HuagongsheHuagongshe Chemistry Print Report · For research reference only
Titanium dioxide
TIO2 · TITANIUM(IV) OXIDE · ANATASE · PIGMENT WHITE 6 · TITANIUM WHITE · TITANIC ANHYDRIDE · Anatase type · TITANIUM DIOXIDE, ANATASE
Identifiers & Physical Properties
| CAS No. | 1317-70-0 |
|---|---|
| Molecular formula | O2Ti |
| Average molar mass | 79.866 g/mol |
| SMILES | [O]=[Ti]=[O] |
| InChIKey | GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| PubChem CID | 26042 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1201136 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:32234 |
| EC No. | 215-280-1 |
Chemical & Physical Properties
| Topological polar surface area | 34.1 |
|---|---|
| Hydrogen bond donors | 0 |
| Hydrogen bond acceptors | 2 |
| Rotatable bonds | 0 |
| Heavy atoms | 3 |
| Formal charge | 0 |
| Complexity | 18.3 |
| Chemical classes | Metals -> Metals, Inorganic Compounds |
| Polymers | Plastics -> Pigments agentsPlastics -> Other functions -> UV/light stabiliserPlastics -> Polyolefin-IPURPolyolefin-IIPVC (soft)ABSPVC (rigid)PETPMMAPAPC(E)PS |
| Cosmetics | Cosmetics ingredient -> Anticaking/AbsorbentsBaseBulking/ViscosityColorantFlavorFragranceOpacifying AgentOther (Specify)Preservative/StabilizerSurfactantUV InhibitorConditioning/EmollientCosmetic colorantUv absorber |
| pH | SUSPENSION IN WATER (1 IN 10) IS NEUTRAL TO LITMUS |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | phase transformationdielectric constant |
| Fragrances | Fragrance Ingredient (Titanium oxide (TiO2)) -> IFRA transparency List |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Taste | TASTELESS |
| Food additives | Foods, Drugs, Cosmetics, Devices -> FDA Regulatory Status of Color AdditivesANTICAKING AGENT OR FREE-FLOW AGENT, COLOR OR COLORING ADJUNCT, DRYING AGENT, HUMECTANT, PROCESSING AID, SURFACE-FINISHING AGENT, TRACER -> FDA Substance added to food |
| Density | 3.9 to 4.2 (NTP, 1992)4.23White, orthorhombic crystalsdensity: 4.17 g/cu cm /Titanium(IV)oxide (Brookite)/3.9-4.3 g/cm³4.264.23 @25 °C4.26 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.) |
| Color/Form | White, tetragonal crystalsWhite powder in two crystalline forms, anatase and rutileAMORPHOUS, INFUSIBLE POWDER |
| Solubility | less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)Insoluble in water and organic solvents. Dissolves slowly in hydrofluoric acid and in hot concentrated sulphuric acid.Insoluble in waterSoluble in hot concentrated sulfuric acidin hydrofluoric acidinsoluble in hydrochloric acid, nitric acid or diluted sulfuric acidINSOL IN ORG SOLVENTSSOLUBLE IN ALKALIInsoluble in water, dilute acids, organic acids, and dilute alkalis. |
| Melting point | 1840 °C |
| Boiling point | 2900 °C |
| Bulk density | 0.04-0.06g/mL |
| Flash point | 368°C |
| Storage conditions | Store at room temperature, keep dry and cool |
| Physical state | powder |
| Specific gravity | 3.9 |
| Color | White |
| Crystal Structure | Tetragonal, P4/mnm |
| crystal system | square |
| Merck | 14,9472 |
| Space group | I41/amd |
| Lattice constant | a/nm |
| GHS pictogram | GHS08 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| GHS hazard statements | H351 |
| GHS precautionary statements | P201-P202-P280-P308+P313-P405-P501a |
| Personal protective equipment (PPE) | dust mask type N95 (US), Eyeshields, Gloves |
| Hazard symbols | Xn |
| Risk statements (R) | 20-36/37/38 |
| Safety statements (S) | 26-36 |
| Water hazard class (WGK) | - |
| RTECS number | XR2275000 |
| TSCA inventory status | TSCA listed |
| Storage class | 13 - Non Combustible Solids |
Safety & Regulations
| GHS classification | WarningH351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 62.8% (7032 of 11189) of all reports.H351 (36.1%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity] |
|---|---|
| Regulatory information | Chemical: Anatase (TiO2)Chemical: Rutile (TiO2)Chemical: Titanium oxide (TiO2)Hazard Traits - CarcinogenicityRegulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (amended)Titanium oxide (TiO2) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Titanium oxide (TiO2) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711) |
| Other safety information | IMAP assessments - Titanium dioxide: Human health tier II assessmentIMAP assessments - Rutile (TiO2): Environment tier I assessment |
| Fire hazards | Literature sources indicate that this chemical is noncombustible. (NTP, 1992)Not combustible. |
| Fire potential | Noncombustible |
| Health hazards | Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Titanium dioxide: |
| Hazards summary | A study of 1,576 workers in the U.S. exposed to TiO2 for more than one year used incidence data from 1956 through 1985. Mortality data was available from the company for the years 1935 through 1983. There was no excess of lung cancer or chronic respiratory disease and no cases of pulmonary fibrosis. [Rom, p. 537-8] Cases of pulmonary fibrosis associated with exposure to TiO2 have been reported, but the reactions may have been caused by silica present as contamination. [Hendrick, p. 180-1] No listed effects of short-term or long-term exposure[ICSC] NIOSH has determined that ultrafine TiO2 is a potential occupational carcinogen but that there are insufficient data at this time to classify fine TiO2 as a potential occupational carcinogen. Summary of Epidemiologic Studies: Overall, these studies provide no clear evidence of elevated risks of lung cancer mortality or morbidity among those workers exposed to TiO2 dust. [Reference #1] 2021 TLV Basis: lower respiratory tract irritation, pneumoconiosis[ACGIH] See Titanium. See Anatase.Not a skin irritant[IUCLID] NIOSH has determined that ultrafine TiO2 is a potential occupational carcinogen but that there are insufficient data at this time to classify fine TiO2 as a potential occupational carcinogen. Summary of Epidemiologic Studies: Overall, these studies provide no clear evidence of elevated risks of lung cancer mortality or morbidity among those workers exposed to TiO2 dust. [Reference #1] A skin and strong eye irritantToxic by inhalation[Sigma-Aldrich MSDS] See Titanium dioxide. |
| FDA requirements | The color additive titanium dioxide may be safely used for coloring foods generally, subject to the following restrictions: (1) The quantity of titaanium dioxide does not exceed 1 percent by weight of the food. (2) It may not be used to color foods for which standards of identity have been promulgated under section 401 of the act unless added color is authorized by such standards. ... Certification of this color additive is not necessary for the protection of the public health and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification requirements of section 721(c) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.The color additive titanium dioxide may be used for coloring ingested and externally aplied drugs generally, in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice. External application uncludes use in the area of the eye. Certification of this color additive is not necessary for the protection of the public health and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification requirements of section 721(c) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.The color additive titanium dioxide may be safely used in cosmetics, including cosmetics intended for use in the area of the eye, in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice. Certification of this color additive is not necessary for the protection of the public health and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification requirements of section 721(c) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act./Titanium dioxide/ ... may be used as a color additive in contact lenses in amounts not to exceed the minimum reasonably required to accomplish the intended coloring effect. Authorization and compliance with this use shall not be construed as waiving any of the requirements of sections 510(k), 515, and 520(g) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act with respect to the contact lenses in which the additive is used. ... Certification of this color additive is not necessary for the protection of the public health and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification requirements of section 721(c) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.For more FDA Requirements (Complete) data for TITANIUM DIOXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Reactive group | Non-Redox-Active Inorganic Compounds |
| EC classification | Note: |
| Special Reports | Due to its multifunctional applications, titanium dioxide particles have widespread use in commerce. The particle-types function as sources of pigment color, in food products, anti-bacterial components, ultraviolet radiation scavengers, catalysts, as well as in cosmetics. Because of its inherent properties in a diverse number of products, exposures may occur via any of the major point-of-entry routes, i.e., inhalation, oral or dermal. Although the majority of TiO2 applications are known to exist in the pigment-grade form, nanoscale forms of TiO2 are also common components in several products. This brief review is designed to identify relevant toxicology and risk-related issues which inform health effects assessments on the various forms of titanium dioxide particles.[Warheit DBHow to Measure Hazards/Risks Following Exposures to Nanoscale or Pigment-Grade Titanium Dioxide ParticlesToxicol Lett 220 (2): 193-204 (2013)]Bioassay of Titanium Dioxide for Possible Carcinogenicity (1979) Technical Rpt Series No. 97 DHEW Pub No. (NIH) 79-1347, U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20014 |
| EPA Safer Chemical | Chemical: Titanium (IV) oxide |
| FIFRA requirements | Residues of titanium dioxide are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only. Use: pigment/coloring agent in plastic bags used to wrap growing banana (preharvest), colorant on seeds for planting.Residues of titanium dioxide are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. Use: pigment/colorant in pesticide formulations for animal tag.Titanium dioxide is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance for residues in or on growing crops, when used as an inert ingredient (UV protectant) in microencapsulated formulations of the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin at no more than 3.0% by weight of the formulation and as an inert ingredient (UV-stabilizer) at no more than 5% in pesticide formulations containing the active ingredient napropamide. |
| Fire fighting | Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)In case of fire in the surroundings: use appropriate extinguishing media.In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. |
| First aid measures | Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.Rinse mouth. |
| First aid | EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.(General first aid procedures) |
| Safe storage | Store in covered containers.Separated from reducing agents. |
| Exposure control and personal protection | 0.3 [mg/m3], respirable fraction[German Research Foundation (DFG)] |
| Fire fighting procedures | In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. |
| Cleanup methods | Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. |
| Nonfire spill response | SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, dampen the solid spill material with 5% ammonium hydroxide, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 5% ammonium hydroxide to pick up any remaining material. Your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with 5% ammonium hydroxide followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. |
| Disposal methods | SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal. |
| Spillage disposal | Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. |
| Preventive Measures | PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. |
| Eye Prevention | Wear safety spectacles. |
| Cancer Sites | [in animals: lung tumors] |
| Interactions | Nanoparticles (NPs) have been reported to penetrate into human skin through lesional skin or follicular structures. Therefore, their ability to interact with dendritic cell (DC) was investigated using DCs generated from monocytes (mono-DCs). Hybrid titanium dioxide/para-amino benzoic acid (TiO(2)/PABA) NPs did not induce any cell toxicity. NPs were internalized into DCs through macropinocytosis and not by a receptor-mediated mechanism. Confocal microscopy showed that NPs were not detected in the nucleus. These data are confirmed by electronic microscopy which demonstrated that hybrid NPs were rapidly in contact with cellular membrane and localized into cytoplasmic vesicles without colocalization with clathrin-coated vesicles. Hybrid NPs did not induce CD86 or HLA-DR overexpression or cytokine secretion (IL-8 and TNF-alpha) indicating no DC activation. Internalization of hybrid NPs did not modify DC response towards sensitizers such as nickel and thimerosal or /lipopolysaccharide/ LPS used as positive controls. Moreover, hybrid NPs did not induce any oxidative stress implicated in DC activation process. After mono-DC irradiation by ultraviolet A (UVA), hybrid NP-treated cells did not produce UVA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exhibited a better cell viability compared with UVA-irradiated control cells, suggesting a protecting effect of hybrid TiO(2)/PABA NPs against UVA-induced ROS. /Hybrid TiO(2)/PABA Nanoparticles/Diminish the penetration of ultraviolet (UV) light through the epidermis by absorbing UV radiation within a specific wavelength range. The amount and wavelength of UV radiation absorbed are affected by the molecular structure of the sunscreen agent. /Sunscreen agents, topical/A large quantity of white gas containing titanium dioxide and hydrogen chloride was generated unexpectedly during an experiment in a chemical laboratory. Fourteen students and staff complained of nausea, dyspnea, or respiratory irritation immediately after inhaling the gas. On arrival at Saint Luke's International Hospital, more than half of the patients presented with low-grade fever. Symptoms spontaneously resolved soon after admission, although the low-grade fever persisted until the following morning. Low-grade fever after inhalation exposure is not explicable by hydrogen chloride inhalation and therefore appeared to be caused by titanium dioxide inhalation, manifesting as metal fume fever. Titanium dioxide is thought to have no remarkable human toxicity and is considered to be safe clinically. To our knowledge, this is the first report of titanium dioxide inhalation as the potential cause of metal fume fever in humans. Correlations between the degree of fever and quantity and concentration of inhaled titanium dioxide remain to be determined.Male Long-Evans-hooded-rats were exposed in a nose only setting to cadmium-chloride at concentrations of 1.5 or 5.0 mg/cu m cadmium ... for 30 minutes. Lung clearance and lymphatic uptake were determined after exposing the cadmium treated rats to titanium-dioxide at dust concentrations of 12 to 15 mg/ cu m for 6 hours. The initial deposition of titanium-dioxide was decreased by 40 percent due to the pre-exposure to 5 milligrams cadmium-chloride. The overall clearance of titanium-dioxide was not changed, but the lymph node burden was 2.7 times higher in cadmium exposed animals as compared to controls. The 1.5 mg/cu m cadmium-chloride exposure did not influence lung clearance nor lymphatic uptake of titanium-dioxide. When the order of exposures was reversed and the animals were first exposed to titanium-dioxide followed by cadmium-chloride, the same results were obtainedlymphatic uptake of titanium-dioxide was increased. The authors concluded that dust particle uptake by the lymphatic system is increased when phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages is decreased.Groups of 24 male and 24 female Syrian golden hamsters, 6-7 weeks of age, received intratracheal instillations of 3 mg titanium dioxide ((purity unspecified)particle size: 97% <5 um51% <0.5 um) plus 3 mg benzo(a)pyrene in 0.2 mL saline or 3 mg benzo(a)pyrene alone in saline (controls) once a week for 15 weeks. Animals were observed until spontaneous deathall control and treated hamsters had died by 90- 100 and 60-70 weeks, respectively. In the 48 hamsters treated with titanium dioxide plus benzo[a]pyrene, tumors (number of tumors per sex unspecified) occurred in the larynx (11 papillomas, five squamous-cell carcinomas), trachea (three papillomas, 14 squamouscell carcinomas, one adenocarcinoma) and lung (one adenoma, one adenocarcinoma, 15 squamous-cell carcinomas, one anaplastic carcinoma). Two papillomas occurred in the trachea of benzo(a)pyrene-treated controls. In the same study, ferric oxide (3 mg) and benzo(a)pyrene induced a similar spectrum of tumors to that induced by the combination with titanium dioxide. |
| Target organs | respiratory system |
| Ecotoxicity values | EC50Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae) exponential growth phaseConditions: freshwater, static, 24 °CConcentration: 35900 ug/L for 72 hr (95% confidence interval: 31400-41700 ug/L)Effect: increased growth rate /100% purity/LC50Species: Thamnocephalus platyurus (Fairy shrimp) larvaConditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C, pH 7.3-7.8Concentration: >20000000 ug/L for 24 hr /100% purity/Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea) age < or =24 hr neonateConditions: freshwater, static, 20-21 °C, pH 7.1-8.7, dissolved oxygen > or =3 mg/LConcentration: >100000 ug/L for 48 hrEffect: intoxication, immobilization /99.4% purity/Species: Ceriodaphnia dubia (Water flea) age <24 hr neonateConditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH 8.2, hardness 142 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 8.5-8.9 mg/LConcentration: >10000 ug/L for 48 hr />99% purity/For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for TITANIUM DIOXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Adverse effects | Fibrogenic - Inducing tissue injury and fibrosis (scarring). |
| Exposure routes | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of dust.The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion. |
| Ecotoxicity excerpts | /AQUATIC SPECIES/ This research evaluated the toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles to freshwater aquatic organisms and the effects of organic and inorganic material on TiO2 toxicity. The fathead minnow was much less acutely sensitive to TiO2 (LC50 500 mg/L and higher) than Ceriodaphnia dubia /water flea/ and Daphnia pulex /water flea/ (mean LC50 values 7.6 and 9.2 mg/L, respectively). Total organic carbon levels of 1.5 mg/L decreased TiO2 acute toxicity to C. dubia (LC50 > 100 mg/L), but kaolinite clay decreased TiO2 toxicity to a lesser extent. In chronic toxicity tests, the green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was more sensitive to TiO2 (IC25 1-2 mg/L) than C. dubia (IC25 9.4-26.4 mg/L) and the fathead minnow (IC25 values over 340 mg/L). Study results indicate that the specific organisms exposed and the effects of water quality parameters on TiO2 toxicity should be considered in hazard evaluations of this nanoparticle. |
| Signs and Symptoms | Redness.Lung fibrosis[potential occupational carcinogen] |
| Ongoing Test Status | The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from, as of October 18, 2013: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=13463-67-7] |
| ICSC Environmental Data | This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal. |
| Medical Surveillance | The following medical procedures should be made available to each employee who is exposed to titanium dioxide at potentially hazardous levels: Employees should be screened for history of certain medical conditions which might place the employee at increased risk from titanium dioxide exposure. Chronic respiratory disease: Titanium dioxide is a nuisance dust. In persons with impaired pulmonary function, especially those with obstructive airway disease, the breathing of titanium dioxide might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its irritant properties. ... Any employee developing the above listed conditions should be refered for further medical examination. |
| TSCA Test Submissions | Chronic toxicity and oncogenicity were evaluated in male and female Charles River Crl:CD(SD)BR rats (100/sex/group) exposed to atmospheres containing titanium dioxide dust at concentrations of 0, 10.55, 50.68, or 250.10 mg/cu m for 6 hrs/day, 5 days/week for up to 2 yrs. The mean respirable fractions were 93.7% or greater. Titanium dioxide was observed to accumulate in the upper respiratory tract airways, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, lymphatic system, liver and spleen. There were significant differences between treated and control groups of both sexes in the following: decreased body weights, increased lung weights, increased thymus weights (both sexes at high-dose level and males at 50 mg/cu m/), increased white blood cell counts, increased bilirubin levels (females at 50 and 250 mg/cu m), decreased calcium levels, phosphorus levels (decreased in males and increased in females), increased irregular respiration, and abnormal lung noises. Significant dose-related lung effects included alveolar proteinosis, cholesterol granuloma formation, focal pleurisy, collagenized fibrosis, and thickened alveolar walls impairing oxygen diffusion. Polycythemia was observed in high-dose level rats. Bronchioalveolar adenomas were significantly increased in high-dose animals and cystic keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas were observed primarily in the high-dose animals, females more affected than males. There were significant differences between treated and control animals, without clear dose-responses, in decreased absolute and/or relative liver and kidney weights. |
| Personal protective equipment (PPE) | dust mask type N95 (US), Eyeshields, Gloves |
| Water hazard class (WGK) | - |
| TSCA inventory status | TSCA listed |
| RTECS number | XR2275000 |
| Risk statements (R) | 20-36/37/38 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| GHS pictogram | GHS08 |
| Hazard symbols | Xn |
| Safety statements (S) | 26-36 |
| Storage class | 13 - Non Combustible Solids |
| GHS hazard statements | H351 |
| GHS precautionary statements | P201-P202-P280-P308+P313-P405-P501a |
Applications & Uses
Description
The lattice structure of anatase is also tetragonal, but the lower packing fraction of the crystal lattice explains why anatase crystal exhibits both a lower hardness and refractive indices than rutile.Nevertheless, because the crystal lattice energies of the two phases are quite similar, anatase remains metastable over long periods of time despite being less thermodynamically stable. However, above 700°C, the irreversible and rapid monotropic conversion of anatase to rutile occurs. From an optical point of view, anatase exhibits a greater transparency in the near-UV than rutile.
Uses
Titanium(IV) oxide is used as UV-resistant cloth, skin protecting cream, face washing milk, cream milk, powder make-up. It is also used as photocatalyst, self-cleaning glass, self-cleaning ceramics, antibacterial material, air purification, sewage handling, chemical industry. It is widely utilized in cosmetics, sunscreen cream, natural white moisture protection cream, beauty and whitening cream, dawn and night cream, moistening refresher, vanishing cream, chemical fiber, plastics, printing ink coating. It is likewise utilized for improving the impressionability and opacity of the paper and used for producing titanium, ferrotitanium alloy, carbide alloy etc. in the metallurgical industry.
Uses
Titania paste may be used as a transparent coating for self cleaning glass.Low optical scattering titania-acrylate nanocomposites have been reported. Metal contacts in solar cells based on titanium dioxide and di-(isothiocyanate)-bis-(2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylate)ruthenium(II) have been studied.
General Description
Titanium (IV) oxide nanopowder is widely used in skin products, additives, and foods. Nano titania has been proved to be the most active photocatalytic semiconductor under ultraviolet radiation. Titanium isopropoxide, titanium (IV) butoxide has been used as precursor materials to synthesize nano-titania.