Octane

log Kow = 5.18

5.18

4.00/5.18

5.18

0.703 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.6986 g/cu cm at 25 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.70

0.7

0.7036 @25 °C

0.70

Colorless liquid

Clear liquid

7e-05 % at 77 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

In water, 0.66 mg/L at 25 °C

Soluble in ethyl ether; miscible with ethanol, acetone, benzene

Miscible with benzene, petroleum ether, gasoline; soluble in ether; slightly soluble in alcohol

0.00066 mg/mL

Solubility in water: none

56 °F (USCG, 1999)

56 °F (13 °C) (Closed cup)

72 °F (22 °C) (Open cup)

13 °C c.c.

56 °F

56 °F

Danger

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H225 (100%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Chemical: Octane

Octane is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Octane are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

REACH registered substance: Octane (EC: 203-892-1)

Octane: HSNO Approval: HSR001415 Approved with controls

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Behavior in Fire: Vapor is heavier than air and may travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back. (USCG, 1999)

Highly flammable. Vapour/air mixtures are explosive.

A very dangerous fire hazard and severe explosion hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers.

Flammable

Inhalation of concentrated vapor may cause irritation of respiratory tract, depression, and pulmonary edema. Liquid can cause irritation of eyes and (on prolonged contact) irritation and cracking of skin. Ingestion causes irritation of mouth and stomach. Aspiration causes severe lung irritation, rapidly developing pulmonary edema, and central nervous system excitement, followed by depression. (USCG, 1999)

A skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritant; Ingestion can cause aspiration into the lungs; Inhalation may cause lowering of consciousness; [ICSC] Inhalation of vapor may cause giddiness, vertigo, headache, anesthetic stupor, and convulsions; Five hour dermal exposure causes blisters but no anesthesia; [HSDB] A skin irritant; Inhalation may cause drowsiness or dizziness; An aspiration hazard by ingestion (may cause lung injury); [Sigma-Aldrich MSDS]

Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be Used: Water may be ineffective.

Use powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Do NOT induce vomiting. Give nothing to drink. Refer for medical attention .

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Octane:

(General first aid procedures)

For small (incipient) fires, use media such as "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. For large fires, apply water from as far as possible. Use very large quantities (flooding) of water applied as a mist or spray; solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.

Water may be ineffective.

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Evacuate danger area! Ventilation. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus.

n-Octane concentrations in outdoor and personal air in two areas of California(1).[Table#334]

n-Octane was detected in 7 of 12 samples of mothers breast milk from the cities of Bayonne NJ, Jersey City NJ, Bridgeville PA and Baton Rouge LA(1). The air expired from humans contained n-octane in 27.7% of the 387 samples collected from 54 subjects(2). The avg n-octane concn of 0.296 ng/l was expressed as the geometric mean with upper and lower limits of 1.10 and 0.079 respectively(2). The breath samples of 110 residents from Los Angeles, CA in Feb 1984, contained n-octane at an avg concn of 1.0 ug/cu m(3). The avg octane concn in the breath of 24 Los Angeles residents in May 1984 was 1.2 ug/cu m(3). For residents of Contra Costa, CA in June 1984 the avg n-octane concn of 67 breath samples was 0.6 ug/cu m(3).

Rabbits with acute intoxication by inhaling carbon monoxide alone or in association with octane at concentration of 5000 ppm were compared by the physiogram method. Hydrocarbons aggravated the cardiovascular phenomena caused by carbon monoxide and although they are central excitants they further degraded EEG activity.

Alkaline phosphatase activity in liver, spleen, and bone marrow were increased in female rats exposed to n-octane ... for 2 and 7 days. The increase in splenic alkaline phosphatase activity persisted for up to 42 days after a single dose ... Pretreatment with protein formation inhibitors, cycloheximide or ethionine, removed this observed increase of alkaline phosphatase activity in liver and spleen.

Octane is metabolized to hydroxy derivatives via a cytochrome p450 oxidase system, but it may not occur as extensively as for shorter-chain alkenes. The 1-octanol formed is conjugated with glucuronic acid or undergoes further oxidation to octanoic acid.

Metabolism of n-octane occurs at the terminal carbon atom to yield 1-octanol as the major biotransformation product in rat liver microsomes. It appears that omega-1 hydroxylation of n-octane does not occur as extensively as for shorter chain alkanes (eg n-heptane and n-hexane). The 1-octanol formed is further conjugated with glucuronic acid or undergoes further oxidation to octanoic acid (caprylic acid).

The urinary metabolites of n-octane in Fischer 344 rats given the hydrocarbon by gavage included 2-octanol, 3-octanol, 5-oxohexanoic acid, and 6-oxoheptanoic acid. The sex of the animals influenced the relative amounts of metabolites formed. Analyses were performed by gas-liquid chromatography (GC) and gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). This is the first reported finding of keto acids in hydrocarbon oxidative metabolism. No kidney damage was found as a result of n-octane dosing although the 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (iso-octane) isomer does cause kidney lesions in male rats.

Volatile hydrocarbons are absorbed mainly through the lungs, and may also enter the body after ingestion via aspiration. (A600)

The distribution of n-octane in blood, liver, kidney, and brain of mice was studied at different inspired air concentrations and after different exposure times. The air concentrations varied between 10 and 10,000 ppm and the exposure time, between 0.5 and 24 hr. There was a linear dependence between inspired air concentration and tissue concentration at fixed exposure times. A correlation between blood and organ concentration was observed in animals exposed at different inhalation air concentration but not in animals exposed only at one fixed concentration. A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model was assumed with experimental data for n-octane.

Dermal absorption of n-octane has been studied by ... in vitro percutaneous methods. The rate of dermal penetration for n-octane through rat skin ... /is/ 0.6 ng/sq cm/hr. This indicates n-octane is poorly absorbed through the skin. ... Like most alkanes, the greatest affinity for n-octane is seen in the adipose tissue.

Inhalation is the major route of absorption of octane.

To determine if inhaled nephrotoxic branched and nonnephrotoxic straight chain alkanes differ substantially in their biological fate, male F344 rats were exposed to 14C-labeled isooctane and octane vapors at approximately 1 and 350 ppm by the nose-only mode for 2 hr. Radioactivity in exhalant, urine, and feces was determined for 70 hr post exposure, after which residual radioactivity in the rat carcasses was determined. Absorbed [14C]isooctane equivalents were eliminated almost exclusively via the kidneys, while absorbed [14C]octane equivalents were excreted about equally via the kidneys and as 14CO2. Kidney excretion of isooctane-introduced 14C was protracted over the entire 70 hr postexposure observation period whereas for octane-introduced 14C, kidney excretion was essentially complete after 10-20 hr. About 5% of the [14C]octane equivalents inhaled at 1 ppm remained in the carcass 70 hr after inhalation exposure. Two percent of the [14C]octane equivalents inhaled at 350 ppm and 1-2% of the [14C]isooctane equivalents inhaled at either 1 or 350 ppm remained in the carcass 70 hr after inhalation exposure. The different patterns of excretion of metabolites of isooctane compared to octane may be a factor affecting the differences in nephrotoxicity between these two compounds.

Used as a solvent, chemical raw material, antiknock agent for high compression engine fuels, lacquer diluent, carrier solvent in polymer manufacturing, blowing agent for foam rubber used in rocket propellants, for calibrations, and azeotropic distillations; [HSDB]

Painting (Solvents) [Category: Paint]

It is used as a solvent, a chemical raw material, and an important chemical agent in the petroleum industry. Octane offers desirable blending values that achieve certain antiknock and combustion qualities for high compression engine fuels.

As an industrial solvent, lacquer diluent, and carrier solvent in the manufacturing of polymers; as a blowing agent for foam rubber used in rocket propellants

Organic synthesis, calibrations, azeotropic distillations

Octanes may be found in gasoline. (L1296)

2023: 100,000,000 - <500,000,000 lb

(1972) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.54X10+5 G

(1975) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.54X10+5 G

(1984) 7.83X10+11 g /n-Paraffins/

Octane is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for N-OCTANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

From the fractional distillation and refining of petroleum.

n-Alkanes having more than six carbon atoms are not isolated individually but as mixtures of several homologues. Suitable sources are the appropriate petroleum distillate fractions, from which the n-paraffins can be isolated in high isomeric purity (greater than or equal to 95% linearity) by selective separation (eg, molecular sieve separation or urea extractive crystallization). /Higher n-Alkanes/