Titanium dioxide

Metals -> Metals, Inorganic Compounds

Metals -> Metals, Inorganic Compounds

Plastics -> Pigments agents

Plastics -> Other functions -> UV/light stabiliser

Plastics -> Polyolefin-I; PUR; Polyolefin-II; PVC (soft); ABS; PVC (rigid); PET; PMMA; PA; PC; (E)PS

Cosmetics ingredient -> Anticaking/Absorbents; Base; Bulking/Viscosity; Colorant; Flavor; Fragrance; Opacifying Agent; Other (Specify); Preservative/Stabilizer; Surfactant; UV Inhibitor

Cosmetics ingredient -> Anticaking/Absorbents; Base; Colorant; Conditioning/Emollient; Flavor; Fragrance; Opacifying Agent; Other (Specify); UV Inhibitor

Cosmetic colorant; Uv absorber; Opacifying

phase transformation

dielectric constant

dielectric constant

dielectric constant

dielectric constant

dielectric constant

Foods, Drugs, Cosmetics, Devices -> FDA Regulatory Status of Color Additives

ANTICAKING AGENT OR FREE-FLOW AGENT, COLOR OR COLORING ADJUNCT, DRYING AGENT, HUMECTANT, PROCESSING AID, SURFACE-FINISHING AGENT, TRACER -> FDA Substance added to food

3.9 to 4.2 (NTP, 1992)

4.23

White, orthorhombic crystals; density: 4.17 g/cu cm /Titanium(IV)oxide (Brookite)/

3.9-4.3 g/cm³

4.26

4.23 @25 °C

White, tetragonal crystals

White powder in two crystalline forms, anatase and rutile

AMORPHOUS, INFUSIBLE POWDER

White powder

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Insoluble in water and organic solvents. Dissolves slowly in hydrofluoric acid and in hot concentrated sulphuric acid.

Insoluble in water

Soluble in hot concentrated sulfuric acid; in hydrofluoric acid; insoluble in hydrochloric acid, nitric acid or diluted sulfuric acid

INSOL IN ORG SOLVENTS

SOLUBLE IN ALKALI

Warning

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 62.8% (7032 of 11189) of all reports.

Warning

H351 (36.1%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

Chemical: Anatase (TiO2)

Chemical: Rutile (TiO2)

Chemical: Titanium oxide (TiO2)

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity

Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (amended)

Titanium oxide (TiO2) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Titanium oxide (TiO2) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

IMAP assessments - Titanium dioxide: Human health tier II assessment

IMAP assessments - Titanium dioxide: Human health tier II assessment

IMAP assessments - Rutile (TiO2): Environment tier I assessment

Literature sources indicate that this chemical is noncombustible. (NTP, 1992)

Not combustible.

Not combustible.

A study of 1,576 workers in the U.S. exposed to TiO2 for more than one year used incidence data from 1956 through 1985. Mortality data was available from the company for the years 1935 through 1983. There was no excess of lung cancer or chronic respiratory disease and no cases of pulmonary fibrosis. [Rom, p. 537-8] Cases of pulmonary fibrosis associated with exposure to TiO2 have been reported, but the reactions may have been caused by silica present as contamination. [Hendrick, p. 180-1] No listed effects of short-term or long-term exposure; [ICSC] NIOSH has determined that ultrafine TiO2 is a potential occupational carcinogen but that there are insufficient data at this time to classify fine TiO2 as a potential occupational carcinogen. Summary of Epidemiologic Studies: Overall, these studies provide no clear evidence of elevated risks of lung cancer mortality or morbidity among those workers exposed to TiO2 dust. [Reference #1] 2021 TLV Basis: lower respiratory tract irritation, pneumoconiosis; [ACGIH] See Titanium. See Anatase.

Not a skin irritant; [IUCLID] NIOSH has determined that ultrafine TiO2 is a potential occupational carcinogen but that there are insufficient data at this time to classify fine TiO2 as a potential occupational carcinogen. Summary of Epidemiologic Studies: Overall, these studies provide no clear evidence of elevated risks of lung cancer mortality or morbidity among those workers exposed to TiO2 dust. [Reference #1] A skin and strong eye irritant; Toxic by inhalation; [Sigma-Aldrich MSDS] See Titanium dioxide.

The color additive titanium dioxide may be safely used for coloring foods generally, subject to the following restrictions: (1) The quantity of titaanium dioxide does not exceed 1 percent by weight of the food. (2) It may not be used to color foods for which standards of identity have been promulgated under section 401 of the act unless added color is authorized by such standards. ... Certification of this color additive is not necessary for the protection of the public health and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification requirements of section 721(c) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

The color additive titanium dioxide may be used for coloring ingested and externally aplied drugs generally, in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice. External application uncludes use in the area of the eye. Certification of this color additive is not necessary for the protection of the public health and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification requirements of section 721(c) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

The color additive titanium dioxide may be safely used in cosmetics, including cosmetics intended for use in the area of the eye, in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice. Certification of this color additive is not necessary for the protection of the public health and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification requirements of section 721(c) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

/Titanium dioxide/ ... may be used as a color additive in contact lenses in amounts not to exceed the minimum reasonably required to accomplish the intended coloring effect. Authorization and compliance with this use shall not be construed as waiving any of the requirements of sections 510(k), 515, and 520(g) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act with respect to the contact lenses in which the additive is used. ... Certification of this color additive is not necessary for the protection of the public health and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification requirements of section 721(c) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

For more FDA Requirements (Complete) data for TITANIUM DIOXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Due to its multifunctional applications, titanium dioxide particles have widespread use in commerce. The particle-types function as sources of pigment color, in food products, anti-bacterial components, ultraviolet radiation scavengers, catalysts, as well as in cosmetics. Because of its inherent properties in a diverse number of products, exposures may occur via any of the major point-of-entry routes, i.e., inhalation, oral or dermal. Although the majority of TiO2 applications are known to exist in the pigment-grade form, nanoscale forms of TiO2 are also common components in several products. This brief review is designed to identify relevant toxicology and risk-related issues which inform health effects assessments on the various forms of titanium dioxide particles.[Warheit DB; How to Measure Hazards/Risks Following Exposures to Nanoscale or Pigment-Grade Titanium Dioxide Particles; Toxicol Lett 220 (2): 193-204 (2013)]

Bioassay of Titanium Dioxide for Possible Carcinogenicity (1979) Technical Rpt Series No. 97 DHEW Pub No. (NIH) 79-1347, U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20014

Residues of titanium dioxide are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only. Use: pigment/coloring agent in plastic bags used to wrap growing banana (preharvest), colorant on seeds for planting.

Residues of titanium dioxide are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. Use: pigment/colorant in pesticide formulations for animal tag.

Titanium dioxide is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance for residues in or on growing crops, when used as an inert ingredient (UV protectant) in microencapsulated formulations of the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin at no more than 3.0% by weight of the formulation and as an inert ingredient (UV-stabilizer) at no more than 5% in pesticide formulations containing the active ingredient napropamide.

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

In case of fire in the surroundings: use appropriate extinguishing media.

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

(General first aid procedures)

Store in covered containers.

Separated from reducing agents.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, dampen the solid spill material with 5% ammonium hydroxide, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 5% ammonium hydroxide to pick up any remaining material. Your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with 5% ammonium hydroxide followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Wear safety spectacles.

Wear safety spectacles.

Nanoparticles (NPs) have been reported to penetrate into human skin through lesional skin or follicular structures. Therefore, their ability to interact with dendritic cell (DC) was investigated using DCs generated from monocytes (mono-DCs). Hybrid titanium dioxide/para-amino benzoic acid (TiO(2)/PABA) NPs did not induce any cell toxicity. NPs were internalized into DCs through macropinocytosis and not by a receptor-mediated mechanism. Confocal microscopy showed that NPs were not detected in the nucleus. These data are confirmed by electronic microscopy which demonstrated that hybrid NPs were rapidly in contact with cellular membrane and localized into cytoplasmic vesicles without colocalization with clathrin-coated vesicles. Hybrid NPs did not induce CD86 or HLA-DR overexpression or cytokine secretion (IL-8 and TNF-alpha) indicating no DC activation. Internalization of hybrid NPs did not modify DC response towards sensitizers such as nickel and thimerosal or /lipopolysaccharide/ LPS used as positive controls. Moreover, hybrid NPs did not induce any oxidative stress implicated in DC activation process. After mono-DC irradiation by ultraviolet A (UVA), hybrid NP-treated cells did not produce UVA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exhibited a better cell viability compared with UVA-irradiated control cells, suggesting a protecting effect of hybrid TiO(2)/PABA NPs against UVA-induced ROS. /Hybrid TiO(2)/PABA Nanoparticles/

Diminish the penetration of ultraviolet (UV) light through the epidermis by absorbing UV radiation within a specific wavelength range. The amount and wavelength of UV radiation absorbed are affected by the molecular structure of the sunscreen agent. /Sunscreen agents, topical/

A large quantity of white gas containing titanium dioxide and hydrogen chloride was generated unexpectedly during an experiment in a chemical laboratory. Fourteen students and staff complained of nausea, dyspnea, or respiratory irritation immediately after inhaling the gas. On arrival at Saint Luke's International Hospital, more than half of the patients presented with low-grade fever. Symptoms spontaneously resolved soon after admission, although the low-grade fever persisted until the following morning. Low-grade fever after inhalation exposure is not explicable by hydrogen chloride inhalation and therefore appeared to be caused by titanium dioxide inhalation, manifesting as metal fume fever. Titanium dioxide is thought to have no remarkable human toxicity and is considered to be safe clinically. To our knowledge, this is the first report of titanium dioxide inhalation as the potential cause of metal fume fever in humans. Correlations between the degree of fever and quantity and concentration of inhaled titanium dioxide remain to be determined.

Male Long-Evans-hooded-rats were exposed in a nose only setting to cadmium-chloride at concentrations of 1.5 or 5.0 mg/cu m cadmium ... for 30 minutes. Lung clearance and lymphatic uptake were determined after exposing the cadmium treated rats to titanium-dioxide at dust concentrations of 12 to 15 mg/ cu m for 6 hours. The initial deposition of titanium-dioxide was decreased by 40 percent due to the pre-exposure to 5 milligrams cadmium-chloride. The overall clearance of titanium-dioxide was not changed, but the lymph node burden was 2.7 times higher in cadmium exposed animals as compared to controls. The 1.5 mg/cu m cadmium-chloride exposure did not influence lung clearance nor lymphatic uptake of titanium-dioxide. When the order of exposures was reversed and the animals were first exposed to titanium-dioxide followed by cadmium-chloride, the same results were obtained; lymphatic uptake of titanium-dioxide was increased. The authors concluded that dust particle uptake by the lymphatic system is increased when phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages is decreased.

Groups of 24 male and 24 female Syrian golden hamsters, 6-7 weeks of age, received intratracheal instillations of 3 mg titanium dioxide ((purity unspecified); particle size: 97% <5 um; 51% <0.5 um) plus 3 mg benzo(a)pyrene in 0.2 mL saline or 3 mg benzo(a)pyrene alone in saline (controls) once a week for 15 weeks. Animals were observed until spontaneous death; all control and treated hamsters had died by 90- 100 and 60-70 weeks, respectively. In the 48 hamsters treated with titanium dioxide plus benzo[a]pyrene, tumors (number of tumors per sex unspecified) occurred in the larynx (11 papillomas, five squamous-cell carcinomas), trachea (three papillomas, 14 squamouscell carcinomas, one adenocarcinoma) and lung (one adenoma, one adenocarcinoma, 15 squamous-cell carcinomas, one anaplastic carcinoma). Two papillomas occurred in the trachea of benzo(a)pyrene-treated controls. In the same study, ferric oxide (3 mg) and benzo(a)pyrene induced a similar spectrum of tumors to that induced by the combination with titanium dioxide.

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae) exponential growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C; Concentration: 35900 ug/L for 72 hr (95% confidence interval: 31400-41700 ug/L); Effect: increased growth rate /100% purity/

LC50; Species: Thamnocephalus platyurus (Fairy shrimp) larva; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C, pH 7.3-7.8; Concentration: >20000000 ug/L for 24 hr /100% purity/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea) age < or =24 hr neonate; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20-21 °C, pH 7.1-8.7, dissolved oxygen > or =3 mg/L; Concentration: >100000 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization /99.4% purity/

LC50; Species: Ceriodaphnia dubia (Water flea) age <24 hr neonate; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH 8.2, hardness 142 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 8.5-8.9 mg/L; Concentration: >10000 ug/L for 48 hr />99% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for TITANIUM DIOXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Fibrogenic - Inducing tissue injury and fibrosis (scarring).

Fibrogenic - Inducing tissue injury and fibrosis (scarring).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of dust.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

inhalation

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ This research evaluated the toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles to freshwater aquatic organisms and the effects of organic and inorganic material on TiO2 toxicity. The fathead minnow was much less acutely sensitive to TiO2 (LC50 500 mg/L and higher) than Ceriodaphnia dubia /water flea/ and Daphnia pulex /water flea/ (mean LC50 values 7.6 and 9.2 mg/L, respectively). Total organic carbon levels of 1.5 mg/L decreased TiO2 acute toxicity to C. dubia (LC50 > 100 mg/L), but kaolinite clay decreased TiO2 toxicity to a lesser extent. In chronic toxicity tests, the green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was more sensitive to TiO2 (IC25 1-2 mg/L) than C. dubia (IC25 9.4-26.4 mg/L) and the fathead minnow (IC25 values over 340 mg/L). Study results indicate that the specific organisms exposed and the effects of water quality parameters on TiO2 toxicity should be considered in hazard evaluations of this nanoparticle.

Redness.

Redness.

Lung fibrosis; [potential occupational carcinogen]

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from, as of October 18, 2013: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=13463-67-7]

The following medical procedures should be made available to each employee who is exposed to titanium dioxide at potentially hazardous levels: Employees should be screened for history of certain medical conditions which might place the employee at increased risk from titanium dioxide exposure. Chronic respiratory disease: Titanium dioxide is a nuisance dust. In persons with impaired pulmonary function, especially those with obstructive airway disease, the breathing of titanium dioxide might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its irritant properties. ... Any employee developing the above listed conditions should be refered for further medical examination.

Chronic toxicity and oncogenicity were evaluated in male and female Charles River Crl:CD(SD)BR rats (100/sex/group) exposed to atmospheres containing titanium dioxide dust at concentrations of 0, 10.55, 50.68, or 250.10 mg/cu m for 6 hrs/day, 5 days/week for up to 2 yrs. The mean respirable fractions were 93.7% or greater. Titanium dioxide was observed to accumulate in the upper respiratory tract airways, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, lymphatic system, liver and spleen. There were significant differences between treated and control groups of both sexes in the following: decreased body weights, increased lung weights, increased thymus weights (both sexes at high-dose level and males at 50 mg/cu m/), increased white blood cell counts, increased bilirubin levels (females at 50 and 250 mg/cu m), decreased calcium levels, phosphorus levels (decreased in males and increased in females), increased irregular respiration, and abnormal lung noises. Significant dose-related lung effects included alveolar proteinosis, cholesterol granuloma formation, focal pleurisy, collagenized fibrosis, and thickened alveolar walls impairing oxygen diffusion. Polycythemia was observed in high-dose level rats. Bronchioalveolar adenomas were significantly increased in high-dose animals and cystic keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas were observed primarily in the high-dose animals, females more affected than males. There were significant differences between treated and control animals, without clear dose-responses, in decreased absolute and/or relative liver and kidney weights.

The color additive titanium dioxide may be safely used for coloring foods generally, subject to the following restrictions: (1) The quantity of titaanium dioxide does not exceed 1 percent by weight of the food. (2) It may not be used to color foods for which standards of identity have been promulgated under section 401 of the act unless added color is authorized by such standards. ... Certification of this color additive is not necessary for the protection of the public health and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification requirements of section 721(c) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

The color additive titanium dioxide may be used for coloring ingested and externally aplied drugs generally, in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice. External application uncludes use in the area of the eye. Certification of this color additive is not necessary for the protection of the public health and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification requirements of section 721(c) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

The color additive titanium dioxide may be safely used in cosmetics, including cosmetics intended for use in the area of the eye, in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice. Certification of this color additive is not necessary for the protection of the public health and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification requirements of section 721(c) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

/Titanium dioxide/ ... may be used as a color additive in contact lenses in amounts not to exceed the minimum reasonably required to accomplish the intended coloring effect. Authorization and compliance with this use shall not be construed as waiving any of the requirements of sections 510(k), 515, and 520(g) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act with respect to the contact lenses in which the additive is used. ... Certification of this color additive is not necessary for the protection of the public health and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification requirements of section 721(c) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

For more FDA Requirements (Complete) data for TITANIUM DIOXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Residues of titanium dioxide are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only. Use: pigment/coloring agent in plastic bags used to wrap growing banana (preharvest), colorant on seeds for planting.

Residues of titanium dioxide are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. Use: pigment/colorant in pesticide formulations for animal tag.

Titanium dioxide is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance for residues in or on growing crops, when used as an inert ingredient (UV protectant) in microencapsulated formulations of the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin at no more than 3.0% by weight of the formulation and as an inert ingredient (UV-stabilizer) at no more than 5% in pesticide formulations containing the active ingredient napropamide.

The researchers/ determined blood levels of titanium dioxide (anatase) following oral ingestion of titanium-dioxide capsules and/or powder in six adult men (24-66 years of age). Titanium dioxide was absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract in a size dependent manner: smaller particles (0.16 um) were more readily absorbed than larger ones (0.38 um). Before the experiment, the background blood levels of titanium dioxide in these men ranged from approximately 6 to 18 ug/L. Blood levels reached up to approximately 50 ug/L or 100 ug/L between 4 and 12 hours after intake of 23 mg or 46 mg titanium dioxide, respectively

Diminish the penetration of ultraviolet (UV) light through the epidermis by absorbing UV radiation within a specific wavelength range. The amount and wavelength of UV radiation absorbed are affected by the molecular structure of the sunscreen agent.

Diminish the penetration of ultraviolet (UV) light through the epidermis by absorbing UV radiation within a specific wavelength range. The amount and wavelength of UV radiation absorbed are affected by the molecular structure of the sunscreen agent. /Sunscreen agents, topical/

The kinetics of TiO2 elimination in the rat lung following its deposition after 7 hr exposure at 10 and 50 mg/cu m were determined for periods up to 140 days...The retention half-time was 14 days for the first clearance phase and 88 days thereafter.

The kinetics of TiO2 elimination in the rat lung following its deposition after 7 hr exposure at 10 and 50 mg/cu m were determined for periods up to 140 days...The retention half-time was 14 days for the first clearance phase and 88 days thereafter.

Rats were intraperitoneal injected with 1.60 g/100 g body wt of TiO(2) in saline solution. Organs (liver, spleen, lung) were processed for histological evaluation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in alveolar macrophages obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were evaluated using the nitroblue tetrazolium test and quantitative evaluation by digital image analysis. The histological analysis of organs revealed the presence of titanium in the parenchyma of these organs with no associated tissue damage. Although in lung alveolar macrophages TiO(2) induced a significant rise in ROS generation, it failed to cause tissue alteration. This finding may be attributed to an adaptive response.

Synthetic or natural materials, other than DRUGS, that are used to replace or repair any body TISSUES or bodily function.

Chemical or physical agents that protect the skin from sunburn and erythema by absorbing or blocking ultraviolet radiation.

Drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. These compounds can be administered topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and various types of neoplasms.

Chemicals and substances that impart color including soluble dyes and insoluble pigments. They are used in INKS; PAINTS; and as INDICATORS AND REAGENTS.

When male and female rats were fed a diet containing titanium dioxide (100 g/kg) for a period of about 32 days, a significant retention of titanium of 0.06 and 0.11 mg/kg wet weight was found only in the muscles; no retention was observed in the liver, spleen, kidney, bone, plasma, or erythrocytes

The kinetics of TiO2 elimination in the rat lung following its deposition after 7 hr exposure at 10 and 50 mg/cu m were determined for periods up to 140 days.The retention half-time was 14 days for the first clearance phase and 88 days thereafter.

Six hours after titanium dioxide was administered to rats through IV injection at 250 mg/kg body weight, the highest concentration appeared in the liver; after 24 hours, the highest concentration was detected in the celiac lymph nodes, which filter the lymph from the liver.

The clearance of titanium dioxide from the lungs was studied in rats after inhalation of 15 or 100 mg/cu m. The average median aerodynamic diameter of the titanium dioxide particles was 1.48 um. After a single exposure, about 40-45% of the deposited particles were cleared from the lung in 25 days. At 15 mg/cu m, 0.7% was found in the hilar lymph nodes indicating penetration of titanium dioxide particles from alveoli into the lymphatic system and partial clearance by the lymphatic route. The clearance rate was similar after intra-tracheal administration of titanium dioxide. At an exposure of 100 mg/cu m, the clearance rate decreased drastically. /Other researchers/ demonstrated the presence of titanium dioxide in the lymphatic systems of 3 workers employed in processing titanium dioxide pigments.

The deposition of titanium dioxide dust in the lungs of rats is similar to that observed for other particles. Titanium dioxide is found in the lymphocytes and regional nodes in the lungs, indicating that a slow rate of removal occurs by this process. Clearance is also significantly decreased, or even ceases, at high exposure over a period of time because of overload. It is suggested that small amounts of titanium dioxide can enter the general circulation from the lungs.

The case of a 53-year-old man with pneumoconiosis due to approximately 13 years of occupational exposure to 'high' concentrations of titanium dioxide /is reported/. The patient died of lung cancer, which was possibly associated with a 34 pack-year smoking history and not attributed to exposure to titanium dioxide. At autopsy, about 9-10 years after the exposures to titanium dioxide, particle deposition was found to be diffuse in the lung and particles were typically found in interstitial and alveolar macrophages. Examination of lung tissue in the right upper lobe and right hilar lymph nodes showed deposits of crystalloid substances that had a high titanium content and measured 0.2-0.3 um by 0.7 um.

Pigment or filler in paints, paper, foods, ceramics, and pharmaceuticals; Used in welding rod coatings; [ACGIH] Rutile TiO2 is used as a semiconductor in the electronics industry. [Rom, p. 537] About 95% of all titanium consumed is titanium dioxide; it is an important white pigment in paints, paper coatings, and plastics; It is also a sunscreen and used as a color additive in flours, dairy products, and pharmaceutical tablets; [Nordberg, p. 1289] slag; Used as a whitening and opacifying agent in paints, paper, ceramics, and enamels; [IARC] Used for specialized white pigment applications such as paper and fibers; TIO2 is also used in welding rod coatings; Anatase is a semiconductor, and it is used to make electronic components; [Reference #1] Nanoparticle applications include photocatalysis, paints, sterilization, biomedical ceramics, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals; [PMID 21191487]

Welding [Category: Weld]

A naturally occurring crystalline form of titanium dioxide obtained from processing ilmenite (a natural iron titinate) or titanium slag; Used as a whitening and opacifying agent in paints, paper, ceramics, and enamels; [IARC] Used for specialized white pigment applications such as paper and fibers; TIO2 is also used in welding rod coatings; Anatase is a semiconductor, and it is used to make electronic components; [Reference #1]

Welding [Category: Weld]

Ceramics making [Category: Hobbies]

Airfloated ilmenite is used for titanium pigment manuf. Rutile sand is suitable for welding-rod-coating materials, as ceramic colorant, as source of titanium metal. As color in the food industry. Anatase titanium dioxide is used for welding-rod-coatings, acid resistant vitreous enamels, in specification paints, exterior white house paints, acetate rayon, white interior air-dry and baked enamels and lacquers, inks and plastics, for paper filling and coating, in water paints, tanners' leather finishes, shoe whiteners, and ceramics. High opacity and tinting values are claimed for rutile-like pigments. Pharmaceutic aid (coating agent).

(1977) 1.32X10+9 G

(1982) 1.18X10+9 G

(1985) 9.07X10+10 g

(1986) 9.98X10+10 g

For more U.S. Exports (Complete) data for TITANIUM DIOXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(1977) 1.06X10+11 G

(1982) 1.26X10+11 G

(1985) 1.72X10+11 g

(1986) 1.92X10+11 g

For more U.S. Imports (Complete) data for TITANIUM DIOXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2023: 1,000,000,000 - <2,500,000,000 lb

2023: 75,000 - <500,000 lb

2023: 700,000,000 - <850,000,000 lb

(1977) 7.27X10+11 G (CONSUMPTION)

(1982) 6.76X10+11 G (CONSUMPTION)

(1985) 7.26X10+11 g

Pigment in paints, varnishes, & lacquers, 51%; paper uses, 23%; pigment in plastics, 12%; exports, 5%; pigment in elastomers, 2.5%; component of porcelain enamels & glazes, 1.5%; other uses, 5% (1981, does not include unisolated component of ores used in mfr of titanium metal & alloys)

Paints, varnishes & lacquers, 54%; paper, 21%; plastics, 16%; rubber, 2%; ceramics, 1%; and other, 6% (1986)

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Titanium Dioxide. Paint, varnish and lacquer, 49%; paper and paperboard, 19%; plastics, 13%; other, including fibers, inks, ceramics, tire rubbers, food and pharmaceutical, 7%; exports, 12%.

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Titanium dioxide. Demand: 1987: 952,000 tons; 1988: 1,018,000 tons; 1992 /projected/: 1,100,000 tons (Does not include imports, which totaled 192,000 tons in 1987.)

For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for TITANIUM DIOXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Heat stabilizer

Pigment

Filler

Bleaching agent

Pigment

Intermediate

May be prepared by direct combination of titanium and oxygen; by treatment of titanium salts in aqueous solution; by reaction of volatile, inorganic titanium compounds with oxygen; by oxidation or hydrolysis of organic compounds of titanium.

Preparation - By adding ammonia or an alkali carbonate to a solution of titanyl sulfate (TiOSO4). Titanic acid Ti(OH)4 or TiO(OH)2 is precipitated and, after filtration and washing, is dried and ignited.

The older sulfate process starts with a digestion reaction of the titanium-containing raw material (ilmenite or titanium slag) with concentrated sulfuric acid at 150 - 220 °C resulting in the ''black liquor'' containing the dissolved Ti, Fe, and impurities. Relatively pure titanium oxide hydrate (TiO(OH)2 or TiO2 dihydrate) is precipitated by hydrolysis of this titanyl sulfate solution. Impurities are largely removed in further purification stages. The titanium oxyhydrate is then calcined, ground, and usually coated with inorganic compounds.

In the chloride process, the titanium-containing raw materials ilmenite, leucoxene, rutile, titanium slag, or anatase are chlorinated at 700 - 1200 °C. The TiCl4 is oxidized at temperatures of 900 - 1400 °C to form TiO2.

Technical, of many variations, pure, USP, single crystals, whiskers.

Available in several grades depending on the crystal structure, surface treatment, and particle size distribution. Both rutile and anatase forms are available.

Cosmetics product ingredient: Titanium dioxide (airborne, unbound particles of respirable size) (CI 77891)

Cosmetics product ingredient: Titanium dioxide (CI 77891)

Information on 9 consumer products that contain Anatase titanium dioxide in the following categories is provided:

Information on 28 consumer products that contain Rutile (Titanium dioxide) in the following categories is provided:

Information on 3445 consumer products that contain Titanium dioxide in the following categories is provided:

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Colorants;Processing Aids and Additives

Safer Chemical Classes -> Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern

Food additives

Fragrance Ingredients

Food Additives -> COLOUR -> JECFA Functional Classes

Food Additives -> COLOUR -> JECFA Functional Classes

Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing

Printing Ink Manufacturing

Plastics Product Manufacturing

Anatase (TiO2): ACTIVE

Rutile (TiO2): ACTIVE

Titanium oxide (TiO2): ACTIVE