Endosulfan

log Kow = 3.83 (alpha); log Kow = 3.62 (beta)

3.55/3.62

Similar to terpene.

... Slight, sulfur dioxide odor ...

1.745 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.745 at 20 °C

1.7 g/cm³

1.74

1.745 @ 20°C

1.74

less than 1 mg/mL at 73 °F (NTP, 1992)

Solubility at 22 °C and a pH 7.2 in tap water; alpha-Endosulfan: 0.15 mg/l.

Solubility at 22 °C and a pH 7.2 in tap water; beta-Endosulfan: 0.06 mg/l.

Sol in xylene, kerosene, chloroform, acetone, and alcohol

In ethyl acetate 200, dichloromethane 200, toluene 200, ethanol 65, hexane 24 (all in g/L, 20 °C)

In water, alpha-form = 0.32:, beta-form = 0.33 mg/L at 22 °C

Decomposes (NIOSH, 2024)

106 °C at 0.7 mm Hg (with partial decomposition)

decomposes

Decomposes

158 to 212 °F Range of values given is for a mixture of isomers (a isomer 228.7 °F; b isomer 415.9 °F). (EPA, 1998)

106 °C (pure)

MP: 70-100 °C; stable toward dil mineral acids; hydrolyzed rapidly by alkalies; commercial product is a mixture of alpha-isomer, MP: 108-110 °C, and beta-isomer, MP: 208-210 °C /Technical/

106 °C (pure), 70-100 °C (technical)

223 °F

106 °C

1e-05 mmHg at 77 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.00001 [mmHg]

VP: 6.2X10-6 mm Hg at 20 °C

1.73X10-7 at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 80 °C: 1.2

0.00001 mmHg

Danger

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]；H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]；H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]；H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]；H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P317, P320, P321, P330, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

Hazard Traits - Bioaccumulation; Environmental Persistence; Environmental tox; Neurotoxicity；Authoritative List - ATSDR Neurotoxicants; CWA 303(d); EC PBTs; OSPAR Priority Action Part A；Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 (amended)

Endosulfan is listed in the dataset of EPA Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides under the Safe Drinking Water Act (40 eCFR 141)

05/864/EC

Substance: Endosulfan；EC: 204-079-4；Date of inclusion in the POPs Regulation: 19-Jun-2012；POPs Regulation Annex: Annex I, part A; Annex IV

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

IMAP assessments - 6,9-Methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin, 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-, 3-oxide: Environment tier I assessment；IMAP assessments - 6,9-Methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin, 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-, 3-oxide: Human health tier I assessment

Container may explode in heat of fire. Fire or run off from fire control water may release irritating or poisonous gases. Slowly oxidizes in air. Do not store at temperature below 20F. (EPA, 1998)

Not combustible. Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

Endosulfan is a pesticide. It is a cream- to brown-colored solid that may appear in the form of crystals or flakes. It has a smell like turpentine, but does not burn. It does not occur naturally in the environment. Endosulfan is used to control insects on food and non-food crops and also as a wood preservative.

Classified as highly toxic, endosulfan may be used only by certified applicators. [EXTOXNET] High-dose animal studies show that organochlorine insecticides can cause liver injury. [LaDou, p. 593] See beta-Endosulfan.

USEPA/Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Endosulfan EPA-738-R-02-013 (November 2002). The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the U.S.[Available from, as of May 28, 2009: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]

WHO; Poisons Information Monographs (PIMs) G576: Endosulfan (2000). A global database with evaluated information on substances (chemicals, pharmaceuticals, poisonous plants, and poisonous and venomous animals) commonly involved in cases of poisoning.

WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Endosulfan (1984). EHC are designed for scientists and administrators responsible for the establishment of safety standards and regulations and provide basic scientific risk evaluations of a wide range of chemicals and groups of chemicals.

Nat'l Research Council Canada; Endosulfan (1975) NRCC No. 14098

For more Special Reports (Complete) data for ENDOSULFAN (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site.；Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use alcohol foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. (EPA, 1998)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Rest. Refer for medical attention .

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Endosulfan Exposure: Ingestion of endosulfan may result in nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Dizziness, agitation, nervousness, tremor, incoordination, and convulsions may also occur. Central nervous system depression may terminate in respiratory failure. Contact with endosulfan may irritate or burn the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.；Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to endosulfan may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.；Inhalation Exposure:；1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to endosulfan.；2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.；3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.；4. Transport to a health care facility.；Dermal/Eye Exposure:；1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to endosulfan.；2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.；3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.；4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.；5. Wash exposed skin areas three times. An initial soap and water wash should be followed by an alcohol wash. The third wash should again be with soap and water.；6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.；7. Transport to a health care facility.；Ingestion Exposure:；1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.；2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.；3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of endosulfan is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step；4.Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Ingestion of endosulfan may result in sudden onset of seizures or loss of consciousness. Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

(General first aid procedures)；Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.；Skin: Soap flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.；Breathing: Respiratory support；Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Keep run-off watter out of sewers and water sources. /Endosulfan (organochlorine pesticides, liquid, toxic); Endosulfan (organochlorine pesticides, solid, toxic)/

Do not store in or around home. Do not store near heat, open flame, or hot surfaces.

Storage temperature greater than 20 °F

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a POTW is acceptable only after review by the governing authority. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must meet Hazardous Material Criteria for disposal.

A process for removing pollutants from Du Pont's Chambers Works Plant in Deepwater, NJ, is described. The process calls for the treatment of wastes from org chem mfg processes by neutralization and settling, followed by a combined powdered carbon-biol process. Removal of metals and non-metals from wastewater is described. Endosulfan isomers are listed as priority pollutants.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be contained with a flexible impermeable membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. /Endosulfan (organochlorine pesticides, liquid, toxic); Endosulfan (organochlorine pesticides, solid, toxic)/

Environmental considerations: Water spill: If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount . Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Endosulfan(organochlorine pesticides, liquid, toxic); Endosulfan (organochlorine pesticides, solid, toxic)/

Use water spray to reduce vapors. Do not dry sweep.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:；Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. For solids, prevent dust cloud and avoid inhalation of dust. (ERG, 2024)

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P050, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration with a temperature range of 820-1600 °C with a residence time for liquids and gases: seconds; Solids: hours.

Peer-review: Large amt should be incinerated @ high temp in a unit with effluent gas scrubbing. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. All contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

Users should wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco, or using the toilet.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ENDOSULFAN (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Citrinin (CIT) (10 mg/kg feed) and endosulfan (1 mg/kg body weight) were administered orally alone and in combination to pregnant Wistar rats from gestational day 6 to 20 and their fetuses were collected to evaluate the histopathological alterations in hepatic and renal tissues. In CIT-fed group fetal liver, the changes were less marked, showing only sinusoidal dilation and mild vacuolar degeneration, whereas the consistent changes in the fetal kidney included tubular degeneration, medullary tubular necrosis, cystic dilatation of tubules, distortion of glomerulur capillary tuft and interstitial fibroblastic proliferation which separated clusters of tubules. In the endosulfan group, the liver was predominantly affected, showing vacuolar degeneration, karyomegaly and severe sinusoidal dilation, whereas the renal changes were mainly confined to tubular degeneration and varying degree of interstitial fibrosis. In the combination group, the hepatic and renal histopathological alterations in the fetus, though of similar nature to those of the individual groups, were more severe.

The protective effects of vitamin E was investigated on the cardiotoxicity induced by endosulfan administration. Male rats in different groups were given endosulfan (2 mg/kg bw/day in corn oil through gavage), vitamin E (200 mg/kg bw twice a week in corn oil through gavage) and endosulfan and vitamin E at the same dose and route, to the control group corn oil is given at the dose rate of 2 mL per rat per day through gavage, for a period of 28 days. The animals were sacrificed and heart tissues were collected and subjected to histopathology. The result indicated, severe congestion, hemorrhages with interstitial edema. In some places there was diapedesis of leukocytes. Myocardium showed different degrees of degeneration, some of the myofibrils were found to be granular with pyknotic nuclei. Thickening of wall of arteries were seen. In the Vitamin E and endosulfan treated group the above mentioned lesions were significantly decreased in their severity.

... Livers of /New Zealand white/ rabbits were examined grossly and histopathologically, and caspase-3 activity was detected by immunohistochemical methods. A total of twenty-four rabbits were divided into four groups (n=6). Rabbits in Group I (endosulfan (END)) were daily given a sublethal dose of endosulfan (1mg/kgbw) in corn oil by oral gavage for 6 weeks. Group II (END+C) received the same dose of endosulfan and additionally Vit C (20mg/kgbw) every other day during this period. Group III (OIL+C) received corn oil daily by oral gavage and vitamin C every other day for 6 weeks. Group IV (OIL), the control group, received only corn oil daily, by oral gavage throughout the experiment. The concentration of alpha-endosulfan in the END group was higher in livers (0.102+/-0.012 ppb) than the beta-endosulfan (0.072+/-0.001 ppb). Decreased accumulation of alpha and beta endosulfan was observed in the END+C group (0.025+/-0.003 and 0.016+/-0.002 ppb, respectively) (p<0.0001). The most prominent gross findings at the necropsy were seen in the END group, in which swollen and pale livers were commonly observed. Hemorrhages, degenerations, necrosis, and in some rabbits bile duct hyperplasia were the marked histopathological findings of the END group. Caspase-3 positive reaction was more severe in this group than in the others. An ameliorating effect of Vit C on gross, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings was observed in the END+C group. The results revealed that endosulfan is highly toxic for rabbit livers. However, toxicity was decreased by Vit C treatment, which reduced the accumulation of endosulfan in livers four-fold.

A study was conducted to determine the cumulative toxicity of manganese chloride (MnCl2), endosulfan, and a mixture of these compounds and also to suggest a cumulative toxicity rating. Male mice were fed mixtures of endosulfan powder suspended in peanut oil and manganese chloride dissolved in water for 6 day/wk until the cumulative LD50 remained constant for three consecutive weeks. The cumulative toxic factors were: 0-3.48 for manganese chloride, 1.30-2.46 for endosulfan, and 1.30-3.34 for a mixture of these compounds. Observed cumulative toxic factors for the mixture were higher than expected values, indicating a greatly reduced toxicity when these compounds are mixed.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for ENDOSULFAN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Developmental (effects while organs are developing), Immunological (Immune System), Neurological (Nervous System)

Cardiovascular；Urinary

Skin, central nervous system, liver, kidneys, reproductive system

LC50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Bobwhite quail, age 9 days) oral (in food) 805 ppm for 5 days (95% confidence limit: 690-939 ppm)

LD50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern bobwhite) oral via capsule 42 mg/kg (95% confidence interval: 32-56 mg/kg)

LC50; Species: Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail, age 14 days) oral (in food) approx 1250 ppm for 5 days

LC50; Species: Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail, juvenile, age 14 days post hatch) oral in food 2160 ppm for 5 days (95% confidence interval: 1658-2815 ppm)

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for ENDOSULFAN (82 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 350 to 19,953(2,3) indicate that endosulfan is expected to have moderate to no mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of endosulfan from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 6.5X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). Endosulfan is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure of 1.73X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). Endosulfan may undergo hydrolysis in moist soil surfaces based on half-lives of 9-533 hours in river water(3). The half-life of endosulfan in aerobic soil was reported as 32 days and in anaerobic soil was 150 days(6).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Endosulfan was applied 3 times at a rate of 0.5 and 1.5 lb/acre to field tobacco, with max time to zero residue level estimated to be 10 days...

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Fifty percent of residues are lost in 3-7 days (depending on plant species).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: The persistence of greater than 0.05 ppm of total endosulfan residues under natural conditions of wet and dry cultivation was studied. When the initial dose of application was the same, the residues persisted for approx 120 days in wet soils and 100 days in dry soils. In 3 dry soils that received low, normal and high initial doses (41.88, 87.5, and 350 g AI/acre), residues persisted for 60, 100, and 160 days, respectively. Endosulfan sulfate was the principal metabolite except in dry soil receiving the high dose, where the endosulfan alc and endosulfan ether were principal metabolites for the first 50 days, after which endosulfan sulfate appeared.

For more Environmental Fate (Complete) data for ENDOSULFAN (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Endosulfan was detected in 95 of 3,281 large domestic fruits (avg 0.005 ppm), 20 of 1,048 imported large fruits (avg 0.0008 ppm), 89 of 1,445 small domestic fruits (avg 0.007 ppm), 720 of 2,119 imported small fruits (avg 0.122 ppm), 718 of 5,319 domestic leaf and stem vegetables (avg 0.031 ppm), 41 of 312 imported leaf and stem vegetables (avg 0.444 ppm), 100 of 2,954 domestic vine and ear vegetables (avg 0.004 ppm), 342 of 4,117 imported vine and ear vegetables (avg 0.004 ppm), 5 of 499 domestic beans (avg 0.001 ppm), 41 of 365 imported beans (avg 0.005 ppm), 62 of 3,248 domestic root vegetables (avg 0.0005 ppm), 18 of 609 imported root vegetables (avg 0.004 ppm), 27 of 631 domestic processed vegetable products (avg 0.002 ppm), 22 of 929 imported vegetable products (avg 0.003 ppm), 8 of 210 domestic processed fruit products (avg 0.002 ppm), and 36 of 634 imported processed fruit products (avg 0.004 ppm)(1). Endosulfan was infrequently detected in eggs and egg products, fish, shellfish and hay(1). Seventeen of 240 food composites contained beta- endosulfan at concns ranging from 0.001-0.006 ppm and 13 of 240 food composites contained alpha-endosulfan at 0.001-0.006 ppm(2). Two of 110 toddler food composites contained from 0.001-0.004 ppm beta-endosulfan(3).

Endosulfan was identified, not quantified, in 7% of adult foods during an FDA survey from 1978-1982(1) and in 5% of adult foods from 1982-1986(2). During an FDA survey of domestic foods from 1985-1991 endosulfan was detected in an apple juice sample at 0.01 ppm, 222 of 2,464 apples at a max concn of 0.33 ppm, 1 of 2,739 milk samples at trace concns, and 59 of 571 pears at a max concn of 1.1 ppm(3). In an FDA survey of imported foods from 1985-1991, endosulfan was detected in 7 of 735 apples at a max concn of 0.15 ppm, 1 of 474 oranges at trace levels and 4 of 816 pears at a max concn of 0.29 ppm(3). In an FDA survey of children foods, endosulfan was detected in cereals (max concn 0.007 ppm), deserts (max concn 0.001 ppm), fruits and juices (max concn 0.053 ppm) and vegetables (max concn 0.004 ppm)(3). Endosulfan was detected in 144 of 710 domestic pears at a max concn of 1.1 ppm and in 4 of 949 imported pears at a max concn of 0.13 ppm during a 1992-1993 FDA survey(4). Endosulfan was detected in 471 of 1,219 domestic tomatoes at a max concn of 0.2 ppm and in 80 of 144 imported tomatoes at a max concn of 0.55 ppm during a 1992-1993 FDA survey(4). In an FDA survey of foods in 1993-1994, endosulfan was detected in 76 of 769 domestic apples at a max concn of 0.20 ppm and in 45 of 1,062 imported apples at a max concn of 0.10 ppm(5).

Endosulfan was detected in 111 out of 2,223 total samples of the following fruits and vegetables from Sao Paulo, Brazil from 1994-2001, at a mean residue concentration (range) of 0.11 (0.01-1.56) mg/kg: apple, carrot, cucumber, grape, green bean, guava, melon, onion, papaya, peach, summer squash, strawberry, sweet pepper, tomato(1). Out of 270 apple and citrus fruit samples collected from Karachi, Pakistan from 1999 to 2001, 11 apples, and 16 citrus fruits were contaminated with endosulfan at 0.05-13.07 ppm(2). Out of 206 samples of 27 different vegetables collected from Karachi, Pakistan from 2001 to 2003, endosulfan was detected one time each in sugarbeet, mint, bitterguord, french bean, Indian squash, cucumber, lady's finger, lufa, tomato and cabbage, and twice each in turnip and pumpkin; the MRL was exceeded in 7 of these samples(3). From April 1995 to March 2000, in a study of 765 total samples of agricultural products in Japan, endosulfan was detected in 6 out of 237 cucumbers, with one detection each at residue levels <0.01, <0.05 and <0.5 ug/g, and 3 detections at concentrations <0.1 ug/g(4). Out of 235 fish samples from Calcutta, analyzed between 1993-95 to 1997-98, 131 were contaminated with endosulfan residues from 0.01 to 1.41 ug/g, with about 16% above the maximum residue limit of 0.2 ug/g prescribed for meat on fat basis(5).

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.；Other Poison - Organochlorine；ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Male mallards from three to four-months-old exhibited wings crossed high over their back, tremors, falling, and other symptoms as soon as ten minutes after an acute, oral dose. The symptoms persisted for up to a month in a few animals.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Based on the comparison of parent endosulfan and sulfate degradate acute dietary toxicity with bobwhite quail and mallard duck, endosulfan sulfate appears about equal in toxicity to waterfowl (mallard) and at least a factor of 4 less toxic to game birds (quail).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Effects of four organochlorine pesticides, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dicofol, endosulfan, and lindane, on the reproduction of freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus were studied by 3-d population growth tests. Compared to the control, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at 0.64 mg/L, dicofol at 0.8 and 1.2 mg/L, endosulfan at 7.0 mg/L, and lindane at 14.0 mg/L all significantly decreased the population growth rate of the rotifers. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at concentrations higher than 0.16 mg/L, dicofol at concentrations higher than 0.025 mg/L, endosulfan at concentrations higher than 0.875 mg/L, and lindane at 14.0 mg/L all significantly decreased the mictic rate of the rotifers. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at 0.24 and 0.32 mg/L increased significantly the fertilization rate, but DDT at 0.64 mg/L inhibited completely the occurrence of fertilized mictic females. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at 0.32 and 0.64 mg/L, dicofol at 1.2 mg/L, and endosulfan at 7.0 mg/L all significantly decreased the ratio of ovigerous females to nonovigerous females, but the reverse was true for lindane at 7.0 mg/L. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at 0.0025 and 0.01 mg/L increased significantly the ratio of mictic females to amictic females, but the reverse was true for dicofol at 0.8 mg/L. Both population growth rate and mictic rate of the rotifers were suitable endpoints for assessing the effects of the four organochlorine insecticides on the reproduction of the rotifers, and the latter was more sensitive.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Relative toxicity of technical and commercial formulations of malathion and endosulfan were evaluated by determining LC50 values and their 95% confidence interval end points for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr exposure to Channa punctatus using the "trimmed Spearman-Karber method". The commercial formulation of malathion and endosulfan were 1.176 and 1.88 times more toxic than their technical materials, respectively. 96 hr LC50 values (0% trimming) of technical and commerical formulations of malathion and endosulfan (95% confidence interval in parentheses) were 4.51 (4.11-4.96) and 3.89 (3.46-4.38) mg/L, and 5.78 (4.49-7.44) and 3.07 (2.43-3.84) ug/L, respectively.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ENDOSULFAN (37 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Endosulfan was detected in 22% of cotton seed samples from Abohar, Malout, and Muktsar, India, with mean residue levels of 0.013, 0.006, 0.004 mg/kg, respectively(1). Endosulfan was detected in waterweed samples collected in Jan 1998 from River Sabaki in Kenya at a mean concentration of 0.867 ng/g wet weight(2).

After spraying endosulfan (3:2 mixture of I and II isomers) on foliage, endosulfan I decreased to 30% of initial deposit after 1 week and to 2% after 3 weeks. Endosulfan II decreased to 47% after 1 week and to 2% after 7 weeks. All leaf extracts contained a more persistent compound identified as endosulfan sulfate.

Burley tobacco harvested immediately after treatment with 0.5 lb/acre of endosulfan and cured for 4 months contained average total endosulfan residues of 23.2 ppm(1). On the top leaves, endosulfan I comprised 13%, endosulfan II 78% and endosulfan sulfate 9% of the total(1). The sulfate accounted for approximately 20% of the total residues on the middle and bottom leaves, with a corresponding decrease in the concentration of endosulfan II(1). Sixteen pesticides of varying toxicity were detected on 3 dates in January 1977 in Miami, FL, from 105 lots of imported cut flowers (carnations, pompom chrysanthemum, and standard chrysanthemums), with endosulfan, diazinon, and phosphamidon occuring most frequently; residue levels greater than 5 ppm were found in flowers from 17 of the 43 growers, 16 from Columbia and one from Guatemala(2).

Endosulfan was applied to forage crops on which cattle were allowed to graze beginning seven days after application. Endosfulfan sulfate was found in the silage and in the fat of only one animal. ... No detectable residues were found in the milk from dairy cows fed the treated silage.

Eight insecticides were identified from 43 samples of honey bees (Apis mellifera) obtained from 35 beekeepers in 1981 and 1982. A total of 268 colonies were documented to have been contaminated from May through early October. Carbaryl was detected in 65% of the samples. Methyl parathion and methoxychlor were found in 30 and 14% of the samples, respectively. Other insecticides in honey bees included endosulfan, chlordane, malathion, diazinon, and acephate.

Endosulfan was detected in 13 of 55 apiaries in CT in 1983-5 at concn up to 4.40 ppm(1). Endosulfan was detected in 29.2% of Northern goshawk, and 37.5% of Eurasian buzzard eggs, at geometric mean (range) concentrations of 0.6 (not detected to 3.2) and 0.8 (not detected to 1.9) ng/g wet weight, respectively(2).

Hazard Traits - Bioaccumulation; Environmental Persistence; Environmental tox; Neurotoxicity；Authoritative List - ATSDR Neurotoxicants; CWA 303(d); EC PBTs; OSPAR Priority Action Part A；Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 (amended)

Endosulfan is listed in the dataset of EPA Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides under the Safe Drinking Water Act (40 eCFR 141)

05/864/EC

Substance: Endosulfan；EC: 204-079-4；Date of inclusion in the POPs Regulation: 19-Jun-2012；POPs Regulation Annex: Annex I, part A; Annex IV

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

P050; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when endosulfan, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).

Tolerances are established for the combined residues of the insecticide endosulfan, 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3-oxide (alpha and beta isomers), and its metabolite endosulfan sulfate, 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3,3-dioxide, in or on the following food commodities: [Table#1172]

A tolerances of 24 parts per million (ppm) is established for the combined residues of the insecticide endosulfan, 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3-oxide (alpha and beta isomers), and its metabolite endosulfan sulfate, 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3,3-dioxide, in or on dried tea (reflecting less than 0.1 ppm residues in beverage tea) resulting from application of the insecticide to growing tea.

The Agency has previously identified and required the submission of the generic (i.e., an active ingredient specific) data required to support reregistration of products containing endosulfan active ingredients. The Agency has completed its assessment of the dietary (food and drinking water), ecological and occupational risks associated with the use of currently registered pesticides containing the active ingredient endosulfan. Based on a review of these data and public comments on the Agency's assessments for the active ingredient endosulfan, EPA has sufficient information on the human health and ecological effects of endosulfan to make decisions as part of the tolerance reassessment process under FFDCA and reregistration under FIFRA, as amended by FQPA. The Agency has reassessed all 80 tolerances for endosulfan and can make a FQPA safety determination ... The Agency has determined that agricultural use of endosulfan, based on the currently approved labeling, pose occupational and ecological risks that constitute unreasonable adverse effects on the environment. However, the Agency believes that these risks can likely be acceptably mitigated through routine changes to pesticide labeling and formulations. Accordingly, the Agency has determined that endosulfan is eligible for reregistration provided that: (i) additional data that the Agency intends to require confirm this decision for occupational exposures associated with the application of dip treatment to roots or whole plants and ecological risks; and (ii) the risk mitigation measures outlined in this document are adopted, and label amendments are made to reflect these measures. ... Further mitigation measures and additional data requirements, however, may be warranted following the completion of the stakeholder process outlined in this document. Based on its evaluation of endosulfan, the Agency has determined that endosulfan products, unless labeled and used as specified in this document, would present risks inco

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer saftey standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Endosulfan is found on List A, which contains most pesticides that are used on foods and, hence, have a high potential for human exposure. List A consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA '88. Case No: 0014; Pesticide type: Insecticide (Acaricide); Registration Standard Date: 04/01/82; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Endosulfan; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 05/10/94, 10/13/95; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1 lb or 0.454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

[40 CFR 355 (7/1/2000)] Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Endosulfan is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 10 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered form and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

Endosulfan is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Endosulfan and metabolites/

(AZ) ARIZONA 74 ug/L

(FL) FLORIDA 42 ug/L

(ME) MAINE 42 ug/L

Endosulfan interferes with energy metabolism in vivo of the fresh water teleost fish, Chana gachua, following chronic exposure to various sublethal concentrations. The marked sensitivity of mitochondrial magnesium2+ atpase to endosulfan is suggestive of the potential for endosulfan to interfere markedly with various energy requiring processes in the fish body.

Endosulfan is a chlorinated cyclodiene pesticide, and like other members of this chemical group, the predominant toxicological effect is over stimulation of the CNS [by inhibiting Ca2+, Mg2+ - ATPase and antagonizing chloride ion transport in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors] with little or no peripheral component.

No reports found; [TDR, p. 607]

Total endosulfan residue levels in postmortem samples from carcass of poisoned dairy cows were 1270 ppm in rumen content & 4.2, 1.1, & 0.6 ppm in liver, kidney, & muscle tissue, respectively. Analysis of milk from cows which survived the poisoning revealed level of greater than 1 ppm endosulfan immediately following the intoxication. This level decreased to 1 ppb at the end of 35 days & half-life of approx 3.9 days was calculated for endosulfan in milk.

Alpha and beta-isomers of endosulfan, following iv administration in rabbits, showed marked differences in their pharmacokinetic profile. Beta-endosulfan was cleared from the plasma much more rapidly than alpha-endosulfan, the terminal slope half-life being 5.97 and 235 hr, respectively. These dissimilarities may partly explain reported differences in their toxicity.

The half lives for urinary and fecal elimination for males and female rats were biphasic, with an earlier half-life of 6 to 14 hour and a later half life of 33 to 67.5 hour

In temp stressed rats orally dosed with endosulfan I or II, endosulfan sulfate was the metabolite most commonly recovered from tissues, organs and feces regardless of temp stress. The diol, alpha-hydroxy ether and lactone ... were found in most urine and feces samples.

... White mice (balb/c strain) were fed (14)C-labeled endosulfan. The two isomers were not completely absorbed from GI tract but, along with endosulfan sulfate and diol, were excreted in feces. Only a trace of oxidized endosulfan was found in kidney & muscle extracts but neither of the two known metabolites nor endosulfan was found in blood or brain extracts. ... Large amounts of endosulfan sulfate were detected in the liver & traces in the kidney 24 hr after /mice/ ... received a single doses of endosulfan.

(14)C-Endosulfan was fed to milk sheep. Analysis of milk samples showed that up to 88% of radioactive materials remained in cream. Gas liquid chromatograhpy and thin layer chromatograhy showed that the radioactive material was almost entirely endosulfan sulfate. Analyses of urine samples showed the presence of endosulfan alcohol & alpha-hydroxyendosulfan ether. Other metabolites present were not identified.

After peroral, cutaneous, & subcutaneous application of endosulfan to male imagos of the locust (pachytilus migratorius migratorioides), four metabolites were ... Identified as: endosulfan sulfate; endosulfan ether; endosulfan hydroxyether; & endosulfan lactone.

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for ENDOSULFAN (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Endosulfan was differentially distributed in CNS of the cat brain with concentration pattern changing with time. White matter had slower uptake & release with lower max concentration of endosulfan than did gray matter.

The A and B-isomers of (14)C-endosulfan were administered to rats separately as single 2 mg/kg oral doses in corn oil. No appreciable differences were observed in the fecal (or urine) elimination of radioactivity of the two isomers. Approximately 11 and 13%, 55 and 62%, and 68 and 75% of the administered radioactivity was eliminated in the feces at 24, 48, and 120 hours after treatment with the alpha and beta-isomers, respectively. Analyses of bile collected for 48 hours showed that 47% of the alpha-endosulfan dose and 29% of the beta-endosulfan dose was eliminated by this route.

In studies with sheep receiving a single oral dose of radiolabeled endosulfan, 92 percent of the dose was eliminated in 22 days. The organ with the highest concentration of radiolabeled endosulfan after 40 days was the liver. Major metabolites did not persist in the fat or in the organs.

The principal route of excretion for endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate is in the feces.

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for ENDOSULFAN (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Used as an insecticide on various crops including tea, coffee, fruits, vegetables, rice, corn, and sorghum; [EXTOXNET]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For endosulfan (USEPA/OPP PC Code: 079401) Active products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Non-systemic insecticide and acaricide

Insecticide used to control the Colorado potato beetle, flea beetle, cabbageworm, peach tree borer, and the tarnished plant bug.

Endosulfan is a broad spectrum contact insecticide and acaricide registered for use on a wide variety of vegetables, fruits, cereal grains, and cotton, as well as ornamental shrubs, trees, vines, and ornamentals for use in commercial agricultural settings.

(1978) 4.41X10+8 g (princpl custms dists)

(1982) 1.82X10+8 g (princpl custms dists)

(1977) Probably greater than 2.27x10+6 g

(1982) Not produced commercially in US

Insecticide used on deciduous fruits/nuts, 50%; insecticide used on vegetables, 50% (1982)

Endosulfan use in US agriculture was 1.1X10+6 kg (1989); 9.77X10+5 kg (1982); 1.653X10+6 kg (1976) 8.82X10+5 kg (1971); 7.91X10+5 kg (1966)

Total average annual use of endosulfan is estimated at approximately 1.38 million pounds of active ingredient (lbs. ai).

Endosulfan is produced by reaction of 1,2,3,4,7,7-hexachloro-5,6-dihydroxymethylbicylo[2,2,1]-hept-5-ene, obtained by condensation of cis-1,4-dihydroxybut-2-ene with hexachlorocyclopentadiene, with thionyl chloride.

Prepared by reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with cis-butene-1,4-diol to form bicyclic dialcohol followed by esterification and cyclization with SOCl2.

Endosulfan is formulated for occupational use as a technical grade manufacturing product (95 percent active ingredient [ai]), emulsifiable concentrate (EC) (9 percent to 34 percent active ingredient), and a wettable powder (WP) (1 percent to 50 percent active ingredient). The wettable powder is frequently packaged in water soluble bags.

Dust, emulsifiable concentrate, granule, ULV, wettable powder.

Grades: ... alpha-endosulfan, endosulfan (i) ... Provides 64-67% of the technical grade; beta-endosulfan, endosulfan (ii) ... Accounts for 29-32% technical endosulfan.

Different formulations contain: petroleum distillate emulsifiers, alcohol solvent emulsifiers, suspension agents and water, clay and wetting agents, and talc. /From table/

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for ENDOSULFAN (34 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Chemical Classes -> Pesticides (chemicals used for killing pests, such as rodents, insects, or plants)

Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)

Acaricides, Insecticides

INSECTICIDES

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Endosulfan (technical grade) as Class II: moderately hazardous; Main Use: insecticide.

Endosulfan is most frequently applied using air blast equipment, or boom sprayers.

Endosulfan is a sulfur-containing cmpd and unlike most of the hexachlorocyclopentadiene family, sensitive to moisture, bases, and acids. It is slowly hydrolyzed to give sulflur dioxide and the corresponding diol C7Cl6(CH2OH)2.