Disulfoton

log Kow = 4.02

4.02

1.144 (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.144 @ 20 °C referred to water @ 4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.14

1.14

1.144 @ 20°C

1.14

Pure compound: yellow liquid

Oily, colorless to yellow liquid

Colorless oil

0.003 % at 73 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

SOL IN MOST ORG LIQ & FATTY OILS

Miscible in n-hexane, dichloromethane, 2-propanol, toluene

In water, 16.3 mg/l @ 20 °C

Solubility in water: none

(73 °F): 0.003%

greater than 180 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

133 °C

>180 °F

>180 °F

270 to 271 °F at 1.5 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

132-133 °C @ 1.5 mm Hg; 108 °C @ 0.01 mm Hg

Boiling point: 62 °C at 0.01 mm Hg

at 0.2kPa: 132-133 °C

270-271 °F

Greater than -13 °F (EPA, 1998)

-25 °C

-13 °F

>-13 °F

0.00018 mmHg at 68 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.0002 [mmHg]

9.75X10-5 mm Hg @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 0.02

0.0002 mmHg

0.000054 [mm Hg] @20 °C

Disulfoton is a dark, yellow, oily liquid with a characteristic sulfur odor. It is a water emulsifiable liquid. It is toxic by inhalation, skin absorption, and/or ingestion. Exposure to skin or eyes may cause burns. It is combustible but does not ignite easily. When exposed to high temperature this material may emit toxic fumes. It is used as a pesticide. May be found in the form of a dry mixture where the liquid is absorbed onto a dry carrier.

Oily, colorless to yellow liquid with a characteristic, sulfur odor. [insecticide] [Note: Technical product is a brown liquid.]; [NIOSH]

OILY COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Oily, colorless to yellow liquid with a characteristic, sulfur odor.

Oily, colorless to yellow liquid with a characteristic, sulfur odor. [insecticide] [Note: Technical product is a brown liquid.]

Danger

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]；H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]；H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]；H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P262, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

Hazard Traits - Developmental Toxicity; Environmental tox; Neurotoxicity; Other Toxicological Hazard Traits；Authoritative List - ATSDR Neurotoxicants; CECBP - Priority Chemicals; CWA 303(c); CWA 303(d)；Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 (amended)

2002/2076

Disulfoton: Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Material may burn but does not ignite easily. Cylinder may explode in the heat of fire. Poisonous gases may be generated from the fire or runoff water. Oxidizable in air. (EPA, 1998)

Combustible. Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

It is classified as super toxic. Probable oral lethal dose in humans is less than 5 mg/kg or a taste (less than 7 drops) for a 70 kg (150 lb.) person. It is poisonous and may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the skin. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. (EPA, 1998)

Disulfoton is a manufactured substance used as a pesticide to control a variety of harmful pests that attack many field and vegetable crops. It does not occur naturally. Pure disulfoton is a colorless oil with an unidentifiable characteristic odor and taste. The technical product is dark yellowish, with an aromatic odor. Common trade names are Di-syston, Disystox, Frumin AL, and Soilvirex. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the Public Health Service, or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. It is used to protect small grains, sorghum, corn, and other field crops; some vegetables, fruit, and nut crops; and ornamental and potted plants against certain insects. Although it is used mostly in agriculture, small quantities are used on home and garden plants, and for mosquito control in swamps. The use of disulfoton has decreased in recent years.

Disulfoton is classified as highly toxic. Formulations of greater than 2% disulfoton may be used only by certified applicators. [EXTOXNET] The average of two baseline respective cholinesterase activity determinations three days apart, with no exposures to enzyme inhibiting pesticides for at least 30 days, is recommended for each worker prior to exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors because of large inter-individual differences in published baseline values. To be established at least once a year. Removal from workplace exposures is recommended until the cholinesterase activity returns to within 20% of baseline. [TLVs and BEIs]

The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of disulfoton stem from its toxicologic properties as an organothiophosphate pesticide. Direct contact with disulfoton may cause burns to the skin and eyes. Systemic effects from skin absorption, ingestion, or inhalation range from headache, weakness, and disorientation, to convulsions, coma, and death from respiratory arrest. The ACGIH TLV of 0.1 mg/cu m serves to limit general room contamination, and thereby cutaneous exposure as well. Nevertheless, those involved in the manufacture, formulation, and application of this brownish-to-yellowish, aromatic liquid should assure protection by wearing goggles, gloves, rubber boots, long sleaved overalls made of a tight fabric or polyvinyl chloride with tight collars and cuffs, and a respirator with an activated-carbon gas filter cartridge (or a self-contained breathing apparatus). Strict personal hygiene is equally important; which includes the prohibition of smoking and eating during work, the thorough washing with soap after work, the changing to clean clothes before going home, and the routine washing of contaminated work clothing. Disulfoton will not ignite easily, but it will burn with the possible production of irritating or poisonous gases. For small fires, extinguish with dry chemical, CO2, water spray (not a solid stream), fog, or foam, and for large fires, use water spray, fog, or foam. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and protective clothing. Runoff from fire control water may give off poisonous gases or cause water pollution and should, therefore, be diked for later disposal. Although oxidizable in air, disulfoton is stable upon proper storage; with a shelf life at 20 °C of at least 2 yr. Containers of disulfoton may be shipped by air, rail, road, or water, and, for both domestic and international compliance, should be affixed with labels stating, "Keep Away From Food", and "Poison". Small liquid spills of disulfoton may be re

WHO/IPCS; Pesticide Residues in Food - 1991. Part II - Toxicology (1992)

U.S. Dept Health & Human Services/Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry; Toxicological Profile for Disulfoton (1995)

USEPA; Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Disulfoton. Washington, DC: USEPA, Off Pest Prog. March 2002. Available at http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/op/disulfoton.htm as of August 1, 2002. EPA issues an IRED for a pesticide that is undergoing reregistration, requires a reregistration eligibility decision, and also needs a cumulative assessment under FQPA. The IRED, issued after EPA completes the individual pesticide's aggregate risk assessment, may include taking risk reduction measures -- for example, reducing risks to workers or eliminating uses that the registrant no longer wishes to maintain -- to gain the benefits of these changes before the final RED can be issued following the Agency's consideration of cumulative risks.

Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing.；Extinguish with dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, fog, or foam. (EPA, 1998)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Refer for medical attention .

Note: Disulfoton is a cholinesterase inhibitor.；Signs and Symptoms of Acute Disulfoton Exposure: Acute exposure to disulfoton may produce the following signs and symptoms: pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, headache, dizziness, muscle spasms, and profound weakness. Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, seizures, and coma may also occur. The heart rate may decrease following oral exposure or increase following dermal exposure. Hypotension (low blood pressure) and chest pain may be noted. Hypertension (high blood pressure) is not uncommon. Respiratory symptoms include dyspnea (shortness of breath), respiratory depression, and respiratory paralysis. Psychosis may occur.；Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to disulfoton may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.；Inhalation Exposure:；1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to disulfoton.；2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.；3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.；4. Transport to a health care facility.；Dermal/Eye Exposure:；1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to disulfoton.；2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.；3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.；4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.；5. Wash exposed skin areas three times with soap and water.；6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.；7. Transport to a health care facility.；Ingestion Exposure:；1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.；2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.；3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of disulfoton is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

(General first aid procedures)；Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.；Skin: Soap flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.；Breathing: Respiratory support；Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

If material is on fire or involved in a fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Disulfoton mixture (Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, nos)/

If material is on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Disulfoton mixture (Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, nos)/

Store in original container, preferably in a locked area, away from children, food, feed.

Glass jars; earthenware jars; composition jars; chipboard boxes; pasteboard boxes; fiber cartons; metal drums; wooden boxes. ... Keep away from heat and water.

Spillages of pesticides at any stage of their storage or handling should be treated with great care. Liquid formulation volumes may be reduced ... by evaporation. Dry sweeping of solids is always hazardous: These should be removed by vacuum cleaning or by dissolving them in water or other solvent in the factory environment. /Pesticides/

Environmental considerations - Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. /Disulfoton mixture (Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, nos)/

Environmental considerations - Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheeet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. /Disulfoton mixture (Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, nos)/

Environmental considerations - Water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, in the region of 10 ppm or greater concn, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Disulfoton mixture (Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, nos)/

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for DISULFOTON (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:；ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Group I Containers: Combustible containers which formerly contained organic or metallo-organic pesticides, except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds, should be disposed of in a pesticide incinerator or buried in a specially designated landfill as noted in 165.8(a); except that small quantities of such containers may be burned in open fields by the user of the pesticide when such open burning is permitted by State and local regulations, or buried singly by the user in open fields with due regard for protection of surface and sub-surface water. /Organo or metallo-organic pesticides/

Group II Containers: Non-combustible containers whichformerly contained organic or metallo-organic pesticides except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds should first be triple-rinsed. Containers in good condition may then be returned to the pesticide manufacturer or formulator of the pesticide product, or drum reconditioner for reuse with the same chemical class of pesticide previously contained provided such reuse is legal under currently applicable US Department of Transportation regulations including those set forth in 49 CFR 173.28. Other rinsed metal containers should be punctured to facilitate drainage prior to transport to a scrap metal facility for recycling or for disposal or burial. All rinsed containers may be crushed an and disposed of by burial in a sanitary landfill, in conformance with State and local standards or buried in the field by the user of the pesticide. Unrinsed containers should be disposed of in a specially designated landfill, or subjected to incineration in a pesticide incinerator. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P039, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Good candidate for liquid injection incineration with a temperature range of 650 to 1600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. Also, a good candidate for rotary kiln incineration with a temperature range of 820 to 1600 °C and a residence times for liquids and gases, seconds; Solids, hours. Also, a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration with a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C with residence times for liquids and gases, seconds; Solids, longer.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for DISULFOTON (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Ventilation. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Smoking, eating, and drinking before washing should be absolutely prohibited when any pesticide of moderate or higher toxicity is being handled or used. /Pesticides/

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Disulfoton mixture (Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, nos)/

If material is not on fire and not involved in a fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Disulfoton mixture (Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, nos)/

Adequate ventilation /should be provided/.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for DISULFOTON (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.

Developmental (effects during periods when organs are developing) , Neurological (Nervous System)

Nervous

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, blood cholinesterase

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergi

LD50 ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS (MALLARD) MALE ORAL 6.54 MG/KG (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 3.76-11.4 MG/KG) 3-4 MO OLD /SAMPLE PURITY 97%/

LC50 COLINUS VIRGINIANUS (BOBWHITE QUAIL) 715 PPM IN 5 DAY DIET (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 617-827 PPM) AGE 14 DAYS

LC50 COTURNIX COTURNIX (JAPANESE QUAIL) 333 PPM IN 5 DAY DIET (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 282-392 PPM) AGE 12 DAYS

LC50 PHASIANUS COLCHICUS (RING-NECKED PHEASANT) 634 PPM IN 5 DAY DIET (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 547-737 PPM) AGE 10 DAYS

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for DISULFOTON (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Measurable residues of ... /the sulfoxide, sulfone, and oxygen analog of the sulfone of disulfoton/ were also present in the soil 2 years after application.

Disulfoton was incubated with various soils. A number of products were formed but only disulfoton persisted in soil. The fate of disulfoton in Portneuf silt loam soil was studied. Oxidation of this compound to the sulfoxide and sulfone was observed. The half-life of disulfoton was approximately 2 days but varied somewhat with temperature and moisture. Disulfoton sulfone persisted for more than 64 days; the disulfoton and its sulfoxide 32 days or less. The corresponding oxygen analogs of the metabolites were not observed.

Terrestrial Fate: /Disulfoton/ is metabolized in ... soil to the sulphoxide and sulphone, to the corresponding phosphorothioate analogs (of demeton-S), and finally, to derivatives of O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphate and 2-ethylthioethyl mercaptan.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 642(2) to 14,013(3), indicate that disulfoton is expected to have low to no mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of disulfoton from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 9.75X10-5 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 16.3 mg/l(5). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Disulfoton is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil, as soil microorganisms are capable of converting thioethers to sulfoxides and sulfones(11).

For more Environmental Fate (Complete) data for DISULFOTON (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

During fiscal year 1976, the Food and Drug Administration identified disulfoton in cereal by-products (1 sample), leaf and stem vegetables (1 sample), grains (1 sample), oilseed by-products (4 samples) and miscellaneous animal feed (4 samples)(1). The compound was not detected in the analysis of 354 composite Canadian vegetable samples tested between 1980 and 1985, detection limit of 0.005 mg/kg(2). Disulfoton was not detected in 2,515 fruit and vegetable samples collected from January 1995 to December 1996 as part of the Danish National Pesticide Monitoring Program(3). Disulfoton was found twice in 2 of 230 food items at an average concn of 0.0089 ug/g as part of the FDA Revised Market Basket study sampling of ready-to-eat foods sampled from 1982 through 1991(6). Disulfoton was detected not quantified during 1994 regulatory monitoring of domestic and imported foods conducted in the US(4). 21,982 samples of Canadian fruit and vegetable commodities analyzed between Jan 1992 and March 1994 resulted in no detections of disulfoton; however, analysis of 16,198 imported agricultural commodities resulted in 2 samples at <0.5 ppm, 1 sample each at 0.10 ppm and 0.50 ppm, and no samples at 2.0 and >2.0(5).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L123) ; inhalation (L123) ; dermal (L123)

Disulfoton is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.

The average daily intake of disulfoton estimated from the Food and Drug Administration's 1990 Total Diet study was 2 ug/kg/day(1). The estimated exposure for 6-11 month olds was <0.0001 ug/kg/day; 14-16 yr old males, 0.0002 ug/kg/day; and 60-65 yr old females was 0.0003 ug/kg/day(1).

Hazard Traits - Developmental Toxicity; Environmental tox; Neurotoxicity; Other Toxicological Hazard Traits；Authoritative List - ATSDR Neurotoxicants; CECBP - Priority Chemicals; CWA 303(c); CWA 303(d)；Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 (amended)

2002/2076

Disulfoton: Does not have an individual approval but may be used as a component in a product covered by a group standard. It is not approved for use as a chemical in its own right.

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

P039; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when disulfoton, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).

Classified for restricted use, limited to use by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. Formulation: All emulsifiable concentrates 65% and greater, all emulsifiable concentrates and concentrate solutions 21% and greater with fensulfothion 43% and greater, all emulsifiable concentrates 32% and greater in combination with 32% fensulfothion and greater. Use Pattern: All uses. Classification: Restricted. Criteria influencing restriction: Acute dermal toxicity, residue effects on avian species (except for tree injections), and acute inhalation toxicity.

Classified for restricted use, limited to use by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. Formulation: Non-aqueous solution 95% and greater. Use Pattern: Commercial seed treatment. Classification: Restricted. Criteria influencing restrictions: Acute dermal toxicity.

Classified for restricted use, limited to use by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. Formulation: Granular formulations 10% and greater. Use Pattern: Indoor uses (greenhouse). Classification: Restricted. Criteria influencing restrictions: Acute inhalation toxicity.

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the insecticide O,O-diethyl S-(2-(ethylthio)ethyl) phosphorodithioate and its cholinesterase-inhibiting metabolites, calculated as demeton, in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: barley, grain (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); barley, straw (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); bean, dry, seed (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); bean, lima (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); beans, snap (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); broccoli (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); Brussels sprouts (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); cabbage (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); cauliflower (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); coffee, bean (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); corn, field, forage (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); corn, field, grain (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); corn, field, stover (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); corn, pop, forage (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); corn, pop, grain (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); corn, pop, stover (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); corn, sweet, forage (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); corn, sweet, stover (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); cotton, undelinted seed (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); hop, dried cones (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); lettuce (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); oats, grain (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); oats, hay (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); oats, straw (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); peanut (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); pea (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); pea, field, vines (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); pecans (Expiration/Revocation Date: 12/9/03); pepper (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); potato (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); sorghum, forager (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); sorghum, grain, grain (Expiration/Revocation Date: None); sorghum,

Tolerances with regional registration, as defined in section 180.1(n), are established for the combined residues of O,O-diethyl S-(2-(ethylthio)ethyl)phosphorodithioate and its cholinesterase-inhibiting metabolites, calculated as demeton, in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: asparagus.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1 lb or 0.454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Disulfoton is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 500 lbs.

Disulfoton is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

(AZ) ARIZONA 0.3 ug/l

(FL) FLORIDA 0.5 ug/l

(MN) MINNESOTA 0.3 ug/L

The main feature of the toxic mechanism of organophosphorus pesticides is inhibition of the esterase enzyme activity, in particular of cholinesterase, which plays an important physiological part. Organophosphorus pesticides can also indirectly interact with the biochemical receptors of acetylcholine. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

Organophosphates poison insects and mammals primarily by phosphorylation of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme at nerve endings. ... At sufficient dosage, loss of enzyme function allows accumulation of acetylcholine (the impulse- transmitter substance) at cholinergic neuroeffector junctions (muscarinic effects, and at skeletal myoneural junctions and in autonomic ganglia (nicotinic effects). Organophosphates also impair nerve impulse transmission in the brain... . /Organophosphate pesticides/

INITIAL RAPID CONVERSION TO SULFOXIDE IS FOLLOWED BY OXIDN TO SULFONE & OXIDATIVE DESULFURATION TO DISULFOTOXON SULFOXIDE & SULFONE. HYDROLYSIS COMPETES WITH OXIDATIVE PROCESS TO FORM VARIOUS PHOSPHORIC ACIDS. METABOLISM ... IN PLANTS PARALLELS THAT IN MAMMALS.

... IP INJECTION OF LABELED DI-SYSTON INTO RATS ... IN URINE COLLECTED ... ONLY HYDROLYTIC PRODUCTS ... IDENTIFIED: DIETHYL PHOSPHATE, DIETHYL PHOSPHOROTHIOATE, DIETHYL PHOSPHORODITHIOATE, & INORG PHOSPHATE.

ANALYSIS OF URINE OF DISULFOTON FORMULATORS REVEALED DIETHYL PHOSPHATE (56%), DIETHYL PHOSPHOROTHIOATE (34%), AND DIETHYL THIOPHOSPHATE (19%).

Disulfoton was applied to strawberries for aphid control. Residues contained traces of the sulfoxide, sulfone, and oxygen analog of the sulfone of disulfoton.

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for DISULFOTON (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Disulfoton has known human metabolites that include Disulfoton sulfoxide.

TOXICANTS CAN BE ABSORBED BY INHALATION, INGESTION, AND SKIN PENETRATION. ... ALL UNDERGO HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION IN LIVER AND OTHER TISSUES, USUALLY WITHIN HR OF ABSORPTION. DEGRADATION PRODUCTS ARE OF LOW TOXICITY, AND ARE EXCRETED IN URINE AND FECES. /ORGANOPHOSPHATE CHOLINESTERASE-INHIBITING PESTICIDES/

/THEY/ ... ARE RAPIDLY ABSORBED THROUGH MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, RESPIRATORY SYSTEM & THE SKIN, & CONVEYED BY THE BLOOD TO VARIOUS BODY TISSUES. ... THE MAIN ROUTE OF ELIMINATION ... /IS/ THE KIDNEYS. /ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES/

Organophosphates are efficiently absorbed by inhalation, ingestion, and skin penetration. /Organophosphate pesticides/

... 72 hours after an oral dose of disulfoton to rats, about 97% was eliminated in urine, 2% was eliminated in feces, and less than 1% remained in the body. Similar results were obtained at 12 hours in rats given 15 consecutive doses of disulfoton. There was no accumulation of disulfoton in the body. Tissue and blood levels of disulfoton peaked at 6 hours and were highest in liver followed by kidney, plasma, fat, whole blood, skin, muscle, and brain. However, on a percentage of dose basis, female livers contained a much greater amount of disulfoton than males (34% vs. 10% at 6 hours; 3% vs. 9% at 12 hours), possibly indicating slower metabolism and accounting for longer elimination in females.

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for DISULFOTON (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Used on cotton, tobacco, sugar beets, corn, peanuts, wheat, ornamentals, cereal grains, and potatoes; [EXTOXNET]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For Disulfoton (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 032501) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Systemic insecticide; acaricide

Insecticide

INSECTICIDE FOR MITES & APHIDS ON SMALL GRAINS, CORN & SORGHUM, COTTON, OTHER FIELD CROPS, VEGETABLES, FRUIT & NUTS, ORNAMENTALS

65% AS AN INSECTICIDE FOR MITES & APHIDS ON SORGHUM; 33% AS AN INSECTICIDE FOR MITES & APHIDS ON SMALL GRAINS, CORN, COTTON, OTHER FIELD CROPS, VEGETABLES, FRUIT, & NUTS; 2% AS AN INSECTICIDE FOR MITES & APHIDS IN HOME & GARDEN USE (ON ORNAMENTALS) (1974)

Wheat, 23.4%; Broccoli, 20.1%; Cauliflower, 6.9%; Cotton, 10.6%; Lettuce, 12.5%; Turf, 5.5%; most of remainder used in production of other cole crops, other cereals and sugarbeets (1984) /California use, calculated from table/

(1974) 2.5X10+9 G (CONSUMPTION)

(1984) 1.04X10+8 g /Used in California/

(1992) lbs active ingredient applied: dry beans, 21,849; green beans, 34,208; green peas, 1,287; lettuce, 28,228; oats, 1,270; peanuts, 115,952; pecans, 14,833; potatoes, 207,093; sorghum, 102,588; soybeans, 13,800; sweet peppers, 3,574; tobacco, 59,973; watermelons, 12; wheat, 493,287

Production: 2-ethylthioethanol + O,O-diethyl dithiophosphoric acid (sulfide formation)

BY INTERACTION OF O,O-DIETHYL HYDROGEN PHOSPHORODITHIOATE WITH BETA-CHLOROETHYL THIOETHYL ETHER.

Disulfoton is prepared by the reaction of O,O-diethylphosphorodithioic acid with B-chloroethylethylsulfide.

Prepn: Schrader, Lorenz US 2759010; GB 797307 (1956, 1958 both to Bayer)

USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 032501; Trade Names: Di-syston, ENT-23427, Frumin Al, Solvirex, S 276, Dimaz, Disystox, M 74, Bay 19639, Disipton, Disyston, Ekatin TD, Glebofos.

Dry seed dressing, emulsifiable concentrate, granule

Mixtures [disulfoton +] chlorpyrifos; fonofos; quinalphos; diazinon; fenamiphos; triadimenol; isofenphos; cyproconazole

SEED DRESSING POWDER--50% ACTIVE INGREDIENT; 5% GRANULES AND 2% GRANULES; EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE 8 LB/US GAL.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for DISULFOTON (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

FIRST PREPARED BY G SCHRADER & INTRODUCED IN 1956 AS EXPTL INSECTICIDE BY BAYER ... WEST GERMAN PATENT 947,369.

Types of methods of application: Soil incorporation of granulars, ground and aerial spray, and granular broadcast applications. Application rates: Range from 0.25 lbs ai/acre to 8 lbs ai/acre for broadcast applications and 0.25 oz ai/1000 ft row to 10 oz ai/1000 foot row for band treatment; also individual potted plant soil treatment uses at various rates depending on plant and pot size.

Pelleted/tableted, and ready to use formulations /are available/.

A process is /detailed/ for treating carrier granules containing a liquid pesticide to make them useful in preparing a pesticide spike which can be driven into the ground. The process comprises mixing the granular carrier containing an absorbed pesticide with a hardener to produce coated granules. ... Thus, disulfoton is absorbed on attupulgite-type clay. A urea-formaldehyde resin hardner is used and a suitable clay spike-shaped briquette by conventional techniques. Fertilizer may be mixed with the granules before briquetting to form a fertilizer-pesticide spike.

For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for DISULFOTON (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.