(3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-(((2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-(((2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-5-(((1S,4R,5S,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl)amino)oxan-2-yl)oxy)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl)oxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4-triol

DescriptionAcarbose, a complex oligosaccharide isolated from Actinoplanes, is reportedly useful as an adjuvant therapy in diabetes. By inhibiting alpha-glucosidase, acarbose delays carbohydrate metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract and modulates changes in food induced blood sugar levels.

Usesantipsychotic: 5HT antagonist, dopamine antagonist, H1-antihistamine, alpha adrenergic blocker

UsesAcarbose is pseudo-oligosaccharide with a terminal C7-cyclitol patented in 1975 by Bayer. Acarbose is a component of the amylostatin complex produced by a species of Actinoplanes and Streptomyces. Acarbose acts as a potent inhibitor of alpha-glucosidases and saccharases. Since 1990, acarbose has been used therapeutically for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

UsesA reversible alpha-glucosidase inhibitorAcarbose is used as a reversible alfa-glucosidase inhibitor. It acts as an anti-diabetic drug, which finds useful application to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes. It is also employed for Hepatitis. It also acts as a beta glucosidase inhibitor, antihyperlipidaemia and antiobesity.

General DescriptionAcarbose is a naturally occurring oligosaccharide,which is obtained from the microorganism Actinoplanes utahensis. It is a white to off-white powder that is soluble in water and has a pKa of 5.1. As one mightexpect, its affinity for α-glucosidase is based on it being apolysaccharide that the enzyme attempts to hydrolyze. Thisallows acarbose to act as a competitive inhibitor, which inturn reduces the intestinal absorption of starch, dextrin, anddissacharides.It is sold as 25-, 50-, and 100-mg tablets (Precose,generics) dosed with the first bite of each meal, up to t.i.d. Acarbose potently inhibits the glucoamylase activity of MGAM α-glucosidases and the sucrase activity of α-glucosidases, where as isomaltase activity is at most moderately inhibited at concentrations in the range of those in theintestinal lumen upon oral dosing, and trehalase and lactaseare not significantly inhibited. Some inhibition of pancreaticα-amylases may also contribute to the clinical effects.https://www.sciencedirect.com

Its biosynthetic pathway can be summarized into the following three processes: ① Synthesis of aminocyclic alcohols: 7-P-sedo-heptulose-7-phosphate is synthesized through a series of enzymatic reactions, including intramolecular cyclization, epimerization, dehydrogenation, dehydration, phosphorylation, and nucleotide conversion, to generate NDP-1-epi-valienol-7-phosphate; ② Synthesis of 4-amino-4,6-dideoxyglucose: D-glucose-1-phosphate is synthesized through nucleotide conversion, dehydration, and transamination to generate dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxyglucose; ③ Synthesis of acarbose: NDP-1-epi-valienol-7-phosphate is synthesized through a series of enzymatic reactions, including intramolecular cyclization, epimerization, dehydration, dehydration, and transamination. dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxyglucose undergoes a glycosyltransferase reaction with dTDP-acarvicose-7-phosphate to form dTDP-acarvicose-7-phosphate. Then, dTDP-acarvicose-7-phosphate directly binds to maltose molecules to form acarbose-7-phosphate. The synthesis of acarbose-7-phosphate is completed intracellularly, but to ultimately produce acarbose, it needs to be further transported across the membrane to the extracellular space via the transport proteins AcbWXY/GacWXY, where it undergoes dephosphorylation to finally form acarbose.