Hemoglobin and RBC count, serum glucose, and cholesterol all decrease in deuterated dogs. ... /However/ numerous green and blue-green algae have been grown in which > 99.5% of the hydrogen has been replaced by D. ... Numerous varieties of bacteria, molds, fungi, and even a protozoan have been successfully grown in fully deuterated form.
Safety data
- wgk
- 1
- tsca
- TSCA listed
- ridadr
- UN 1957 (DEUTERIUM, COMPRESSED)
- risk_code
- 12
- Signal word
- Danger
- Symbol(GHS)
- GHS02,GHS04
- hazard_code
- F+
- safety_code
- 9-16-33
- hazard_class
- 2.1
- Hazard statements
- H220-H280
- Excepted Quantities
- Not Permitted as Excepted Quantity
- REACH Registrations
- Active
- Precautionary statements
- P210-P377-P381-P403
- Hazardous Substances Data
- 7782-39-0(Hazardous Substances Data)
Chemistry & industry
Uses & manufacturing
Uses
Used as a tracer in chemical reactions; [Merck Index] Used to produce heavy water (D2O2), a moderator of neutrons in nuclear reactors; [Ullmann]
Extensively in small amt as tracer in establishment of rates and kinetics of chemical reactions.
Explosive in hydrogen bomb as lithium deuteride
Bombardment of atomic nuclei, tracer element, thermonuclear reactions.
Deuterium has very desirable properties as a moderator for neutrons.
Methods of Manufacturing
May be obtained by electrolysis of heavy water (obtained by hydrogen sulfide/water exchange process) or by fractional distillation of liq hydrogen: Urey et al, Phys Rev, 39, 164 (1932); Spevack, US patent 2,787,526 (1957 to USAEC).
Chemical exchange between hydrogen and water or hydrogen and ammonia; distillation of water ... and electrolysis of water in combination with other procedures. /Production of heavy water/
Electrolysis of high-purity heavy water, fractional distillation of liquid hydrogen.
Formulations/PreparationsGrades: 98, 99.5 atom %.
General Manufacturing Information
Deuterium: ACTIVE
An isotope of hydrogen whose nucleus contains one neutron and one proton, and is therefore twice as heavy (atomic weight 2.014) as the nucleus of normal hydrogen.
If controlled thermonuclear fusions can be achieved, deuterium gas will become increasingly important.
Heavy water, D2O, is the most important cmpd of deuterium and the only form of deuterium produced ... on a large scale.
... The ortho form of deuterium is more stable than the para form at low temp, and at normal temp the ratio of ortho to para deuterium is 2:1 in contrast to the 3:1 ratio for hydrogen.
For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for DEUTERIUM (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Applications
HistoryRutherford predicted the existence of this heavy isotope of hydrogen in 1920. It was detected by Urey, Brickwedde and Murphy in 1932. It occurs in all natural compounds of hydrogen including water, as well as in free hydrogen molecules at the ratio of about one part per 6,000 parts hydrogen.
UsesThe principal application of deuterium is in tracer studies for measuring rates and kinetics of chemical reactions. It also is used in thermonuclear reactions; and as a projectile in cyclotrons for bombardment of atomic nuclei to synthesize isotopes of several transuranium elements. Deuterium oxide, D2O, or heavy water is used as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors.
UsesUsed extensively in small amounts as tracer in the establishment of rates and kinetics of chemical reactions.
General DescriptionDEUTERIUM is an isotope of hydrogen but DEUTERIUM is chemically identical. DEUTERIUM is a colorless, odorless gas. DEUTERIUM is easily ignited. Once ignited DEUTERIUM burns with a pale blue, almost invisible flame. The vapors are lighter than air. DEUTERIUM is flammable over a wide range of vapor/air concentrations. Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket. DEUTERIUM is not toxic but is a simple asphyxiate by the displacement of oxygen in the air.
Preparation methods
PreparationDeuterium may be prepared by several methods. Urey’s first method of preparation involved fractional distillation of a very large amount of liquid hydrogen. It also may be produced by electrolysis of heavy water obtained by H2S/H2O exchange process. It may be obtained by continued, long-time electrolysis of ordinary water in which light water molecules are split first, thus concentrating deuterated oxygen in the residual liquid. Also, deuterium in high purity may be separated by thermally induced diffusion processes.
Upstream & downstream products
Downstream products
Suppliers43 total
安徽旺山旺水特种气体有限公司15906197626 · [email protected]
江西核研院新材料有限公司18901398682 18901398682 · [email protected]
湖南嘉航医药科技有限公司85521272 15200744171 · [email protected]
湖南省华中特种气体有限公司0734-8755555 15674722888 · [email protected]
上海迈瑞尔生化科技有限公司4006356688 18621169109 · [email protected]
北京大田丰拓化学技术有限公司13651141086 · [email protected]
安耐吉化学&3A（安徽泽升科技股份有限公司）400-0056266 · [email protected]
尚澜气体（上海）有限公司4001882517 13323475516 · [email protected]
南通合润生物科技有限公司18362409333 · [email protected]
嘉兴市艾森化工有限公司0573-85285100 18627885956 · [email protected]
上海嘉斯保气体有限公司13218776790 13218776790 · [email protected]
上海稳同科技有限公司02151600108 13062666369 · [email protected]
时美拓特种气体（上海）有限公司15757158480 · [email protected]
淄博桓明新材料有限公司15264351707 15264351707 · [email protected]
上氟科技021-65170832 15601903708
HBCChem, Inc.+1-510-219-6317 · [email protected]
天津荣燊化工有限公司18317763565; 18317763565 · [email protected]
热耳科技（上海）有限公司021-64400900 15800436310 · [email protected]
上海辰楚化学有限公司13651748127
武汉百思达气体有限公司15072387200 · [email protected]
茂图气体设备（上海）有限公司17301833415 · [email protected]
陕西缔都医药化工有限公司+86-29-81139210 +86-17392587031 · [email protected]
武汉易司拓普科技有限公司18086015167 17702779303 · [email protected]
Yurui (Shanghai) Chemical Co., Ltd.+86-021-50456736 +8613331628239;+8619121032725 · [email protected]
Clearsynth Canada Inc.+1.415.685.4395 · [email protected]
上海众巍化学有限公司18824865657 · [email protected]
奥博瑞（天津）科技有限公司022-65675308 18310521067 · [email protected]
Shanghai Wanqi New Materials Co., Ltd.+86-18851503342 · [email protected]
嘉兴市德亿化工有限公司86-0573-85866609 18367600069 · [email protected]
厦门盈融达化工有限公司+86-0592-6210733 · [email protected]
武汉纽瑞德特种气体有限公司027-82652715 18986267605 · [email protected]
career henan chemical co+86-0371-86658258 · [email protected]
派瑞科技有限公司0310-7183478 13612179565 · [email protected]
陕西缔都医药化工有限公司029-029-029-81148696 18161915376 · [email protected]
XIAMEN AMITY INDUSTRY AND TRADE CO., LTD.+8618950047208 · [email protected]
安徽伟禾化工科技有限责任公司13505592528 13505592528
广州市粤佳气体有限公司400-6377517 19876107228 · [email protected]
苏州长友气体有限公司13915558823 · [email protected]
青岛腾龙微波科技有限公司0532-83818797 17669478191 · [email protected]
佛山市智程气体有限公司18098161577 · [email protected]
重庆卡兰医药有限公司[email protected]
上海齐奥化工科技有限公司021-58892003 · [email protected]
中船（邯郸）派瑞特种气体股份有限公司0310-7182720-613 15620672519 · [email protected]
Additional notes
DefinitionA naturally occurring stable isotope of hydrogen in which the nucleus contains one proton and one neutron. The atomic mass is thus approximately twice that of 1H; deuterium is known as ‘heavy hydrogen’. Chemically it behaves almost identically to hydrogen, forming analogous compounds, although reactions of deuterium compounds are often slower than those of the corresponding 1H compounds. This is made use of in kinetic studies where the rate of a reaction may depend on transfer of a hydrogen atom (i.e. a kinetic isotope effect).
Related reactions
3 records
Compound notes
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