HomeMCPWorkbenchSkills
HomeWorkbenchNotificationsMe
Huagongshe Open Program：[email protected]AI access: llms.txt · MCP GuidePrivacy Policy · Terms of Service · Supportv1.7.8
Back
HuagongsheHuagongshe Chemistry Print Report · For research reference only
HCID 280Generated: October 27, 2026

Carbon Dioxide

CO2 · DRY ICE · carbondioxide(co2) · Trockeneis · Carbonic anhydride · r744 · Kohlendioxid · Drikold

https://huagongshe.com/en/chemical/280

Carbon Dioxide molecular structure

Identifiers & Physical Properties

CAS No.124-38-9
Molecular formulaCO2
Average molar mass44.009 g/mol
Monoisotopic mass43.98982924 g/mol
SMILESO=C=O
InChIKeyCURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PubChem CID280
ChEMBLCHEMBL1231871
ChEBICHEBI:16526
EC No.204-696-9
DTXSIDDTXSID4027028

Chemical & Physical Properties

XLogP0.9
Topological polar surface area34.1
Hydrogen bond donors0
Hydrogen bond acceptors2
Rotatable bonds0
Heavy atoms3
Formal charge0
Complexity18.3
Chemical classesToxic Gases & Vapors -> Simple Asphyxiants
CosmeticsPropellant
pHThe pH of saturated CO2 solutions varies from 3.7 at 101 kPa (1 atm) to 3.2 at 2370 kPa (23.4 atm)
SpringerMaterials PropertiesSchoenflies notation
PesticidesOther TreatmentActive substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approvedAgrochemicals -> Pesticide active substancesActive substance -> EU Pesticides database: Approved
LogP (partition coefficient)0.83
OdorOdorlessFaintly pungent odorat 100.00%. odorless
TasteFaint acid taste
Food additivesANTIMICROBIAL AGENT, ANTIOXIDANT, FLAVOR ENHANCER, FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT, FORMULATION AID, FREEZING OR COOLING AGENT, DIRECT CONTACT, PH CONTROL AGENT, PROCESSING AID, PROPELLANT, SOLVENT -> FDA Substance added to food
Density1.56 at -110.2 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than waterwill sinkAbsolute density: 0.1146 lb/cu ft at 25 °Cdensity: (gas at 0 °C) 1.976 g/L at 760 mm Hg(liq at 0 °C) 0.914 at 34.3 atm(solid) at -56.6 °C) 1.512critical density: 0.464Density: 1.799 g/LLiquid: volatile, odorless, density 1.101 at -37 °C, specific volume 8.76 cu ft/lb at 70 °FAbsolute density, gas at 101.325 kPa at 0 °C: 1.9770 kg/cu mrelative density, gas at 101.325 kPa at 0 °C (Air = 1): 1.53Latent heat of vaporization = 353.4 J/g at the triple point231.3 J/g at 0 °Cviscosity = 0.015 mPa-sec at 298 K and 101.3 kPagas density = 1.976 g/L at 273 K and 101.3 kPa1.977(0℃)
Viscosity21.29 uPa-sec at 300 K /26.85 °C/
Color/FormColorless gasLiquid: colorlessSolid (dry ice): white, snow-like flakes or cubesColorless ... gas [Note: Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas. Solid form is utilized as dry ice].
Melting point−78.5 °C(lit.)
Boiling point-78.46°C
Vapor density1.52 (vs air)
Vapor pressure56.5 atm ( 20 °C)
Refractive index1.0004
Storage conditions−70°C
SolubilityAt 20 °C and at a pressure of 101 kPa, 1 volume dissolves in about 1 volume of water.mL CO2/100mL H2O at 760mm: 171 (0°C), 88 (20°C), 36 (60°C) [MER06]
Physical statecolorless gas
Colorcolorless
Thermal conductivity0.016632 W/(m·K)
Specific heat capacityCp(gas): 0.84 J/(g·K), at 25℃
Merck13,1819
BRN1900390
Henry's law constant3.4×10-4 mol/(m3Pa) at 25℃, Burkholder et al. (2019)
Exposure limitsACGIH:TLV-TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3)TLV-STEL 30,000 ppm (54,000 mg/m3)OSHA:PEL-TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3)NIOSH:REL-TWA 5000 ppmREL-STEL 30,000 ppm
Dielectric constant1.6(0℃)
StabilityStable. Incompatible with chemically active metals, such as alkali metals.
Cosmetics Ingredients FunctionsPROPELLANT
InChI1S/CO2/c2-1-3
InChIKeyCURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILESO=C=O
LogP (partition coefficient)0.830 (est)
Surface tension1.19mN/m at 293.15K
CAS DataBase Reference124-38-9(CAS DataBase Reference)
SCOGS (Select Committee on GRAS Substances)Carbon dioxide
Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS)CARBON DIOXIDE
FDA 21 CFR184.1240582.1240
EWG's Food Scores1
NCI Dictionary of Cancer Termscarbon dioxide
FDA UNII142M471B3J
ATC codeV03AN02
EPA Substance Registry SystemCarbon dioxide (124-38-9)
UNSPSC Code12352119
NACRESNA.22
CAS Number Unlabeled124-38-9
GHS pictogramGHS04
Signal wordWarning
GHS hazard statementsH280
GHS precautionary statementsP410+P403
Personal protective equipment (PPE)Eyeshields, Gloves, multi-purpose combination respirator cartridge (US)
Safety statements (S)9
UN transport numberUN 1013 2.2 (CARBON DIOXIDE)
Occupational exposure band (OEB)A
Occupational exposure limit (OEL)TWA: 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3), STEL: 30,000 ppm (54,000 mg/m3)
Water hazard class (WGK)-
RTECS numberFF6400000
F4.5-31
TSCA inventory statusTSCA listed
DOT Classification2.2 (Non-flammable gas)
Hazard class2.2Press. Gas Liquefied gas
Packing groupIII
Customs code28112100
Storage class2A - Gases
Hazardous substances data124-38-9(Hazardous Substances Data)
Immediately dangerous to life or health concentration40,000 ppm

Safety & Regulations

GHS classificationThis chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 4.9% (77 of 1570) of reports.WarningH280 (82%): Contains gas under pressuremay explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]P282, P336+P317, P403, and P410+P403 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 1570 reports by companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 97.4% (38 of 39) of all reports.
Regulatory informationChemical: Carbon dioxideCommission Regulation No 844/2012Carbon dioxide is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Carbon dioxide are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Reg. (EU) 2021/802008/127, Reg. (EU) 2017/195, Reg. (EU) 2020/1160, Reg. (EU) 2021/745, Reg. (EU) 2022/437, Reg. (EU) No 532/2013, Reg. (EU) No 540/2011Carbon dioxide: Non hazardous
Other safety informationIMAP assessments - Carbon dioxide: Human health tier I assessment
DOT labelNon-Flammable GasClass 9
Fire hazardsBehavior in Fire: Containers may explode when heated. (USCG, 1999)Excerpt from ERG Guide 120 [Gases - Inert (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:· Non-flammable gases.
Fire potentialNoncombustible gas.
Health hazardsInhalation causes increased respiration rate, headache, subtle physiological changes for up to 5% concentration and prolonged exposure. Higher concentrations can cause unconsciousness and death. Solid can cause cold contact burns. Liquid or cold gas can cause freezing injury to skin or eyes similar to a burn. (USCG, 1999)Excerpt from ERG Guide 120 [Gases - Inert (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:· Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning, especially when in closed or confined areas.

Applications & Uses

Description

Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless, noncombustible gas present throughout the atmosphere and is an essential compound for life on Earth. It is found on other planets in the solar system. Mars’s icecaps are primarily frozen carbon dioxide and Venus’s atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide occurs naturally as approximately 0.03% v/v of the atmosphere.Solid carbon dioxide, also known as dry ice, is usually encountered as white-colored pellets or blocks.

Occurrence

Carbon dioxide is found throughout nature. Its concentration in the air is 0.036% by volume. It is the primary component of exhaled air of all animals. It also is the product of oxidation of all carbonaceous matter and an end product of complete combustion. It also is found dissolved in natural waters. It occurs in the earth’s crust and in volcanic eruptions. All plants depend on carbon dioxide and water for their survival, making their food by the process of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is found in abundance in the atmospheres of many other planets and their moons throughout the solar system. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, which traps the infrared radiation reradiated back by the earth’s surface, causing global warming and, therefore, changing the climate. The CO2 concentration in the atmosphere over a 30- year period from 1960 to 1990 has increased significantly from about 320 to 356 ppm by volume, which is widely attributed to the growth of industrial and automobile CO2 emission during this period. Carbon dioxide has extensive commercial applications. Some important applications of this compound include carbonation of beverages; as a fire extinguishing agent; in the manufacture of carbonates; as dry ice (solid CO2) for refrigeration; as an aerosol propellant; as a shielding gas for welding; as an inert atmosphere in preparation and handling of flammable substances; in cloud seeding; in fumigation of rice; to produce harmless smoke on stage; as an antiseptic; and as a supercritical fluid to extract organic pollutants for their analyses.

History

The discovery of carbon dioxide, credited to Joseph Black (1728–1799), played a critical role in supplanting the phlogiston theory and advancing the development of modern chemistry. Black, in his medical studies, was searching for a substance to dissolve kidney stones, but he switched his subject to a study of stomach acidity. Black was working with the carbonates magnesia alba (magnesium carbonate) and calcium carbonate (limestone) and observed that when magnesia alba was heated or reacted with acids, it produced a gas and a salt. Black, who published his work in 1756, called the gas “fixed air” and noted that it had properties similar to those described by Jan Baptista van Helmont (1577–1644) for spiritus sylvestrius. Spiritus sylvestrius was the gas produced during combustion processes, and van Helmont realized that this was the same gas produced during fermentation and when acids reacted with seashells.

Preparation & Synthesis

Preparation

Carbon dioxide is produced as a by-product in many processes. It is pro duced as a by-product in the manufacture of lime from calcium carbonate: CaCO3 →CaO + CO2 CO2 also is derived from synthesis gas which is a mixture of CO, CO2, H2 and N2 from air obtained by steam reforming. Carbon dioxide also is obtained by combustion of natural gas: CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O It also is obtained as a by-product in the Haber-Bosch process for the man ufacture of ammonia. The method involves passing steam and air over hot coke. Carbon dioxide also is produced along with ethanol from fermentation of carbohydrates by yeast: C6H12O6→2CO2 + 2C2H5OH In the laboratory, CO2 may be produced by the reaction of any carbonate with a dilute mineral acid: CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

Hazards summaryPossible frostbite from contact with liquid[NIOSH] Simple asphyxiant[ICSC]
DOT ID and guide1845 1201013 1202187 1201845 120(dry ice)2187 120(liquid)
FDA requirementsSubstance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).Carbon dioxide used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.
Reactive groupAcids, WeakNot Chemically Reactive
UN classificationUN Hazard Class: 2.2
Special ReportsUSEPA/Office of Pesticide ProgramsReregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Carbon and Carbon Dioxide (September 1991). The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the U.S.[Available from, as of November 20, 2009: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]USEPA. Climate Change. Overview of Greenhouse Gases. Carbon Dioxide Emissions. This page summarizes the sources of carbon dioxide emissions and trends in the U.S, as well as strategies for reducing emissions.[Available from, as of February 18, 2015: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/co2.html#ref1]Ocean acidification and its potential effects on marine ecosystems. Guinotte JM, Fabry VJAnn N Y Acad Sci 1134: 320-42 (2008): Marine taxa covered in this review include tropical reef-building corals, cold-water corals, crustose coralline algae, Halimeda, benthic mollusks, echinoderms, coccolithophores, foraminifera, pteropods, seagrasses, jellyfishes, and fishes.Environment CanadaTech Info for Problem Spills: Carbon Dioxide (1984)
Fire fightingExcerpt from ERG Guide 120 [Gases - Inert (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.
First aid measuresFresh air, rest. Administration of oxygen may be needed. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention .ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water. Refer for medical attention.
Accidental release measures· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
First aidExcerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Carbon dioxide:General First Aid:
Safe storageFireproof if in building. Cool. Ventilation along the floor.
Firefighting Hazards/Carbon dioxide/ is not effective for use on fires involving chemicals that have their own oxygen supply (i.e., cellulose nitrate)or on fires involving reactive metals (such as, potassium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, titanium and zirconium) or their hydrides as these materials decompose carbon dioxide.
Exposure control and personal protection· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).5000.0 [ppm]
Fire fighting proceduresSuitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.Fire fighting: self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Do not use water on material itself. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide, refrigerated liquid/
Storage conditionsConditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Contents under pressure. Avoid heating above: 50 °C.Fireproof if in building. Cool. Ventilation along the floor.Dry ice should not be kept in container that is not designed to withstand pressure. Containers of other substances stored over dry ice for extended periods generally absorb carbon dioxide unless they have been carefully sealed. When such containers are removed from storage and allowed to come rapidly to room temperature, the carbon dioxide may develop sufficient pressure to burst the container with explosive violence. On removal of such containers from storage, the stopper should be loosened or the container itself should be wrapped in towels and kept behind a shield.Store liquid containers in well ventilated areas. Keep cylinders away from sources of heat. Storage should not be in heavy traffic areas to prevent accidental knocking over or damage from passing or falling objects. Valve caps should remain on cylinders not connected for use. Segregate full and empty cylinders. ... Store carbon dioxide cylinders with the valve end up.
Cleanup methodsAccidental release measures. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas.Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains.Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Clean up promptly by sweeping or vacuum.1) Ventilate area of leak to disperse gas. 2) Stop flow of gas. If source of leak is cylinder & leak cannot be stopped in place, remove...to safe place in open air, & repair leak or allow cylinder to empty.Water spray may be used to convert any form of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid which may then be neutralized with alkali.
Nonfire spill responseExcerpt from ERG Guide 120 [Gases - Inert (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:
Disposal methodsSRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in air, soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.Vent to atmosphere.Evaporation: Remove leaking /carbon dioxide/ cylinder or scrap solid (snow or dry ice) to a hood with forced ventilation or to a remote outside area. Allow gas to bleed off at a moderate rate or solid to sublime.
TreatmentIn case of inhalation, administer 100% humidified supplemental oxygen with assisted ventilation as required. Administer a benzodiazepine IV if seizures occur. Irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes if exposure occurred through eye exposure. In case of dermal exposure, rewarming and a variety of topical treatments are indicated for frostbite injury. (T36)
InteractionsReactive oxygen species (ROS) are harmful because they can oxidize biological macromolecules. We show here that atmospheric CO(2) (concentration range studied: 40-1,000 ppm.) increases death rates due to H(2)O(2) stress in Escherichia coli in a dose-specific manner. This effect is correlated with an increase in H(2)O(2)-induced mutagenesis and, as shown by 8-oxo-guanine determinations in cells, DNA base oxidation rates. Moreover, the survival of mutants that are sensitive to aerobic conditions (Hpx(-) dps and recA fur), presumably because of their inability to tolerate ROS, seems to depend on CO(2) concentration. Thus, CO(2) exacerbates ROS toxicity by increasing oxidative cellular lesions.The responsiveness of respiratory center to stimulation by CO2 ... is depressed by anoxia and various drugs such as ether, alcohol, chloroform, morphine, barbital, etc.The role of CO2 in hyperbaric oxygen toxicity was investigated by administering acetazolamide ..., tris buffer (tris-hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, and NaHCO3 by ip injection, and by exposure of other groups of animals to an atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% O2. All animals were placed in a pressure chamber and maintained at 50 psig in 100% O2 until death. The tris buffer and NaHCO3 buffer significantly extended /the/ time to onset of convulsions and to time of death. Acetazolamide and also 5% CO2 shortened /the/ time of convulsions and significantly shortened survival time. Apparently, increased tissue levels of CO2 play an important role in hyperbaric O2 toxicity. The cause of death in the animals exposed to hyperbaric O2 was pulmonary edema secondary to a systemic hypertension.Toxicological interactions between carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were evaluated in rats. Groups of six male Fischer rats were exposed for 30 minutes to carbon monoxide and CO2, either individually or in combination, or to the products of combustible materials. Exposure to carbon monoxide in air caused death within the first minute at concentrations of 4600 to 5000 ppm, which gave carboxyhemoglobin levels greater than 83%. With 2500 ppm carbon monoxide, blood pH decreased from 7.42 to 7.2. The CO2 concentrations tested (1.3 to 14.7%) were neither incapacitating nor lethal. When CO2 was added to sublethal concentrations of carbon monoxide, some of the rats died during either the 30 minute exposure period or in the following 24 hours. The rate of formation of carboxyhemoglobin from an exposure to 2500 ppm carbon monoxide was 1.5 times greater in the presence of 5.25% CO2. However, this could not explain the increased death rate, since the carboxyhemoglobin equilibrium level (78%) did not change. The combination of 2500 ppm carbon monoxide and 5.25% CO2 reduced the blood pH to 6.8. With the combined gases, the total CO2 and bicarbonate values remained low for at least 30 minutes after exposure indicating that a combination of respiratory and metabolic acidosis occurred in animals exposed to both gases. Carbon monoxide, CO2 and carboxyhemoglobin levels produced as a result of thermal combustion of 11 natural and synthetic materials at their median lethal concentrations were measured. Only polyphenylsulfone produced sufficient carbon monoxide and carboxyhemoglobin levels to suggest carbon monoxide as the primary toxicant. For the other materials the carbon monoxide concentration was too low to account for the deaths observed. It was concluded that in the range of 2500 to 4100 ppm, carbon monoxide alone has very little probability of causing death, but if it is combined with levels of CO2 above 1.5 % the probability of death is much higher.For more Interactions (Complete) data for Carbon dioxide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Target organsrespiratory system, cardiovascular system
Health effectsCarbon dioxide poisoning (Hypercapnia) can induce increased cardiac output, an elevation in arterial blood pressure, and a propensity toward arrhythmias (L1145).
Ecotoxicity valuesLC50Species: /Oncorhynchus mykiss/ (Rainbow trout)Concentration: 240 mg/L for 1 hour /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source/Concentration: 35 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source/Concentration: 60-240 mg/L for 12 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source/
Environmental fateThe extensive sets of global CO2 measurements of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin (NOAA) Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change (GMCC) division and of the Upper Atmosphere and Space Research Laboratory of Tohoku University are combined with a two-dimensional transport model to derive, in an "inverse" calculation, the latitudinal and seasonal distributions of sources and sinks of CO2 necessary to reproduce the observed concn. ... It is found that the southern oceans are a sink of carbon of 0.8 to 1.5 Gt/yr (1 Gt = 1 x 10 +15 g) and that the equatorial areas are a source to the atmosphere of 1.4 to 2.8 Gt. There seems to be significant seasonality in the sources and sinks of CO2, both in the tropics and in the southern oceans. Seasonal net ecosystem production north of 25 deg N is found to be 6.2 to 8.2 Gt of carbon. ... The global average net source of atmospheric CO2 estimated from the Tohoku data is 2.84 Gt C/yr, while for the GMCC data it is 2.98 Gt C/yr.
Adverse effectsOther Poison - Simple Asphyxiant
Exposure routesThe substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.inhalation, skin and/or eye contact (liquid/solid)Inhalation (L1144)dermal (L1144)eye contact (L1144).
Toxicity summaryIDENTIFICATION AND USE: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless gas and liquid, or solid (dry ice): white, snow-like flakes or cubes. It is registered for pesticide use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. Carbon dioxide is used as a pesticide for insect control in stored grain under modified atmospheres containing approx. 60% carbon dioxide. It is also used as rodenticide (mice and rats). Other uses include refrigeration, carbonated beverages, aerosol propellant, chemical intermediate (carbonates, synthetic fibers, p-xylene, etc.), low-temperature testing, fire extinguishing, inert atmospheres, municipal water treatment, medicine, enrichment of air in greenhouses, fracturing and acidizing of oil wells, mining (Cardox method), miscible pressure source, hardening of foundry molds and cores, shielding gas for welding, cloud seeding, moderator in some types of nuclear reactors, immobilization for humane animal killing, special lasers, blowing agent, as demulsifier in tertiary oil recovery, possible source of methane, (liquid) carrier for powdered-coal slurry. Supercritical or liquid CO2 used in extraction of caffeine and hops aromadry cleaningmetal degreasingcleaning semiconductor chipspaint sprayingpolymer modification. Carbon dioxide is used in hydraulic fracturing. CO2 is also used as medication during surgical procedures. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Carbon dioxide is produced by the body's metabolism and is always present in the body at about 6% concentration. An average adult human will produce more than 500 g of carbon dioxide daily under resting conditions, and will produce much more when active. The gas is a weak CNS depressant at 30,000 ppm, giving rise to reduced acuity of hearing and increasing blood pressure and pulse. Exposure at 7%-10% produces unconsciousness within a few minutes. At low concentrations, gaseous carbon dioxide appears to have little toxicological effect. At higher concentrations it leads to an increased respiratory rate, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias and impaired consciousness. Concentrations >10% may cause convulsions, coma and death. Solid carbon dioxide may cause burns following direct contact. If it is warmed rapidly, large amounts of carbon dioxide are generated, which can be dangerous, particularly within confined areas. Carbon dioxide at high concentration in air causes stinging sensation in eyes, nose, and throat. Asphyxiation with CO2 is said to have induced temporary proptosis and mydriasis and caused yellow vision, with transient blindness. Severe damage of CNS and retinal ganglion cells has been reported. ANIMAL STUDIES: Inhalation of air containing 68% carbon dioxide for 5 min caused death from asphyxia in pigs. Dogs were given 30% carbon dioxide for 2 hr, then 40% carbon dioxide, and then abruptly returned to normal air. Eleven dogs died within 10 min with ventricular fibrillation. Four survived with cardiac arrhythmias, and two had no cardiac symptoms. Rats exposed to an atmosphere containing 50% carbon dioxide died within 6 hr. Rats exposed to 25% died within 36 hr. Deaths were a result of pulmonary injury. Atmospheres as low as 20% carbon dioxide caused cerebral depression. All rats exposed to 10% carbon dioxide survived. Guinea pigs exposed to 15% carbon dioxide for 7 days lost weight at first but later returned to normal weight. They also had higher blood corticosteroids, lower adrenal epinephrine, decreased adrenal cholesterol, higher arterial free fatty acids, and decreased lymphocytes in the first 3 days of exposure. No effects were seen in male rhesus monkeys that spent 93 days in an atmosphere with 3% carbon dioxide. Toxicity to fertility (morphological changes of spermatozoa in mice at 1% and testicular changes in rats at 2.5%) and teratogenicity (cardiac and skeletal abnormalities in rats at 6%skeletal abnormalities in rabbits at 10%) were observed. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Harmful to some species of aquatic life in concentrations less than 20 mg/L. Adult and larval insects are rapidly anesthetized by carbon dioxide. Groups of caged, queenless Apis mellifera (honeybee) workers narcotized with CO(2) on consecutive days early in adult life showed a significantly lower level of ovary activation than did groups of untreated workers. This same experimental treatment, by contrast, is known to accelerate ovary activation and induce egg laying in virgin honey bee queens--an observation that suggests that CO(2) narcosis has contrasting effects in queen versus worker ovary activation. Elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a consequence of anthropogenic global change, can profoundly affect the interactions between crop plants and insect pests and may promote yet another form of global change: the rapid establishment of invasive species.Carbon dioxide causes widespread activation of the sympathetic nervous system and an increase in the plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, angiotensin, and other vasoactive peptides . The response is mediated by various subcortical centers in the hypothalamus, brainstem reticular formation and medulla. These areas can be excited locally by carbon dioxide, but they also receive afferents from the carotid and aortic chemoreceptors that are sensitive to changes in carbon dioxide in the blood. The results of sympathetic nervous system activation are, in general, opposite to the local effects of carbon dioxide. The sympathetic effects consist of an increase in cardiac contractility and heart rate and vasoconstriction (A628).
Ecotoxicity excerpts/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Carbon capture and storage is increasingly being considered one of the most efficient approaches to mitigate the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere associated with anthropogenic emissions. However, the environmental effects of potential CO2 leaks remain largely unknown. The amphipod Ampelisca brevicornis was exposed to environmental sediments collected in different areas of the Gulf of Cadiz and subjected to several pH treatments to study the effects of CO2-induced acidification on sediment toxicity. After 10 days of exposure, the results obtained indicated that high lethal effects were associated with the lowest pH treatments, except for the Ria of Huelva sediment test. The mobility of metals from sediment to the overlying seawater was correlated to a pH decrease. The data obtained revealed that CO2-related acidification would lead to lethal effects on amphipods as well as the mobility of metals, which could increase sediment toxicity./AQUATIC SPECIES/ The injection and storage of CO2 into marine geological formations has been suggested as a mitigation measure to prevent global warming. However, storage leaks are possible resulting in several effects in the ecosystem. Laboratory-scale experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of CO2 leakage on the fate of metals and on the growth of the microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Metal contaminated sediments were collected and submitted to acidification by means of CO2 injection or by adding HCl. Sediments elutriate were prepared to perform toxicity tests. The results showed that sediment acidification enhanced the release of metals to elutriates. Iron and zinc were the metals most influenced by this process and their concentration increased greatly with pH decreases. Diatom growth was inhibited by both processes: acidification and the presence of metals. Data obtained is this study is useful to calculate the potential risk of CCS activities to the marine environment./AQUATIC SPECIES/ Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), primarily from human fossil fuel combustion, reduces ocean pH and causes wholesale shifts in seawater carbonate chemistry. The process of ocean acidification is well documented in field data, and the rate will accelerate over this century unless future CO2 emissions are curbed dramatically. Acidification alters seawater chemical speciation and biogeochemical cycles of many elements and compounds. One well-known effect is the lowering of calcium carbonate saturation states, which impacts shell-forming marine organisms from plankton to benthic molluscs, echinoderms, and corals. Many calcifying species exhibit reduced calcification and growth rates in laboratory experiments under high-CO2 conditions. Ocean acidification also causes an increase in carbon fixation rates in some photosynthetic organisms (both calcifying and noncalcifying). The potential for marine organisms to adapt to increasing CO2 and broader implications for ocean ecosystems are not well knownboth are high priorities for future research. Although ocean pH has varied in the geological past, paleo-events may be only imperfect analogs to current conditions./AQUATIC SPECIES/ Ocean acidification describes the progressive, global reduction in seawater pH that is currently underway because of the accelerating oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO(2). Acidification is expected to reduce coral reef calcification and increase reef dissolution. Inorganic cementation in reefs describes the precipitation of CaCO(3) that acts to bind framework components and occlude porosity. Little is known about the effects of ocean acidification on reef cementation and whether changes in cementation rates will affect reef resistance to erosion. Coral reefs of the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) are poorly developed and subject to rapid bioerosion. Upwelling processes mix cool, subthermocline waters with elevated pCO(2) (the partial pressure of CO(2)) and nutrients into the surface layers throughout the ETP. Concerns about ocean acidification have led to the suggestion that this region of naturally low pH waters may serve as a model of coral reef development in a high-CO(2) world. We analyzed seawater chemistry and reef framework samples from multiple reef sites in the ETP and found that a low carbonate saturation state (Omega) and trace abundances of cement are characteristic of these reefs. These low cement abundances may be a factor in the high bioerosion rates previously reported for ETP reefs, although elevated nutrients in upwelled waters may also be limiting cementation and/or stimulating bioerosion. ETP reefs represent a real-world example of coral reef growth in low-Omega waters that provide insights into how the biological-geological interface of coral reef ecosystems will change in a high-CO(2) world.For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Carbon dioxide (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Signs and SymptomsDizziness. Headache. Elevated blood pressure. Increased heart rate. Palpitations. Suffocation. Unconsciousness.ON CONTACT WITH GAS OR DRY ICE: FROSTBITE.ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.headache, dizziness, restlessness, paresthesiadyspnea (breathing difficulty)sweating, malaise (vague feeling of discomfort)increased heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressurecomaasphyxiaconvulsionsfrostbite (liquid, dry ice)Flushed skin, full pulse, extrasystoles, muscle twitches, hand flaps, reduced neural activity, headache, and possibly a raised blood pressure. In severe poisoning, symptomatology progresses to disorientation, panic, hyperventilation, convulsions, unconsciousness, and eventually death (L1145).
Medical SurveillanceConsider evaluation of body calcium and acid-base balance.It is recognized that repeated daily exposure at 0.5 to 1.5% inspired carbon dioxide at 1 atmosphere is well tolerated by normal individuals. Employment medical examination should be directed to selecting individuals normal in cardiovascular, pulmonary-respiratory, & neurological function. Specific appraisal & standards should incl ... MEDICAL HISTORY- AGE: /Protect from exposure/ individuals over 65, even in evident good health. History of current & past illness: Exclude individuals with recent (5 yr) history of: epilepsy of any form, stroke, fainting, cardiac dysfunction of any form ... chronic resp distress of any form ... glaucoma, mental disease of any form, current endocrine disorder, & gastric or duodenal ulcer. PHYSIOLOGIC AND GENERAL MEDICAL EXAM: General medical exam, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, pulmonary vital capacity, exercise tolerance step test (masters), red cell count, white cell count, & hemoglobin concn & urinalysis. The results are to be within normal limits & these exams should be repeated periodicallyfrequency ... detemined ... /by/ physician.
FIFRA requirementsResidues of carbon dioxide are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. Use: propellant. Limit: none.Residues of carbon dioxide are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. Use: propellant. Limit: none.The insecticide carbon dioxide is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used after harvest in modified atmospheres for stored insect control on food commodities.The EPA has previously identified and required submission of generic (i.e., active ingredient specific) data required to support reregistration of products containing carbon and carbon dioxide as an active ingredients. EPA has also consulted and relied upon published literature as a source for technical information. EPA has completed its review of these generic data, and has determined that the data are sufficient to support reregistration of products containing carbon and carbon dioxide. ... EPA has determined that all products containing carbon or carbon dioxide as the active ingredient are eligible for reregistration.As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer safety standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List C, and with List C containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List D. Carbon dioxide is found on List D. Case No: 4019Pesticide type: insecticide, rodenticideCase Status: RED Approved 09/19OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.Active ingredient (AI): carbon dioxideAI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document for the case/AI.
F4.5-31
Occupational exposure band (OEB)A
Occupational exposure limit (OEL)TWA: 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3), STEL: 30,000 ppm (54,000 mg/m3)
Personal protective equipment (PPE)Eyeshields, Gloves, multi-purpose combination respirator cartridge (US)
Water hazard class (WGK)-
Immediately dangerous to life or health concentration40,000 ppm
TSCA inventory statusTSCA listed
RTECS numberFF6400000
UN transport numberUN 2187 2.2 (CARBON DIOXIDE, REFRIGERATED LIQUID)
Customs code28112100
Signal wordWarning
GHS pictogramGHS04
Safety statements (S)9
Hazard class2.2Press. Gas Liquefied gas
Storage class2A - Gases
Packing groupIII
GHS hazard statementsH280
DOT Classification2.2 (Non-flammable gas)
GHS precautionary statementsP410+P403
Hazardous substances data124-38-9(Hazardous Substances Data)

Uses

In the carbonation of beverages; manufacture of carbonates; in fire prevention and extinction; for inerting flammable materials during manufacture, handling and transfer; as propellant in aerosols; as dry ice for refrigeration; to produce harmless smoke or fumes on stage; as rice fumigant; as antiseptic in bacteriology and in the frozen food industry. Supercritical or liquid CO2 used in extraction of caffeine and hops aroma; dry cleaning; metal degreasing; cleaning semiconductor chips; paint spraying; polymer modification. Environmentally benign alternative to potentially hazardous solvents in organic and polymer chemistry.

Uses

Carbon Dioxide is a gas obtained during fermentation of glucose (grain sugar) to ethyl alcohol. it is used in pressure-packed foods as a propellant or aerating agent and is also used in the carbonation of beverages. it is released as a result of the acid carbonate reaction of leavening agents in baked goods to produce an increase in volume. as a solid, it is termed dry ice and is used for freezing and chilling.

Uses

Carbon dioxide has several major uses： Solid carbon dioxide, dry ice, is used as a refrigerant. Another major use of carbon dioxide is in the soda industry. Soda is sodium carbonate monohydrate (Na2CO3 H2O). Other forms of soda include washing soda, which is sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3 10H2O), and baking soda, which is sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3).Carbon dioxide is used as a gas in fire extinguishers, as an inflation gas for flotation devices, and as a propellant (for example in air guns). In recent years, the use of carbon dioxide as a supercritical fluid in green chemistry applications has increased. A supercritical fluid is a fluid with a temperature and pressure above its critical point.

General Description

An odorless, white solid. Can cause damaging frostbite. Noncombustible and nontoxic. Liquefies at -109°F. Can asphyxiate by displacement of air. Used as a refrigerant.